2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级题库

2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级题库第一部分听力理解A节听力填空题Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearamonologueabouttheevolutionofglobalsupplychains.Listentotherecordingandcompletethenotesbelowbyfillinginthemissinginformation.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.TheEvolutionofGlobalSupplyChains1.Historically,supplychainswereprimarilydesignedtooptimizecostandefficiency,relyingheavilyon__________labormarkets.2.Theturningpointoccurredduringtheearly2020swhentheconceptof"just-in-time"manufacturingwasseverelydisruptedbyunprecedented__________events.3.Today,companiesareshiftingtowardsa"just-in-case"model,whichemphasizesbuildingredundant__________networks.4.Acriticalcomponentofmodernsupplychainmanagementistheintegrationof__________technology,allowingreal-timetrackingofgoods.5.Despitetheadvantagesofglobalizedtrade,recentgeopoliticaltensionshaveforcedmultinationalcorporationstoconsider__________theirmanufacturingbasesclosertohomemarkets.B节听力选择题Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearthreeconversationsortalks.Aftereachconversationortalk,youwillhearseveralquestions.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgiven.Youwillheareachconversationortalktwice.ConversationOne6.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthewoman'svisittotheacademicadvisor?A.Tochangehermajortocomputationallinguistics.B.Todiscussherpoorperformanceintherecentmidtermexamination.C.Toseekadviceonherupcomingthesisregardinglanguagepreservation.D.ToapplyforascholarshipforherfieldresearchinSouthAmerica.7.Whydoestheadvisorsuggestusingaspecificsociologicalframework?A.Itperfectlyalignswiththequantitativedatashehascollected.B.Itallowsforamorenuancedunderstandingofculturalassimilation.C.Itistheeasiestframeworktoapplywithinthegiventimeconstraint.D.Itistheadvisor'sownareaofprimaryresearchandexpertise.8.Accordingtotheadvisor,whatisthemostsignificantriskthewomanfaces?A.Alienatingherprimaryinformantsbyaskingoverlysensitivequestions.B.Runningoutoftimebeforethedeadlinetosubmitthefinaldraft.C.Over-relyingonqualitativedatawithoutsufficientstatisticalbacking.D.Losingherfundingifthethesistopicisnotapprovedbytheboard.TalkTwo9.Whatisthemainargumentpresentedbythespeakerregardingurbangreenspaces?A.Theyareprimarilyaestheticadditionstocityplanningwithlittleecologicalvalue.B.Theyarecriticalformitigatingtheurbanheatislandeffectandimprovingpublichealth.C.Theyshouldbeprivatizedtoensurepropermaintenanceandreducemunicipalcosts.D.Theycompetedirectlywithaffordablehousinginitiativesinrapidlygrowingcities.10.Howdoesthespeakersuggestfundingtheexpansionofthesegreenspaces?A.Byimplementingaprogressivetaxonhigh-incomeurbanresidents.B.Byseekinggrantsfrominternationalenvironmentalorganizations.C.Throughpublic-privatepartnershipsanddensitybonusesfordevelopers.D.Byreallocatingfundsfromthemunicipalpublictransportationbudget.11.Whathistoricalexampledoesthespeakerusetoillustratethelong-termimpactofurbanplanning?A.TheconstructionofCentralParkinNewYorkCity.B.ThedevelopmentofthegardencitymovementinEngland.C.TheredesignofParisbyGeorges-EugèneHaussmann.D.TheimplementationofthegreenbeltpolicyinTokyo.12.Whatisthespeaker'stonetowardsthecurrentmunicipaladministration'sefforts?A.Highlycriticalanddismissive.B.Cautiouslyoptimisticbutdemandingmoreaction.C.Completelysupportiveandunconditionallypraising.D.Neutralandstrictlyobjectivewithoutpersonalopinion.ConversationThree13.Whydoesthemanmentiontheconceptof"survivorshipbias"?A.Toexplainwhysuccessfulentrepreneursoftengivemisleadingadvice.B.Tocriticizethemethodologyofarecenteconomicresearchpaper.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceoflearningfrombusinessfailures.D.Toarguethatthestartupecosystemisfundamentallyflawed.14.Accordingtothedialogue,whatisacommonflawinhistoricalanalysesofmilitarystrategies?A.Theytendtooverestimatetheroleoftechnologicalsuperiority.B.Theyoftenignorethelogisticalchallengesfacedbyarmiesinthepast.C.Theyfailtoaccountforthecasualtiesthatoccurredbeforereachingthebattlefield.D.Theyanalyzeonlythedefeatedarmieswhileignoringthevictors.15.Whatdoesthewomanimplyaboutthecurrenteducationalsystem?A.Itplacestoomuchemphasisonrotememorization.B.Itsuccessfullypreparesstudentsfortherealitiesoftheworkforce.C.Itdiscouragesstudentsfromanalyzingfailuresindepth.D.Itshouldadoptamorestandardizedtestingapproach.16.Whatwillthemanprobablydonext?A.Writeanarticledebunkingafamousbusinessguru.B.Incorporatetheconceptoffailureintohisupcominglecture.C.Changehisresearchtopicentirelytomilitaryhistory.D.Debatethewomanonthemeritsoftheeducationalsystem.第二部分英语知识运用A节完形填空题Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankfromthefouroptionsgiven.ThephenomenonoftechnologicalunemploymenthasbeenasourceofanxietysincethedawnoftheIndustrialRevolution.Historically,economistshavemaintainedthatwhiletechnologicalinnovationmayrendercertainprofessions(17)______,itultimatelygeneratesnewformsofemploymentthatwerepreviously(18)______.TheLudditemovementinearly19thcenturyEnglandexemplifiedthistransientdislocation,asskilledartisansriotedagainstmachinerythat(19)______theirlivelihoods.However,modernartificialintelligencepresentsa(20)______differentparadigm.Unlikephysicalmachinery,whichautomatedphysicallabor,AIincreasinglyencroachesuponcognitivetasks.Theconcernnowisnotmerelythedisplacementofroutine(21)______jobs,butthepotentialirrelevanceofhighlyeducatedprofessionals.Forinstance,machinelearningalgorithmsarenow(22)______withdraftinglegalcontracts,diagnosingmedicalconditions,andcomposingmusic—taskspreviouslythoughttobetheexclusive(23)______ofhumanintuition.Theeconomicimplicationisthatsocietymust(24)______afundamentalrestructuringofwealthdistribution.The(25)______ofauniversalbasicincomeisnolongerrelegatedtothefringesofeconomicdiscoursebutisactivelydebatedbypolicymakersworldwide.(26)______,implementingsuchmeasuresisfraughtwithpoliticalchallenges,requiringabroadconsensusontaxationandthefundamentalnatureofworkitself.Aswenavigatethistransition,thequestionremainswhetheroureducationalsystemscanadaptrapidlyenoughtopreparefuturegenerationsforaworldwhereintelligenceis(27)______.17.A.obsoleteB.abundantC.lucrativeD.traditional18.A.unimaginableB.imaginableC.predictableD.inevitable19.A.threatenedB.enhancedC.securedD.diversified20.A.conceptuallyB.physicallyC.marginallyD.superficially21.A.administrativeB.manualC.psychologicalD.creative22.A.taskedB.burdenedC.overwhelmedD.associated23.A.monopolyB.domainC.peripheryD.source24.A.postponeB.resistC.undergoD.ignore25.A.criticismB.proposalC.rejectionD.evaluation26.A.ThereforeB.MoreoverC.NeverthelessD.Consequently27.A.organicB.artificialC.collectiveD.universalB节语法与词汇单选题Directions:Choosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.28.Notuntilthecommitteemembersreviewedtheempiricaldata______theprofoundimplicationsoftheproposedpolicy.A.theyrealizedB.didtheyrealizeC.theydidrealizeD.realizedthey29.Thelinguistarguedthatthesemanticshiftinthevernacularwassogradual______itwentunnoticedbycontemporaryscholars.A.soB.thatC.asD.than30.Hadtheaerospaceengineersaccountedforthethermalexpansionofthealloy,thestructuralfailure______.A.wouldbepreventedB.hadbeenpreventedC.wouldhavebeenpreventedD.wasprevented31.Theprofessoremphasizedthatitisnotthesheervolumeofreading,butthecriticalengagementwiththetext______determinesacademicsuccess.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.who32.Theanthropologist’sfieldnotes,alongwithhundredsofphotographs,______archivedinthenationalmuseumlastweek.A.wasB.wereC.isD.hasbeen33.______thesevereweatherconditions,thegeologicalsurveyteamdecidedtoproceedwiththeirexpeditiontothevolcaniccrater.A.NotwithstandingB.InaccordancewithC.WithregardtoD.Incontrastto34.Thephilosopher’sposthumouspublicationsrevealedadepthofcynicism______inhisearlier,moreoptimisticlectures.A.conspicuouslyabsentB.conspicuouslyabsentthatwasC.absentthatwasconspicuouslyD.thatconspicuouslyabsent35.Thenewlydiscoveredastronomicalphenomenonchallengestheestablishedparadigm;itsuggeststhattheuniverseisexpanding______thanpreviouslyhypothesized.A.morerapidlyB.sorapidlyC.toorapidlyD.rapidlyenough36.Theboardofdirectorsinsistedthatthefinancialirregularities______beforetheannualshareholdermeeting.A.beinvestigatedB.tobeinvestigatedC.wereinvestigatedD.beinginvestigated37.______forthemeticulouspreservationoftheancientmanuscripts,wewouldnothaveaccesstosucharichhistoricalnarrativetoday.A.WereitnotB.IfitisnotC.HaditnotbeenD.Ifithasnotbeen38.TheCEO’sdecisiontodiversifythecompany’sportfoliowaspredicatedontheassumptionthatthemarket______volatileintheupcomingfiscalyear.A.remainsB.willremainC.wouldremainD.hasremained39.______theirculturaldifferences,thetwonegotiatingteamsmanagedtoreachaconsensusontheenvironmentalregulations.A.HoweverB.DespiteC.AlthoughD.While40.Thechemicalreactionwillonlyoccurwhenthereactantsaresubjectedtoacatalystandaspecifictemperatureismaintained;otherwise,thecompoundsremain______.A.inertB.volatileC.reactiveD.potent41.Itisimperativethatthemedicaltrial______double-blindtoensurethevalidityoftheempiricalresults.A.conductsB.isconductedC.beconductedD.willbeconducted42.Thediscoveryofthesubatomicparticlewasaccidental;researcherswereactuallylookingforacompletelydifferententity,______theydidnotexpecttofind.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.who43.Thesociologicaltheorypositsthaturbanizationleadstoa(n)______oftraditionalfamilystructures,replacingthemwithnuclearunits.A.proliferationB.eradicationC.consolidationD.amalgamation44.______theimmenselogisticalchallenges,thehumanitarianaidwasdistributedequitablyamongtheaffectedpopulation.A.GiventhatB.OwingtoC.InspiteofD.Inlightof45.Theauthor’suseofstreamofconsciousnessinthenovelrequiresthereaderto______thefragmentednarrativeintoacoherentwhole.A.synthesizeB.segregateC.dissipateD.deteriorate46.______theethicalimplicationsofgeneticengineering,thescientificcommunityremainsdividedonwhethertoproceedwithhumantrials.A.ConcerningB.ToconcernC.ConcernedD.Havingconcerned第三部分阅读理解A节传统阅读单选题Directions:Readthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthebestoption.Text1Theconceptof"cognitivecapitalism"hasemergedasacriticalframeworkforunderstandingthecontemporaryeconomy.Unlikeindustrialcapitalism,wherevaluewasextractedprimarilyfromphysicallaborandrawmaterials,cognitivecapitalismpositsthatvalueisincreasinglygeneratedfromknowledge,intellectualproperty,andaffectiveoremotionallabor.Thistransitionislargelydrivenbytheadventofdigitaltechnologies,whichhavecommodifiedattentionandsocialinteractionsinunprecedentedways.Proponentsofthisframeworkarguethatthetraditionalmetricsofeconomicmeasurement,suchasGrossDomesticProduct(GDP),failtocapturethetruescopeofvaluecreationinthedigitalage.Forinstance,whenusersgeneratecontentonsocialmediaplatformswithoutmonetarycompensation,theyareessentiallyengagingin"freelabor"thatgeneratesimmensevaluefortheplatformowners.Critics,however,cautionthatthetheorymayoverstatethenoveltyofthiseconomicshift.Theyarguethatknowledgehasalwaysbeenacentralcomponentofeconomicgrowth,fromtheinventionoftheprintingpresstothedevelopmentoftheassemblyline.Despitethesedebates,cognitivecapitalismraisesprofoundquestionsaboutthefutureoflabor.Asartificialintelligenceandautomationcontinuetodisplacetraditionaljobs,theabilitytogenerateandmanipulateknowledgewillbecometheprimarydifferentiatorofeconomicstatus.Thiscreatesariskofa"cognitivedivide,"wherethosewithaccesstoadvancededucationanddigitalliteracyreapthemajorityofeconomicrewards,leavingtherestinprecarious,low-wagepositions.Addressingthisdividewillrequirenotonlyeducationalreformbutalsoafundamentalrethinkingofhowsocietyvaluesandcompensatesintellectualandemotionallabor.47.Accordingtothetext,whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenindustrialcapitalismandcognitivecapitalism?A.Industrialcapitalismreliedondigitaltechnologies,whilecognitivecapitalismdoesnot.B.Cognitivecapitalismgeneratesvalueprimarilyfromphysicallabor,unlikeindustrialcapitalism.C.Industrialcapitalismextractedvaluefromphysicalmaterials,whereascognitivecapitalismextractsitfromknowledgeandemotionallabor.D.Cognitivecapitalismreliesentirelyonunpaidlabor,whereasindustrialcapitalismpaidworkersfairly.48.WhydoproponentsofcognitivecapitalismarguethatGDPisaninadequatemetric?A.Itoverestimatesthevalueofrawmaterials.B.Itfailstoaccountforthevaluegeneratedbyuncompensateddigitallabor.C.Itincludesnon-marketactivitiesthatdistorteconomicreality.D.Itfocusestooheavilyonintellectualpropertyrights.49.Whatisthemainargumentofthecriticsmentionedinthetext?A.Digitaltechnologieshavenotactuallychangedtheeconomy.B.Theprintingpresswasmoreimportantthandigitaltechnologies.C.Knowledgehasalwaysbeenadriverofeconomicgrowth,makingcognitivecapitalismlessnovel.D.TraditionalmetricslikeGDPareperfectlyadequateforthedigitalage.50.Whatisthe"cognitivedivide"asdescribedinthepassage?A.Agapbetweenthosewhounderstanddigitaltechnologiesandthosewhodonot.B.Aneconomicdisparitybasedontheabilitytogenerateandmanipulateknowledge.C.Aphilosophicaldisagreementamongeconomistsaboutthenatureofvalue.D.Ageographicaldividebetweenindustrialandcognitiveeconomies.51.Whatistheauthor'soveralltoneinthepassage?A.Skepticalofthevalidityofcognitivecapitalism.B.Unconditionallysupportiveoftheshifttowardacognitiveeconomy.C.Objectiveandanalytical,presentingbothsideswhilehighlightingfuturechallenges.D.Pessimisticaboutthefutureofdigitaltechnologies.Text2Theintegrationofgreeninfrastructureintourbanplanningisnolongeramereaestheticpreferencebutacriticalecologicalnecessity.Traditionalurbandevelopmenthasreliedheavilyon"grayinfrastructure"—concrete,asphalt,andsteel—whichcreatesimpermeablesurfacesthatexacerbatestormwaterrunoffandtheurbanheatislandeffect.Greeninfrastructure,conversely,utilizesnaturalsystemssuchasurbanforests,greenroofs,andpermeablepavementstomimicnaturalhydrologicalcycles.Byabsorbingrainfall,thesesystemsreducetheburdenonmunicipalsewagesystemsandmitigatetheriskofurbanflooding.Furthermore,thevegetationingreeninfrastructuresequesterscarbondioxide,filtersairborneparticulates,andprovidesshade,collectivelyimprovingurbanairqualityandreducingambienttemperatures.Despitethesewell-documentedbenefits,theimplementationofgreeninfrastructurefacessignificantbarriers.Municipalbudgetsareoftenconstrained,andtheupfrontcostsofretrofittingexistingurbanlandscapescanbesubstantial.Moreover,themaintenanceofgreeninfrastructurerequiresspecializedhorticulturalknowledgethatmanycityplanningdepartmentslack.Toovercomethesehurdles,citiesareincreasinglyadopting"public-privatepartnerships"(PPPs),whereprivatedevelopersareoffereddensitybonusesortaxincentivesinexchangeforincorporatinggreenroofsorraingardensintotheirprojects.Additionally,communityengagementprogramsarebeingutilizedtofosterasenseofstewardshipamongresidents,ensuringthelong-termviabilityoftheseprojects.Thetransitionfromgraytogreenisacomplex,multi-facetedprocess,butitisanessentialadaptationstrategyforbuildingresilient,sustainablecitiesinthefaceofescalatingclimatechangeimpacts.52.Whatistheprimaryfunctionofgrayinfrastructureaccordingtothetext?A.Tomimicnaturalhydrologicalcycles.B.Tocreateimpermeablesurfacesthatworsenrunoffandheat.C.Toabsorbrainfallandreduceurbanflooding.D.Tosequestercarbondioxideandimproveairquality.53.Howdopermeablepavementscontributetourbanresilience?A.Byincreasingtheburdenonmunicipalsewagesystems.B.Bymimickingnaturalhydrologicalcyclesandabsorbingrainfall.C.Byprovidingshadeandreducingambienttemperatures.D.Bycreatingimpermeablesurfacesforvehiculartraffic.54.Whatisoneofthemainobstaclestoimplementinggreeninfrastructure?A.Lackofdocumentedecologicalbenefits.B.Excessivehorticulturalknowledgewithincityplanningdepartments.C.Highupfrontcostsandconstrainedmunicipalbudgets.D.Resistancefromprivatedevelopersduetolackofincentives.55.Howarecitiesaddressingthefinancialbarrierstogreeninfrastructure?A.Byincreasingmunicipaltaxesonallresidents.B.Byabandoningthetransitionfromgraytogreeninfrastructure.C.Throughpublic-privatepartnershipsofferingdensitybonusesandtaxincentives.D.Byrelyingentirelyoncommunityengagementprogramsforfunding.56.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefutureofurbanplanning?A.Itwillcompletelyabandongrayinfrastructureinfavorofgreeninfrastructurewithinthenextdecade.B.Itwillincreasinglyrequireablendoffinancialinnovation,ecologicaldesign,andcommunityinvolvement.C.Itwillfocusprimarilyonaestheticpreferencesratherthanecologicalnecessities.D.Itwillrelylessonpublic-privatepartnershipsandmoreonfederalgovernmentgrants.B节七选五阅读题Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ChoosethemostsuitablesentencefromthelistA-Gtofilleachofthenumberedblanks.Thepsychologyofsleephasundergonearadicaltransformationinrecentdecades.Previously,sleepwasviewedasapassive,dormantstate,amereabsenceofwakefulness.(57)______.Wenowunderstandthatduringsleep,thebrainisremarkablyactive,engagingincomplexphysiologicalprocessesessentialforcognitivefunction,emotionalregulation,andphysicalhealth.Oneofthemostsignificantdiscoveriesistheexistenceofthe"glymphaticsystem,"anetworkofplumbingthatoperatesprimarilyduringdeepsleep.(58)______.Thiscleansingprocessisbelievedtobecrucialinpreventingtheaccumulationofamyloid-betaplaques,whicharestronglyassociatedwithneurodegenerativediseaseslikeAlzheimer's.(59)______.Duringtherapideyemovement(REM)phase,thebrainprocessesemotionalexperiences,strippingawaythevisceralintensityofamemorywhileretainingthefactualcontent.Thisexplainswhyagoodnight'ssleepcanmakeadistressingeventfeelmoremanageablethenextday.Furthermore,sleepplaysapivotalroleinmemoryconsolidation.(60)______.Consequently,chronicsleepdeprivationisnotmerelyanuisance;itisastateofsystemicphysiologicalstressthatacceleratesagingandcompromisesimmunefunction.Despitethisoverwhelmingscientificevidence,modernsocietyoftenglorifiessleepdeprivationasabadgeofhonor,equatinglackofsleepwithdedicationandproductivity.(61)______.Thisculturalparadigmmustshiftifwearetoaddressthegrowingepidemicofsleep-relateddisordersandtheircascadingpublichealthconsequences.A.Thissystemflushescerebrospinalfluidthroughthebraintissue,clearingoutneurotoxinsandmetabolicwasteproductsthataccumulateduringwakinghours.B.However,modernneurosciencehasunequivocallydismantledthismisconception.C.Thisculturalattitudeisdeeplyironic,giventhatsleepdeprivationdemonstrablyimpairscognitiveperformanceandlogicalreasoning.D.Onthecontrary,sleepinglessthansixhoursanightisdirectlylinkedtocardiovasculardiseaseandmetabolicdisorders.E.Sleepalsoprofoundlyaffectsouremotionallandscape.F.Ittransfersshort-termmemoriesfromthehippocampustotheprefrontalcortexforlong-termstorage,effectivelymakingroomfornewlearning.G.Theglymphaticsystemisalsoactiveduringwakefulness,thoughatasignificantlyreducedcapacity.C节简答题Directions:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbrieflyinyourownwords.Theconceptof"linguisticrelativity,"commonlyknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,positsthatthestructureofalanguageaffectsitsspeakers'worldvieworcognition.Initsstrongform,knownaslinguisticdeterminism,itsuggeststhatlanguagedeterminesthought,placingrigidboundariesonwhataspeakercanconceptualize.Thisstrongformulationhasbeenlargelydiscreditedbymodernlinguistsandcognitivepsychologists,asevidenceshowsthathumansarecapableofthinkingaboutconceptsforwhichtheylackspecificwords.However,theweakerformofthehypothesis—thatlanguageinfluencesthoughtinamoreprobabilisticandsubtlemanner—hasgarneredsubstantialempiricalsupport.Oneofthemostcompellingareasofresearchinvolvesspatialorientation.Forinstance,theGuuguYimithirrpeopleofAustraliadonotuseegocentricspatialtermslike"left"or"right."Instead,theyrelyentirelyoncardinaldirections(north,south,east,west).Consequently,tosimplysay"moveoverabit,"aGuuguYimithirrspeakermustknowtheirabsoluteorientationintheworld.Studieshaveshownthatthesespeakerspossessaninternalcompassandaconstantawarenessofcardinaldirectionsthatisabsentinspeakersoflanguagesrelyingonrelativespatialterms.Thiscognitiveadaptationdemonstratesthatthegrammaticalandlexicaldemandsofalanguagecanshapehabitualthoughtpatterns,notbymakingcertainthoughtsimpossible,butbymakingthemmoreorlessnaturalorautomatic.Thus,languageactsnotasaprisonhouseofthemind,butasalensthroughwhichrealityisfilteredandinterpreted.62.Accordingtothetext,whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenthestrongandweakformsoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis?63.Whyhasthestrongformoflinguisticdeterminismbeendiscredited?64.HowdotheGuuguYimithirrpeopledifferfromEnglishspeakersregardingspatialorientation?65.WhatdoestheexampleoftheGuuguYimithirrpeopledemonstrateabouttherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought?66.Whatistheauthor'sconclusionregardingtheroleoflanguageinhumancognition?第四部分翻译Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.Theintegrationofartificialintelligenceintothehealthcaresectorrepresentsaparadigmshiftwithprofoundethicalandoperationalimplications.Whilemachinelearningmodelshavedemonstratedremarkableaccuracyindiagnosingdiseasesfrommedicalimaging,theirdeploymentisnotwithoutcontroversies.67.Aprimaryconcernisthe"blackbox"natureofmanyadvancedalgorithms,whichrenderstheirdecision-makingprocessesopaqueeventotheengineerswhodesignedthem.Inaclinicalsetting,thislackoftransparencycanunderminetrustbetweenpatientsandhealthcareproviders,asdoctorsmaybeunabletoexplainwhyanAIsystemrecommendedaspecific,potentiallylife-alteringtreatment.Furthermore,thedatausedtotrainthesemodelsoftenreflectsexistingsocietalbiases.68.Ifanalgorithmistrainedondatasetsthatunderrepresentcertaindemographics,itmayyieldsuboptimalorevendangerousrecommendationsforthosepopulations,therebyexacerbatinghealthdisparitiesratherthanamelioratingthem.Thisnecessitatesthecollectionofdiverse,high-qualitydata,whichisoftenhinderedbystringentprivacyregulationsandtheproprietarynatureofmedicalrecords.Tomitigatetheserisks,researchersaredevelopingtechniquesfor"explainableAI"(XAI).69.ThegoalofXAIistocreatemodelswhosereasoningcanbeunderstoodandauditedbyhumans,ensuringthatAIactsasasupportivetoolforcliniciansratherthananautonomous,unaccountabledecision-maker.Moreover,rigorousregulatoryframeworksmustbeestablished.70.Aregularizedlossfunction,oftenexpressedmathematicallyas=+第五部分写作Directions:Readthefollowingexcerptaboutalgorithmicbiasandwriteanessayofnolessthan250wordsdiscussingitsimplicationsandproposingsolutions.Inanerawherealgorithmsdictateeverythingfromloanapprovalstocriminalsentencing,theissueofalgorithmicbiashasbecomeacriticalsocietalconcern.Machinelearningmodels,despitetheirreputationforobjectivity,areonlyasunbiasedasthedataonwhichtheyaretrained.Aprominentexampleistheuseofpredictivepolicingalgorithms,whichhavebeenshowntodisproportionatelytargetminorityneighborhoods.Thisoccursbecausehistoricalcrimedatainherentlyreflectsdecadesofbiasedpolicingpractices.WhenanAImodelprocessesthisdata,itdoesnotneutralizethebias;itamplifiesitundertheguiseofmathematicalobjectivity.Toevaluatetheperformanceofsuchsystems,computerscientistsoftenusemetricsliketheMeanSquaredError(MSE),calculatedasMSE=(,whereWriteanessayinwhichyou:1.Summarizetheproblemofalgorithmicbiasaspresentedintheexcerpt.2.Discusstheethicalimplicationsofrelyingonbiasedalgorithmsincriticaldecision-making.3.Proposeconcretemeasurestomitigatealgorithmicbiasandensurefairness.参考答案及解析第一部分听力理解A节听力填空题1.inexpensive2.geopolitical3.logistical4.blockchain5.reshoringB节听力选择题6.C。（解析：女士提到她正在进行关于南美洲语言保护的论文研究，需要导师的建议。）7.B。（解析：导师建议使用社会学框架是因为它能更细致地理解文化同化现象。）8.A。（解析：导师警告说，询问过于敏感的问题可能会疏远她的主要信息提供者。）9.B。（解析：讲话者主张城市绿地对缓解城市热岛效应和改善公共健康至关重要。）10.C。（解析：讲话者建议通过公私伙伴关系和开发商的密度奖励来为绿地扩张提供资金。）11.C。（解析：讲话者使用了奥斯曼男爵重建巴黎的历史案例来说明城市规划的长期影响。）12.B。（解析：讲话者对现任市政府的努力持谨慎乐观态度，但要求采取更多行动。）13.A。（解析：男士提到“幸存者偏差”是为了解释为什么成功的企业家经常给出误导性的建议。）14.C。（解析：对话中提到历史军事分析的一个常见缺陷是未能考虑到在到达战场之前发生的伤亡。）15.C。（解析：女士暗示当前的教育系统不鼓励学生深入分析失败。）16.B。（解析：男士可能会将失败的概念纳入他即将举行的讲座中。）第二部分英语知识运用A节完形填空题17.A。obsolete（废弃的，过时的）。技术淘汰旧职业。abundant（丰