高英unit5-The-Sad-Young-Men演示教学

Lesson5

TheSadYoungMen

RodW.HortonandHerbertW.Edwards

AimsToknowthesocialbackgroundoftheUSin1920s.ToknowtheLostGenerationTolearnthecentralideaofTheSadYoungMen

Tolearnthewritingtechniqueandtoappreciatethelanguagefeatures

TeachingContentsPre-readingquestionsBackgroundTextstudyLanguagepointsComprehensionQuestionsTextAnalysisandAppreciationExercisesTasksAfterClassPre-readingquestionsWhatdoyouknowaboutthefollowing?TheimpactofWWIandtheUSin1920sTheLostGenerationandtheirrepresentativesAmericanProhibitionLawGreenwichVillageVictoriangentilityBohemianismBabbitryBackgroundRodW.Horton(1910-?)BorninWhitePlainsN.Y.Instructor,NewYorkUniversity,(1937-45)Assistantprofessor(1945-49)Associateprofessor(1949-57)Culturalaffairsofficer(1957-64)Professor,ColoradoUniversity(1964-)Visitingprofessor,UniversityofBrazil,Coimbra(1961-64).BackgroundPublications:

(withHerbertW.Edwards)BackgroundsofAmericanLiteraryThought(1952),(withVincentF.Hopper)BackgroundsofEuropeanLiterature(1954)BackgroundTheimpactofWorldWarISymptomsofcrisisDarwin,Nietzsche,Freud,Einstein,,Conrad尼采鼓吹人生的目的就是实现权力意志，扩张自我，成为驾驭一切的超人。超人是人的最高价值，应当藐视一切传统道德价值，为所欲为，通过奴役弱者、群氓来实现自我。BackgroundValuesaboutwarValuesaboutreligionValuesaboutethicsImpactmoraldisorientation,literaryandartrevolutions,riseofNazis,breakdownofphilosophyBackgroundAmericanCultureinthe1920s

Thedecadeofthe1920sisoftencharacterizedasaperiodofAmericanprosperityandoptimism.Itwasthe"RoaringTwenties,"thedecadeofbathtub,gin,themodelT,the$5workday,thefirsttransatlanticflight,andthemovie.Itisoftenseenasaperiodofgreatadvanceasthenationbecameurbanandcommercial(CalvinCoolidgedeclaredthatAmerica'sbusinesswasbusiness).Background

Thedecadeisalsoseenasaperiodofrisingintoleranceandisolation:chastenedbythefirstworldwar,historiansoftenpointoutthatAmericansretreatedintoaprovincialism褊狭evidencedbytheriseoftheKuKluxKlan,theantiradicalhysteriaofthePalmerraids,restrictiveimmigrationlaws,andprohibition.Background

Overall,thedecadeisoftenseenasaperiodofgreatcontradiction:ofrisingoptimismanddeadeningcynicism,ofincreasinganddecreasingfaith,ofgreathopeandgreatdespair.Putdifferently,historiansusuallyseethe1920sasadecadeofseriousculturalconflict.

BackgroundTheSadYoungMenTheSadYoungMenandtheLostGenerationrefertothesamegroupofpeople.ThefirstnamewascreatedbyF.ScottFitzgeraldinhisbookAlltheSadYoungMenandsecondbyGertrudeStein.

BackgroundThesenameswereappliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvalues,butcouldreplacethemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism享乐主义.Background

TheremarkofGertrudeStein,'youareallalostgeneration',addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasaprefacetothelatter'snovel,TheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesanexpatriategrouptypicalofthe'lostgeneration'(cf.BeatGenerationandAngryYoungMen)BackgroundTheBeatGeneration

AfterWorldWarIIappearedtheBeatGeneration

intheUnitedStates.ThistermwasappliedtocertainAmericanartistsandwriterswhowerepopularduringthe1950s.Essentiallyanarchic,membersofthebeatgenerationrejectedtraditionalsocialandartisticforms.Theysoughtimmediateexpressioninmultipleintenseexperiencesandbeatific极乐的illuminationlikethatofsomeEasternreligions(e.g.ZenBuddhism禅宗佛教).TheessentialelementofZenBuddhismisfoundinitsname,forZenmeans"meditation."Zenteachesthatenlightenmentisachievedthroughtheprofoundrealizationthatoneisalreadyanenlightenedbeing.Thisawakeningcanhappengraduallyorinaflashofinsight(asemphasizedbytheSotoandRinzaischools,respectively).Butineithercase,itistheresultofone'sownefforts.Deitiesandscripturescanofferonlylimitedassistance.

Background

InliteraturetheyadoptedrhythmsofsimpleAmericanspeechandofso-calledprogressivejazz.AmongthoseassociatedwiththemovementwerethenovelistsJackKerouacandChandlerBrossard,numerouspoets(e.g.KennethRexroth,AllenGinsberg,LawrenceFerlinghetti,andGregoryCorso),andothers,manyofwhomhadworkedinandaroundSanFrancisco.Duringthe1960s"beat"ideasandattitudeswereabsorbedbyotherculturalmovements,andthosewhopracticedthe"beat"lifestylewerecalled"hippies".BackgroundTheangryyoungmen

AtthistimethereappearedinEnglandagroupcalledtheangryyoungmen.

ThistermwasappliedtoagroupofEnglishwritersofthe1950swhoseheroessharedcertainrebelliousandcriticalattitudestowardssociety.Thisphrase,whichwasoriginallytakenfromthetitleofLeslieAllenPaul'sautobiography,AngryYoungMan(1951),becamecurrentwiththeproductionofJohnOsborne'splayLookBackinAnger(1956).BackgroundThegroupnotonlyexpresseddiscontentwiththestaid不动的,hypocriticalinstitutionsofEnglishsociety--theso-calledEstablishment--butbetrayeddisillusionmentwithitselfandwithitsownachievements,includedamongtheangryyoungmenweretheplaywrightsJohnOsborneandArnoldWeskerandthenovelistsKingsleyAmis,JohnBraine,JohnWain,andAlanSillitoe.Inthe1960sthesewritersturnedtomoreindividualizedthemesandwerenolongerconsideredagroup.Background

GertrudeStein(1874-1946)

Background

GertrudeStein(1874-1946)Americanauthorandpatronofthearts.Acelebratedpersonality,sheencouraged,aided,andinfluenced-throughherpatronageaswellasthroughherwriting-manyliteraryandartisticfigures.In1902shewentabroadandfrom1903untilherdeathlivedchieflyinParis.InParis,Steinbecameinterestedinmodernartmovements;sheencouragedandpurchasedtheworkofmanynewpainters,includingPicassoandMatisse.Background

Duringthe1920sshewastheleaderofaculturalsalon,whichincludedsuchwritersasHemingway,SherwoodAnderson,F.ScottFitzgerald,allofwhoseworkssheinfluenced.Itwasshewhofirstcoinedthephrase"lostgeneration"forthosepostworldWarIexpatriates.DuringWorldWarIIsheremainedinFrance,andafterthewarherParishomebecameameetingplaceforAmericansoldiers.BackgroundStein'sowninnovativewritingemphasizesthesoundsandrhythmsratherthanthesenseofwords.Bydepartingfromconventionalmeaning,grammar,andsyntax,sheattemptedtocapture"momentsofconsciousness,"independentoftimeandmemory.Someofherbestknownworksare:ThreeLives(1909),TheMakingofAmericans(1925),AutobiographyofAliceB.Toklas(1933)(herownautobiographypresentedasthatofhersecretarycompanion).BackgroundThemainideaofthelesson

ThetwoAmericanwritersexplainacertainperiodinAmericanliteraryandsocialhistory.ItfocusesespeciallyontheattitudesandrevoltoftheyoungpeoplewhoreturnedfromWorldWar1,disappointedanddisillusioned.Inthisrevolttheyoungintellectuals,writersandartists,stoodinthevanandwasthemostvocalgroup.Background

Manyoftheseintellectualslivedabroad,especiallyinParis,asexpatriates,butmostofthemlaterreturnedtotheUnitedStatesvoluntarily.Theseintellectualswerecalled"SadYoungMen",or"ThelostGeneration",becausetheywerecriticalandrebellious.However,theywereneverlostbecausetheywerealsoverycreativeandproductiveandasthisessaysays:"gavethenationtheliveliest,freshest,moststimulatingwritinginitsliteraryexperience."TextStudy

LanguagepointsComprehensionQuestionsTextAnalysisandAppreciationLanguagepoints1.Noaspectoflife…Generation:

TheRevoltoftheYoungGenerationinthe1920shasbeenmostcommenteduponandhasbeentreatedveryromanticallyandsensationally.sensationallyromanticized:(Thisso-calledproblem)wastreatedinapassionate,idealizedmannertoshockthrillandrousetheinterestofpeople.LanguagepointsAfterWorldWar1,duringthe1920s,everyaspectoflifeintheUnitedStateshasbeencommentedupon,buttheso-calledRevoltoftheYoungerGenerationhasbeenmorecommenteduponthanalltheotheraspects.LanguagepointsLanguagepointsmiddle-aged:Middle-agedpeoplelivedthroughtheTwentiessotheycanrecallwhatlifewaslikethen.theyoung:Theyoungpeoplehaveonlyheardaboutallthisandwereverycuriousaboutthelivesofyoungpeopleofanothergeneration.nostalgic,curious:botharetransferredepithets.Theyreallymodify"themiddle-aged"and"theyoung"respectively.

Languagepoints3.memoriesof...countryroad:Thesearethenostalgicrecollectionsofthemiddle-aged.deliciouslyillicitthrill:animproperactionbutveryenjoyableandexciting.Avisittoaspeakeasywasimproperorprohibitedbecausetheseplacessoldalcoholicdrinksillegally.Thisexplainsthe'illicitthrill'.LanguagepointsProhibitionLaw(1920-33).

Commonlyreferredtoasnationalprohibition,theonlyamendmenttotheConstitutiontoberepealedsubsequently,theEighteenthAmendmentprohibited“themanufacture,sale,ortransportationofintoxicatingliquorswithin,theimportationthereofinto,ortheexportationthereoffromtheUnitedStatesandallterritorysubjecttothejurisdictionthereofforbeveragepurposes.”LanguagepointsNationalprohibitionofalcohol--the"nobleexperiment"--wasundertakentoreducecrimeandcorruption,solvesocialproblems,reducethetaxburdencreatedbyprisonsandpoorhouses,andimprovehealthandhygieneinAmerica.However,itprovedtobeamiserablefailureonallcounts.LanguagepointsAlthoughconsumptionofalcoholfellatthebeginningofProhibition,itsubsequentlyincreased.Alcoholbecamemoredangeroustoconsume;crimeincreasedandbecame"organized";thecourtandprisonsystemswerestretchedtothebreakingpoint;andcorruptionofpublicofficialswasrampant.Nomeasurablegainsweremadeinproductivityorreducedabsenteeism.LanguagepointsProhibitionremovedasignificantsourceoftaxrevenueandgreatlyincreasedgovernmentspending.Itledmanydrinkerstoswitchtoopium,marijuana,patentmedicines,cocaine,andotherdangeroussubstancesthattheywouldhavebeenunlikelytoencounterintheabsenceofProhibition.LanguagepointsProhibitionremovedasignificantsourceoftaxrevenueandgreatlyincreasedgovernmentspending.Itledmanydrinkerstoswitchtoopium,marijuana,patentmedicines,cocaine,andotherdangeroussubstancesthattheywouldhavebeenunlikelytoencounterintheabsenceofProhibition.Languagepoints美国具有很浓厚的清教徒传统，很多人追求一种“清廉”的生活。19世纪中期，美国一些地方的居民开始寻求以法律手段制裁酒徒。这种呼声渐渐得到全国范围的呼应，以维护传统家庭为己任的妇女组织更是其中的主力军。终于，1919年，美国国会通过宪法第八修正案，也就是《全国禁酒令》，规定自次年起，一切生产、销售、饮用酒类的行为非法。Languagepoints事实上，当时偷偷违反禁酒令的行为是如此普遍，使得该法律几乎成为美国历史上最大的笑话。十余年后美国爆发经济大萧条，酒成为慰藉心灵的恩物，于是罗斯福在竞选纲领中，明确提出废除禁酒令。1933年，美国国会通过宪法第二十一修正案，取代第八修正案。全国禁酒令宣告彻底失败。Languagepointsspeakeasy:(Americanism)aplacewherealcoholicdrinksaresoldillegally,esp.suchaplaceintheU.S.duringProhibition(theperiod1920-33).Puritanmorality:extremeorexcessivestrictnessinmattersofmorals.StrictPuritansevenregardeddrinking,gamblingandparticipationintheatricalperformancesaspunishableoffences.Languagepointsfashionableexperimentationsinamour:tryingoutnewwaysoflovemakingaseveryonewasdoingatthattimeparkedsedan:inasedancarparkedonlonelycountryroadssedan:(NorthAmerica)typeofcar:acarwithafullyenclosedpassengercompartment,apermanentroof,twoorfourdoors,frontandrearseats,andaseparatetrunk

Languagepoints4.questions...drugstorecowboy:Someofthequestionsaskedbycuriousyoungpeoplenaughty:mildlyindecentjazzy:(aparty)playingjazzmusicsheik:(Americanism)amasterfulmantowhomwomenaresupposedtobeirresistiblyattractedLanguagepointsmoralandstylisticvagaries:oddandeccentricdressandconductflapper:(Americanism)inthe1920s,ayoungwomanconsideredboldandunconventionalinactionanddressdrugstorecowboy:(Americanism)Awesternmovieextrawholoafsinfrontofdrugstoresbetweenpictures.

FlapperStyle

FlapperStyle

Languagepoints5.Theanswers...andno:Theanswertosuchquestionsmustbe­causeofnecessitybeboth"yes"and"no"-Peoplecannotgiveasimple"yes"or"no"answertosuchquestions.mustofnecessity:

mustbecauseofnecessityLanguagepoints"yes"…Problem:

Intheprocessofgrowingup,duringthepe­riodwhenchildrengrowuptobecomeadults,therealwaysexistsaYoungerGenerationProblem.Inthissensetheanswermustbeyes

Languagepoints"no"…jazzmadyouth:

Whenwelookbacknowtothosedaysandviewthingsintheirtruerelationstooneanother,weseethatthesocialbehavioroftheyoungpeoplewasnotverywild,irresponsible,andimmoral.Theirbehaviorwasfarfrombeingassensationalasthedegenerationofjazzmadyouth.Therefore,inthissense,theanswermustbe"no".Languagepointsseeninperspective:

tovieworjudgethingsoreventsinawaythatshowtheirtruerelationstooneanotherdegeneration: moralcorruption,depravityjazzmad:

blindlyandfoolishlyfondofjazzmusicLanguagepoints

QuestionsonPara.1:Whyweretheyoungergenerationofthe1920sthoughttobewild?Wastherereallyayoungergenerationproblem?Wastherearevoltoftheyoungergeneration?Howdiditmanifestitself?

Languagepoints6.therebellionwasnotconfined...:TherevoltoftheyoungdidnottakeplaceonlyintheUnitedStates,butaffectedallthecountriesintheWesternworld.TheirrevoltwastheresultorconsequenceofWorldWarI--thebiggestandmostseriouswarinahundredyears.Languagepointsthefirstseriouswarinacentury:

Thewriter,perhaps,isreferringtotheNapoleonicwars(1815)thatendedinNapoleon'sdefeatatWaterlooasthelastseriouswarthattookplacealmostahundredyearsago.

Languagepoints7.itwasreluctantly...ortradition:

SomepeopleintheUnitedStatesfullyunderstood,thoughunwillingly,thattheUnitedStatescouldnolongerremainisolatedpoliticallyorinmattersofsocialcustomsandpractices.Ifthesepeopledidnotstatetheirviewsopenly,atleast,theyunderstooditsubconsciously.Languagepoints8.Wehadreached...borderingoceans:

metaphor,comparingprovincialmorality"to"artificialwalls".Wehavebecomeaworldpowersowecannolongerinouractionjustfollowtheprincipleofrightandwrongasacceptedinourowncountry,norcanweremainisolatedgeographicallyprotectedbytheAtlanticandPacificoceans.Inotherwords,theUnitedStatescannolongerpursueapolicyofisolationism.Languagepointstoreachinternationalstature:todevelopandgrowintoanationrespectedandesteemedbyallothernationsintheworldprovincial:narrow,limitedlikethatofruralprovinces.Herethewordmeansnarrowlikethatofasinglecountry--theUnitedStates.Languagepoints其次，在美国，有一些人已经很不情愿地认识到--如果不是明明白白地认识到，至少是下意识地认识到--无论在政治方面还是在传统方面，我们的国家已不再是与世隔绝的了；我们所取得的国际地位使我们永远也不能再退缩到狭隘道德规范的人造围墙之后，或是躲在相邻的两大洋的地理保护之中了。Languagepoints9.Therejection...inevitable:

Inanycase,Americacouldnotavoidcastingasideitsmiddle-classrespectabilityandaffectedrefinement.Victorian:showingthemiddle-classrespectability,prudery装正经,

bigotry,etc.generallyattributedtoVictorianEnglandGentility:

thequalityofbeinggenteel;now,specificallyexcessiveoraffectedrefinementandelegance.Languagepoints10.Thebooming...competitiveage:

AfterWorldWarI,Americabecameahighlyindustrializedcountry.Therewerebigsuccessfulfactoriesoperatingeverywhere.Businessbecamehugecorporationsdevoidofanyhumanfeelingsandtheruthlessdesiretodominatewasexercisedonalargescale.Inthisnewatmosphere,theprinciplesofpolite,courteousandconsideratebehaviorandconductthatwereformedinaquieterandlesscompetitiveage(beforeWorldWarI)couldnolongerexist.Languagepointsroaring:(colloquial)veryactiveorsuccessful;brisk:aroaringbusinessimpersonality:

thelackorabsenceofapersonalorhumanchar­acter;thequalityorstateofnotinvolvingpersonalfeelingsortheemotionsaggressive:Impliesaboldandenergeticpursuitofone'sends,connoting,inderogatoryusage,aruthlessdesiretodominateand,inafavorablesense,enterprise,initiative,etc.code:anysetofprinciplesorrulesofconduct:amoralcodeLanguagepoints11.Warornowar...forsuccess:Withorwithoutawar,asonegenerationfollowedanother,theyoungpeoplefounditincreasinglydifficulttoacceptstandardsofbehaviorthatseemedinnowaytoberelatedtothenoisy,busyworldofbusiness,anditwasinthisbustlingbusinessworldthattheywereexpectedtobecomesuccessful.Languagepointsmedium:environment.tobattleforsuccess:metaphor.Theyhadtofightasinabattleinordertobecomesuccessful12.Thewaracted...socialstructure:

Metaphor,thewarbeingcomparedtoacatalyticagent.ThewaronlyhelpedtospeedupthebreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure.Languagepoints13.byprecipitating...violentenergies:BythrowingouryoungpeoplesuddenlyandunexpectedlyintoaWorldWar,whichwasaformofmassmurder,wereleasedtheviolentenergieswhichtheyoungpeoplehadsofarheldincheck制止

orrepressed.Languagepoints14.Thus...todate:

Thusinaworldwhereeverythingwaschanging,ouryoungpeoplehadtotakeupthedemandingtaskofreformingourtraditionalsocialcustominordertokeepupwiththischangingworld.mores:

customs,especiallythefixedortraditionalcustomsofaoftenacquiringtheforceoflawsocietyLanguagepoints15.itwastempted…immorality:

InAmericaatleast,theyoungpeoplewerestronglyinclinedtoshirktheirresponsibilities.Theypretendedtobeworldly-wise,drinkingandbehavingnaughtily.Theypretendedtolivelikeunconventionalartistsorpoets,breakingthemoralcodeofthecommunity.Languagepoints

InAmericatheyoungpeopledidnotseriouslytakeuptheresponsibilityofchangingthetraditionalcustomsofsociety,insteadtheylivedunconventionallivesandbydrinkingandbehavingindecentlyinmanyways,theybrokethemoralcodeofthecommunityLanguagepointsair.

anoutwardappearance;generalimpressionorfeelinggivenbysomethingsophistication:

thestateofbeingartificial,worldly-wise,urbaneetcpose:

awayofbehavingorspeakingthatisassumedforeffect;pretenseBohemian:

aperson,especiallyanartist,poet,etc.wholivesinanunconventional,nonconformingwayLanguagepoints

这样一来，在一个千变万化的世界中，青年一代便面临着使我们的道德习惯与时代合拍这一挑战。而与此同时，青年人。—至少美国的青年人—又表现出这样一种倾向：他们试图逃避自己的责任。沉溺于一种老于世故、以酒自娱的生活作风之中，装出一副波希米亚式的放荡不羁的样子。

Languagepoints16.

Thefaddishness...ofescape:

Theyoungpeopledidmanyofthefollowingfoolishandwildthingsintheirattempttoescapetheirresponsibilities.Theywentinforallkindsoffads,spentmoneyfreelyontransitorypleasuresandmomentarynovelties.Theypretendedtobewildlygayandexperimentedwithallkindsofsensations,includingthoseproducedbysex,drugs,alcoholandperversions.Languagepoints17.anescape...responsibilities:

TheyoungpeoplecoulddoallthesethingsintheirattempttoescapetheirresponsibilitiesbecauseaftertheWorldWartherewasgeneralprosperityinthecountryandpeopleweretiredofpolitics,economicrestrictionsandinternationalresponsibilities.Languagepoints18.themuchpublicized...escapism:ThemuchpublicizedwildandriotouslifeoftheintellectualsinGreenwichVillageandtheirdefiantopendeclarationsoftheirmotivesandintentionsprovidedtheyoungpeoplewithaphilosophythatcouldjustifytheirescapism.Languagepointsmuchpublicized:reportedoftenandwidelyinnewspapersandmagazinesorgy:anywild,riotous,licentiousmerry-making;debauchery放荡GreenwichVillage:

sectionofNewYorkCity,onthelowerwestsideofManhattan:notedasacenterforartists,writers,etc.formerlyavillageLanguagepoints19.thecrash...tosoberup:

metaphor,comparingthewild,riotouslivingoftheescapiststoapartyandtheescapiststodrunkenrevelers.TheGreatEconomicDepressionwhichstartedintheUnitedStatesin1929broughttheyoungescapistsbacktotheirsensesandstoppedthewild,riotouslivestheywereliving.Languagepoints20.Theprolongedstalemate...idealisticcitizens:thestalemateof1915-1916:ThisreferstothestalemateontheWesternFrontinEurope.Gruelingtrenchwarfaretookplace,butthebattlelinesremainedvirtuallystationaryforthreeyears.LanguagepointsLanguagepoints

thejingoismofTheodoreRoosevelt:

Roosevelt:

TheodoreRoosevelt(1859-1919),26thPresidentoftheUnitedStates(1901-09).Hedrewconsiderablecriticismforhisglorificationofmilitarystrengthandhispatrioticfervor.AftertheoutbreakofWorldWarIheattackedWilson'sneutralitypolicy;andwhentheUnitedStatesenteredthewarhepleadedvainlytobeallowedtoraiseandcommandavolunteerforce.

LanguagepointsJingoism:belligerentnationalism,extremepatriotismexpressingitselfespeciallyinhostilitytowardothercountriestodeclareourstatusasabelligerent:

todeclarewar.Americaenteredthewarratherlate,onApril6,1917.Languagepoints21.JohnDosPassos‘U.S.A:

Note6Inhisfinestachievement,thetrilogyU.S.A.(1937),composedofthe42ndParallel(1930),1919(1932),andTheBigMoney(1936),hedevelopedthekaleidoscopictechniqueofManhattanTransfer(1925),byskillfullyweavingtogethernarration,streamofconsciousness,biographiesofrepresentativefigures,andquotationsfromnewspapersandmagazines,DosPassespresentedthefirstthreedecadesofthe20thcenturyinAmericaLanguagepoints22.Thestrife...SanJuanHill:

Thecivilwarof1861-1865wasalwaysportrayedinthemoviesandinstoriesasahighlysentimentaldrama(nostalgictopeoplefromthesouthernstates)andthewarwithSpainin1898alwaysendedinasceneinmovieshowingtheone-sidedvictoryatManilaortheAmericanschargingupSanJuanHill.SanJuan[sæn'wa:n;sæn'hwa:n]圣胡安〔波多黎各首府，在西印度群岛〕Languagepointsmagnolia-scented:

Themeaningofthisphraseisn'tclear.Itmayhavetheliteralmeaningofhavingthescentofthemagnolia.Thesoapoperawasputupbycompaniessellingmagnolia-scentedsoap.Itmayalsomean"verysweetandcloying"becausethemagnoliaflowerhasaverysweetscent.Finally,itmayalsomean:"ofrelatingto,orresemblingtheSouth(thesouthernstatesofAmerica)ofpre-civilwardays."Languagepointssoapopera:

(Americanism)adaytimeradioortelevisionserialdramaofahighlymelodramatic,sentimentalnature:socalledsincemanyoriginalsponsorsweresoapcompanies.dissolve:

(inmotionpicturesanTV)tofadeormakefadeintooroutofviewLanguagepoints

在1917年正处于上大学年龄的年轻人对于现代战争还一无所知。1861—1865年间的那场战争早已通俗地在电影和小说中成了一部散发出木兰花香的连续剧。而1898年同西班牙之间的百日战争在影剧故事中总是被描写成美军在马尼拉大获全胜或是冲上圣胡安山顶的电影镜头式场面。Languagepoints23.Furthermore...andexciting:

Furthermore,manyspeakersathighschoolmeetingstoldtheboysthathardlifeofthewarwouldhelptoformtheircharacter.Thesespeaker,convincedmorethanenoughtheseboys,whoweresensibleinmanyotherrespects,thatfightingintheEuropeanwarwouldbeofgreatvaluetothempersonally,inadditiontobeingidealisticandexciting.Languagepoints

此外，更有许多演说家们在中学生集会上大肆渲染战场上的紧张生活在培养性格方面的力量，使得那些本来还算有头脑的年轻小伙子们都信以为真，以为到欧洲战场上去服役不仅是一件令人兴奋的理想化的美事，而且具有巨大的人生价值。

Languagepoints24.Naturally...warfare:

Naturally,thefestivespiritandtheenthusiasmforexcitingmilitaryadventuredisappearedoncetheeageryoungmenexperiencedwhattwentieth-centurywarfarewasreallylike.spiritofcarnival:festivespirit,spiritofrevelryandmerry­makinghigh:characterizedbysublime,heroic,orstirringevents;excitinghaveagoodtasteof:

metaphor.tohaverealorthoroughexperienceofLanguagepoints25.Tothem…yearsearlier:

Theseyoungmenfeltverybitterwhentheyreturnedtotheirhometownwhichwasalmostunaffectedbythewar.Thenaivepeopleherewerestilltalkingpompouslyandpatrioticallyastheyoungmenthemselveshaddoneafewyearsago.Theyoungmenwhohadseenconsiderableactionwerenowdisillusionedandhardenedpeople.Fourth-of-Julybombast:pompousandpatrioticspeechesmadeduringtheFourthofJulycelebrationsLanguagepoints26.theyhadoutgrown...understand:

metaphor,comparingtheirunsuitabilitytogrowingtoolargeforone'sclothes.Theseyoungpeoplecouldnolongeradaptthemselvestolivesintheirhometownsortheirfamilies.Theysuddenlyfeltveryconfusedandwearyoftheworld.Theyandtheirrelativescouldnotunderstandwhythishappened.Languagepoints27.resumetheposeofself-deceivingVictorianinnocence:

toresumelivingandbehavingsimplyandinnocentlyastheformerVictoriansocialstructurerequiredthemtodo.Iftheydidthis,theywouldbedeceivingthemselvesbecausetheyknewthisVictorianmoralitywasnowoutmodedandwrong.Languagepoints28.Thereturningveteran...profiteers:

ThereturningveteransoldiersalsohadtofacethestupidcynicismofthevictoriousalliesinVersailleswhoactedascynicallyasNapoleondid.TheyhadtofaceProhibitionwhichthelawmakershypocriticallyassumedwoulddogoodtothepeople.Andtheyalsohadtofacetheself-satisfiedpatrioticairofthewarprofiteers.LanguagepointsNapoleoniccynicism:Asconqueror,NapoleoncynicallyrearrangedthewholemapofEurope.Thevictoriousallieso