高中英语常见的阅读理解正确答案的设置与出处规律探究

高中英语常见的阅读理解正确答案的设置与出处规律探究2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试所应用的试卷中不论是全国甲卷、全国乙卷还是新高考卷的试题整体难度与往年大体相同。试题所选用的语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境展开，体裁多样。在词汇的使用上，高考语篇的词汇丰富，含有大量的派生词、熟词生义现象以及英语短语与习语;在句式的选择上，有一定的长难句，句子结构复杂;在题型的设置上，延续了近几年高考英语阅读理解的出题模式，不仅重视对学生基础知识的考查，同时继续重点考查考生用英语分析问题和解决问题的能力，突出对考生核心素养的考查。试题融人了文化自信、国际视野、人文情怀等方面，体现了高考立德树人、培养考生良好品德、发展素质教育的目标，充分发挥高考的育人功能和积极的导向作用。高考英语阅读理解题考查的题型分为四种:细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题。2020-2021年全国卷和新高考卷四种题型的考查情况如下表。年份及卷区细节理解题主旨大意题推理判断题词义猜测题2021年全国甲卷211112021年全国乙卷42812021年新高考Ⅰ卷62612021年新高考Ⅱ卷81512020年全国Ⅰ卷72512020年全国Ⅱ卷81422020年全国Ⅲ卷83312020年新高考Ⅰ卷5082从上表可以清晰地看出高考英语阅读理解题主要考查细节理解题与推理判断题。想要掌握阅读理解的通法，学生就要:一定一读题干，定位置;二查一一查关键词、句，以及关键词、句的上一句或者下一句;三对比——推敲对比答案信息。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项的设置规律如下:

一、常位于段首段尾处，往往是同义替换英语文章的主题句经常出现在首段，段落的主题句经常出现在段首。此外，首段的末句或第二段的首句常常也是文章的主题句。文章的尾段或者段落的结尾一般会是概括和总结性的陈述，经常会得出某种结论或提出某项建议，因此文章的段首段尾，经常是高考英语阅读理解设题的题眼。高考英语阅读理解题的正确选项大都不会直接采用原文的表达方式，而是采用同义替换的形式。【例1

】(2021年新高考I卷，阅读理解D篇)AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitor

thehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbring

bigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-tech

approachfordecadesbutisfacing

alaborshortage.A.Soilpollution.B.Lackofworkers.C.Agingmachines.D.Lowprofitability.根据文章第一段可知，澳大利亚的一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。alaborshorage与B选项“Lackofworkers.”为同义替换。故选B。【例2】(2022年1月浙江卷，阅读理解A篇)Itturnsoutthatpettransportingpaysquitewellatabout$30000peryearbeforetax.Shedoesn'tworkinsummer,asitwouldbeunpleasantlyhotfortheanimalsinthecarevenwithairconditioning.Asautumncomes,shegetsrestless-thesameoldwanderlustretuming.It'sacallshemusthandlealone.though.Merebethsays,“

WhenI'montheroad,I'mjustinmyownworld.I'vealwaysbeenindependent-spiritedandIiustfcelstronglythatImusthelpanimals.23.WhatcanwelearnaboutMerebethinhernewjob?A.Shehaschancestoseerareanimals.B.Sheworkshardthroughouttheyear.C.Shereliesonherselfthewholetime.D.Sheearnsabasicandtax-freesalary根据最后一句“WhenI'montheroad,I'mjustinmyownworld.I'vealwaysbeenindependent-spiritedandIjustfelstonglythatImusthelpanimals."可知，当“我”在路上的时候，“我”只是在自己的世界里。“我”一直很独立，“我”强烈地觉得“我”必须帮助动物。“I'vealwaysbeenindependent-spirited”与C选项“Shereliesonherselfthewholetime.”为同义替换。故选C。【例3】(2021年新高考II卷，阅读理解D篇)Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.Michael

KelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'

s

Association,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgiven

risingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptin

remoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealing

targets.35.Howmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccording

toMichaelKelsey?A.Increasethevalueofcattle.B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.C.Makethejobmoreappealing.D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.根据文章最后一段中的“MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.”可知，俄克拉荷马州的养牛人协会副会长MichaelKelseyParis说,鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。“atlethef”和D选项中的“beingstolen”为同义替换。故选D。【例4】(2021年全国甲卷，阅读理解D篇)Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,futuregeniusescomefromthosewith"intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力),andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld."34.Whyaremoregeniusesknowntothepublic?A.Improvedglobalcommunication.B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.根据文章最后一段中的“Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashesofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillseethatsocialfactors(因素)likegender,race,andclassdonotdcterminetheappcaranceofgenius"可知，在一个不断进行全球交流的有线世界里，我们都能看到天才的闪光。我们看得越多，我们就越会看到，像性别、种族和阶级等社会因素并不能决定天才的外表。"constantglobalcommunication"和A选项“Improvadglobalcommunication.”为同义替换。故选A。二、抽象概括的为正确选项正确选项常常是对原文内容的概括、归纳或推断。主旨大意题和推理判断题以及部分细节理解题的正确选项的设置都遵循这个规律，这就要求学生要透过现象去认识选项的本质。【例1】(2022年1月浙江卷，阅读理解C篇)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere'sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglistNewrescarchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(失智症)inlaterlife,andiftheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementiaB.Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC.FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD.BikingImprovesWomen'sCardiovascularFitness根据文章第一段中的“Newrescarchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(失智症)inlaterlife,andiftheydid,itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.”可知，新的研究发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患失智症的可能性要低近90%，而且如果她们患了失智症，也要比不喜欢运动的女性晚十年。文章后面几段通过介绍实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。其他选项要么说法与原文不符，要么断章取义，要么没有概括。故选C。【例2】(2021年全国甲卷，阅读理解C篇)WhenIwas9,wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarivedatHeathrow,LondononagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessbluc-skydays,Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.31.WhatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyintheA.Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.B.Sportisnccessaryforchildren'shealth.C.Childrenneedasenseofbelonging.D.Seeingtheworldisamustforchildren.根据文章第一段最后两句“Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue-skydays,Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UtilImadeadiscovery."可知，没有了“我”心爱的海滩和无尽的蓝天的日子，“我”感到不知所措，格格不人。直到“我”有了一个发现。根据第二段的描述可知，作者与当地伙伴们喜爱玩滑板。再根据第四段首句“WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004,IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank,spendinghoursthere.”可知，2004年回到伦敦时，“我”自己去了南岸，在那里待了好几个小时。由此推断，孩子们需要归属感。故选C。此题需要考生读完后归纳总结从而得出答案，属于抽象概括。三、反向思维，说法不绝对的为正确选项选项一般用反向表述、双重否定、被动句式或相反的逻辑关系。选项中一般不包含only,absolutely之类的词,包含can,may,might,ikely之类的词。【例1】(2021年全国乙卷，阅读理解D篇)Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?

Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan'tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.

Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.34.Whatmakesanopenoficeunwelcometomanypeople?A.Personalprivacyunprotected.B.Limitedworkingspace.C.Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D.Constantinterruptions.由文章最后一段中的“Theproblemmaybethat,inourofices,wecan'tstopourselvesfomgettingdrawnintoothers'conversationswhilewe'retryingtofocus.”可知，问题是在我们的办公室中当我们试图集中注意力的时候，我们无法阻止自己卷人别人的谈话中。换句话说就是注意力持续被打断。故选D。【例2】(2021年全国乙卷，阅读理解B篇)Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageofI5whodoesn'townamobilephone.

InfactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocketPracticallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere,anytime.24.WhatdoesParagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones?A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopulariy.C.TheirmajorfunctionsD.Theircomplexdesign.根据“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindayoneinAustraliaovertheageofI5whodoesn'townamobilephone."可知，如今，在澳大利亚，你很难找到一个15岁以上的人没有手机。换句话说就是手机广受欢迎。故选B。【例3】(2021年全国甲卷，阅读理解D篇)Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.

It'ssaidthathistoryiswritenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadiferentcolororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A.They'reunfair.B.They'reconservative.C.They'reobjective.D.Theyrestrict.根据第三段中的“It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub--women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers."可知，据说历史是由胜利者书写的，胜利者制定了进人天才俱乐部的标准。当俱乐部外的天才一一妇女，或不同肤色或信仰的人做出了贡献，他们不被别人承认而且会被拒绝。再根据第四段中的“Canourplanetaffordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:absolutelynot."可知，我们的星球能承受任何伟大的思想家变得气馁和放弃吗?不需要天才就能知道答案:绝对不行。由此推断作者认为胜利者制定的加人天才俱乐部的标准是不公正的。故选A。四、根据内容推测文章出处和类型一般而言，若文中出现日期、地点或新闻报道的出处，文章为新闻(newspaper);若文章介绍新产品、新影片、新书，文章为广告(advertisement);若文中出现clickhere/website/www.等网络的相关表述，文章出处为网站(website);若文章介绍旅游景点及事项，文章出处为旅游指南/手册(travelguide);若文章介绍时尚、娱乐方面的内容，文章出处为杂志、期刊和娱乐节目(magazine/journal/entertai