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第十三章
虚拟语气虚拟语气(SubjunctiveMood)是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的用法从句动词形式主句动词形式例句与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were)would等+v.IfIknewthat,Iwouldtellyou.IfIwereyou,Iwouldhelpher.与将来事实相反should+v.wereto+v.would等+v.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,Iwouldsleepforaday.与过去事实相反had+过去分词would+have+过去分词Ifhehadn’tbeensobusy,hewouldhavecome.虚拟语气在名词性从句及其他句型中的用法用法说明从句动词形式例句宾语从句在suggest,insist,demand,order,command等后的宾语从句(should)+v.Hesuggestedthatthey(should)notgiveuptheirplan.wish后的宾语从句与现在情况相反动词用过去式be动词用wereIwishIwerealawyer.与过去情况相反had+过去分词Iwishhehadn’tgone.与将来情况相反would+v.Iwishshewouldtryagain.虚拟语气在名词性从句及其他句型中的用法用法说明从句动词形式例句主语从句(1)Itisimportant等+that...(2)Itissuggested等+that...(3)Itisapity等+that...(should)+v.Itisimportantthatwe(should)study
Englishwell.Itissuggestedthattheproblem
(should)bediscussednexttime.Itisapitythatyou(should)missthe
lecture.表语或同位语从句在suggestion,insist,
command,advice,request,proposal等词后的表语从句或同位语从句中(should)+v.Myproposalisthatwe(should)
discusstheproblemagain.Theofficergavetheorderthatthe
bridge(should)notbe
destroyed.其他用法Itis(high)timethat...动词过去式Itistimethatwewenttowork.wouldrather(that)...动词过去式或过去完成式Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.Iwouldratheryouhadgoneyesterday.ifonly,asif/though动词过去式或过去完成式IfonlyIknewtheanswer.Ifonlyyouhadfollowedmyadvice.Shelooksafterhimasifhewereher
ownchild.Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenold
friends.一、虚拟语气与陈述语气的区别
虚拟语气是指一组特殊的动词形式,它所表示的动作或状态不是事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、想象、要求、推测、假设或建议等。如:
IfIwererich,Iwouldrunabookstore.我要是有钱,我会开个书店。
Itisnecessarythathebewarnedbeforeitistoolate.
在还不太晚的时候警告他是非常必要的。
Theexpertsrecommendedthathenotbereleasedfromprisonforatleastfouryears.
专家们建议至少在四年内不能释放他。
陈述语气与虚拟语气所表示的概念不一样。前者陈述一个事实或提出一个想法,后者可用来谈不敢肯定是否会发生的事——这些事是某人希望发生的、想象有可能发生的或要求发生的。此外,陈述语气与虚拟语气在形式上也不同。如:Ifitrainstomorrow,thematchwillbecancelled.如果明天下雨,比赛就取消。(陈述语气,说话人认为下雨的可能性很大)Ifitrainedtomorrow,thematchwouldbecancelled.万一明天下雨,比赛就取消。(虚拟语气,说话人认为下雨的可能性很小)二、虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的应用现在、过去与将来虚拟的三种从句与主句谓语动词时态的对应形式如下表所示:1.谓语形式从句的谓语动词形式主句的谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去式(be动词用were)would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反had+过去分词would/should/could/might+have+过去分词将来不太可能出现的情况should+动词原形wereto+动词原形would/should/could/might+动词原形二、虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的应用(1)所提出的假设与现在情况相反:If+主语+were/其他过去式,主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形。如:IfIwereyou,Ishouldwaittillnextweek.我要是你,会等到下个星期。Ifyouhadqualitycontrolinspection,youwouldgreatlyimproveyourfinishedproducts.如果你进行质量控制检查,将会大大改善你的成品。(2)所提出的假设与过去情况相反:If+主语+had+过去分词,主语+would/should/could/might+have+过去分词。如:Failurecouldhavebeenavoidedifyouhadappliedsoundfinancialprinciplestoallyour
decisions.如果你在所有决策中都应用了合理的财务原则,那么失败本来是可以避免的。1.谓语形式二、虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的应用(3)所提出的假设在将来实现的可能性不大:If+主语+should(或wereto)+动词原形,主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形。如:Ifheshouldtelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.(or:Ifheweretotellus
everything,...)如果他把一切都告诉我们,我们就可以想办法解决他的问题。1.谓语形式二、虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的应用当虚拟条件从句含有助动词had(非行为动词)、were或should时,可将它们提到句首而省略连词if。注意,在否定的条件从句中,not等否定副词不能同时提前。如:HadJohnbeenhard-working,hewouldnothavefailed.(=IfJohnhadbeen...)Shouldanyonecall,pleasetakeamessage.(=Ifanyoneshouldcall...)Werehetotelluseverything,wecouldtrytosolvehisproblem.(=Ifheweretotellus...)
2.连词if的省略二、虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的应用主句与从句动作不在同一时间发生,称为错综时间。在这种情况下,主句与从句谓语动词的形式必须根据各自表示的具体时间加以调整。如:Ifyouhadn’tstayeduplastnight,youwouldn’tbesosleepynow.如果你昨晚不熬夜的话,现在就不会这么困了。IfIhadacar,Iwouldhavegonetherealone.如果我有车,我早就自己去那儿了。3.错综时间二、虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的应用有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表示出来,而是通过介词短语、副词、连词、比较级或上下文等表示出来。如:Butforhiscalmcourage,thebattlewouldhavebeenlost.要不是他沉着勇敢,这场战斗早就败了。WithfreetimeandnoTV,theymightrediscoverreading.有了空闲时间而又没有电视可看,他们有可能重新发现阅读。WithoutthedistractionofTV,theymightsitaroundtogetherandtalktooneanother.没有电视的干扰,他们也许会围坐在一起交谈起来。Iwasheldupbythetrafficjam;otherwiseIwouldhavebeentwentyminutesearlier.我被堵车耽搁了,否则我会早20分钟到。Thingsmighthavebeenmuchbetter,butatthattime,wedidn’tfollowhisadvice.情况本来可能会好很多,但当时我们没有听从他的建议。Hemusthavehadanaccident,orhewouldhavefinishedthetaskthen.他一定出了事故,否则那时会完成任务的。4.含蓄条件三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用虚拟语气用于表示愿望、请求、要求、建议、命令等名词性从句中,其谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should也可省略。1.有些动词所接的名词性从句要求用虚拟语气,常见的有:desire(渴望),ask(要求),prefer(宁愿),request(请求),demand(要求),advise(建议),suggest(建议),recommend(建议),propose(建议,提议),insist(坚持),decide(决定),urge(主张),order(命令),command(命令)等。如:Wesuggestedthatheputoffthevisittillthenextweek.我们建议他将访问推迟至下周。(宾语从句)这些动词的过去分词可用于“Itis+过去分词+that...”,如:Itisadvisedthattheprojectnotbestarteduntilallthepreparationshavebeenmade.有人建议等所有的准备工作做好之后工程再开工。(主语从句)三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用2.有些名词所接的名词性从句要求用虚拟语气,常见的有:wish(愿望),desire(渴望),preference(偏爱),request(请求),demand(要求),requirement(要求),advice(建议),suggestion(建议),recommendation(建议,劝告),proposal(建议,提议),plan(计划),decision(决定),resolution(决定,决议),necessity(必要性),importance(重要性),order(命令),command(命令),instruction(指示)等。如:Oneoftherequirementsisthateveryone(should)talkopenlyandhonestlywithintheteam.要求之一是团队中的每个人都开诚布公地交谈。(表语从句)Therehavebeendemandsthattheprimeministershouldresign.有人要求首相辞职。(同位语从句)三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用3.有些形容词用在下面两个句型中表示虚拟语气:(1)“Itis+形容词+that+sb.+should(可省略)+动词原形+……”(2)“sb.+think/find/feel等动词+it+形容词+that+sb.+should(可省略)+动词原形+……”常见的有:necessary(必要的),essential(必要的),important(重要的),vital(至关重要的),urgent(紧迫的),imperative(极重要的,必要的),obligatory(强制性的),desirable(理想的),advisable(明智的),natural(自然的),fitting(适合的,理所当然的),proper(适合的,恰当的),appropriate(恰当的),impossible(不可能的),preferable(更好的),won_x0002_derful(奇妙的),astonishing(令人惊讶的),surprising(使人惊奇的,意想不到的),amaz_x0002_ing(令人十分惊奇的,令人吃惊的)等。如:三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用ItisimperativethatallofusinthePartyneverforgetouroriginalaspirationandfounding
mission.(FromReporttothe20thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina)全党同志务必不忘初心、牢记使命。(选自党的二十大报告)(主语从句)Wasitnecessarythatthebudgetofficeshouldbeinformed?有必要通知预算办公室吗?(主语从句)Wethoughtitadvisablethatweemploysomelocalworkers.我们觉得我们应该雇用一些当地的员工。(宾语从句)四、虚拟语气在其他句型中的应用1.在It’s(about/high)time后的从句中,谓语动词只能用一般过去时表示。如:
It’shightimesomethingwasdoneaboutthepollutionprobleminthecity.
该是采取一些措施解决城市污染问题的时候了。2.lest,forfearthat后的从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should也可省略。如:
Everyattentionmustbepaidtohim,lesthefeelthatheisinferiortomyotherguests.
每个人都要关注他,免得让他觉得自己不如我的其他客人。3.虚拟语气用于wouldrather/wouldsooner/would(just)assoon/wouldprefer引导的从句中,表示宁愿、希望或婉转的责备。
在这些从句中,谓语动词用一般过去时形式表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成时形式表示过去的情况。如:
Iwouldratheryoudidn’taskmetospeak.
我宁愿你不要请我发言。IwouldsoonerIwerenotatthesiteoftheaccident.我宁可不在事故现场。四、虚拟语气在其他句型中的应用IwouldratherthatIhadn’tmadethatorderlastweek.我宁愿上周没有下这个订单。4.虚拟语气在wish,ifonly,asif,asthough引导的从句中的应用:
当表示与现在情况相反的愿望时,从句用一般过去时;当表示与过去情况相反的愿望时,从句用过去完成时或couldhave+过去分词;当表示与将来愿望相反时,常用would或could,不用should。如:
Theysentmethewrongitems,butIdowishIhadgottherightonesascontracted.
他们给我寄错了物品,但我真希望我收到了合同所规定的正确物品。
Iwishyouwouldbealittlemorerespectfultoyourfather.
我希望你对你父亲更尊敬一点。
Hewisheshecouldhavesolvedtheproblemyesterday.
他真希望昨天能把问题解决好。四、虚拟语气在其他句型中的应用
Muchofthepollutioncouldbecontrolledifonlycompanies,individualsandgovernments
wouldmakemoreefforts.
要是企业、个人和政府加倍努力,大部分污染是可以控制的。LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyIhadfollowedyouradvice.瞧我的处境有多糟糕!要是当初听你的忠告就好了。Ifonlyitwouldstopraining.但愿雨会停下来。五、应试指导
虚拟语气用法比较繁杂,测试内容涉及虚拟语气的各个方面。解这类试题的关键是要迅速发现解题信息词,确定虚拟语气类型,然后按各类虚拟语气的特定表达或题句中其他暗示确定动词的形式。如:1.You_____yourworkaheadoftimewithouttheirhelp.
A.haven’tcompleted
B.wouldn’thavecompleted
C.weren’tcompleted
D.shouldn’thavecompleted
该题答案为B。c虚拟语气部分测试的一个重点是含蓄条件。这一题型的解题方法是:(1)熟记并迅速找到题句中表示含蓄条件的信息词,如介词with,without;副词otherwise连词but,or;比较级等。(2)排除不含情态动词的选项,如本题的选项A和C。(3)利用题句中表示时间的信息词或句子内在含义来确定含蓄条件相关动作发生的时间,由此确定虚拟语气的动词形式。五、应试指导2.Icouldhavecalledyouyesterday,butI____yourtelephonenumber.
A.didn’thave
B.won’thave
C.hadn’thad
D.wouldn’thave
此题也是测试虚拟语气的含蓄条件的,但是题目出得比较活,考查学生对有关含蓄条件相关动作发生时间的语法规则的理解和记忆。答案是A。3.Isuggestedthathe_____(refuse)theofferproposedbythatcompany.
本题答案是refuse或shouldrefuse。
当suggest表示“建议”时,其后的宾语从句的谓语动词必须用“原形”或“should+原形”。五、应试指导【注】
(1)否定结构用“not+原形”或“shouldnot+原形”。被动语态的肯定句谓语构成是“be+过去分词”或“shouldbe+过去分词”;否定句谓语构成是“notbe+过去分词”或“shouldnotbe+过去分词”。
(2)用主动语态还是用被动语态取决于空格中的动词是不是及物动词;若是不及物动词,只能用主动语态;若是及物动词,有两种情况:
①空格后面若无宾语,说明前面的词是动词的逻辑宾语,应该用被动语态;
②空格后面若有宾语,应该用主动语态。ExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.1.____________betterequipmentandmorefunds,wecouldhavedonethe
experimentbetter.
A.Have
B.With
C.Without
D.If2.Don’tworryabouther.Herrosycheekssuggestthatshe____________________ingoodhealth.
A.be
B.were
C.was
D.is3.IfMr.Smith____________hissalesgoalslastmonth,hewouldhavereceivedabonus.
A.hadreached
B.hasreached
C.reached
D.wouldreach4.____________thedevelopernotreceivedfeedbackonthefirstversion,hecouldnothaveperfectedthecomputergame.
A.If
B.Had
C.Butfor
D.ShouldExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.5.Janedoesn’twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksthatifshe____________ajobsheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.
A.hastoget
B.weretogo
C.hadgot
D.couldhavegot6.____________thestorm,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.
A.Incaseof
B.Butfor
C.Without
D.With7.Itisstrangethatsuchathing____________inyourcompany.
A.willhappen
B.happens
C.happened
D.shouldhappen8.He____________anothercareerbut,atthattime,hedidn’thaveenoughmoneyto
attendgraduateschool.
A.mighthavechosen
B.mightchoose
C.hadtochoose
D.musthavechosenExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.9.Itisvitalthatenoughmoney____________tofundtheproject.
A.becollected
B.mustbecollected
C.iscollected
D.canbecollected10.____________youexperienceanydifficultiesaccessingyouronlinebankaccount,
ourcustomerserviceagentscanhelpyou.
A.Had
B.Should
C.Do
D.Were11.Perhapsyou____________withsuchcriticismifyouhadmadeyourplansforthe
companycleartotheshareholders.
A.wouldnothaveconfronted
B.hadnotbeenconfronted
C.wouldnothavebeenconfronted
D.wouldnotbeconfrontedExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.12.I___________alittleearlier,butImetaformerschoolmateontheway.
A.shouldarrive
B.wouldbearriving
C.arrived
D.couldhavearrived13.Youshouldn’thaverunacrosstheroadwithoutlookinground.You___________byacar.
A.shouldhavebeenknockedoff
B.willhavebeenknockeddown
C.maybeknockeddown
D.mighthavebeenknockeddown14.HadDickensforeseenthathisnovelwouldcausesuchadisturbance,he___________it.
A.shouldnothavewritten
B.didnotwrite
C.wouldnothavewritten
D.hadnotwrittenExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.15.Ifthatincident___________,hewouldnothaveresignedfromthepresidency.
A.hadnotoccurred
B.didnotoccur
C.hadnotbeenoccurred
D.werenottooccur16.—Whichrugdidyourtutorbuy?
—Theblackone,buthiswife____________theredone.
A.wouldratherbuy
B.wouldratherbought
C.wouldratherhavebought
D.wouldratherhadbought17.Hedidn’tknowyouraddress;otherwise,he_____________toyou.
A.wouldwrite
B.wrote
C.hadwritten
D.wouldhavewrittenExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.18.____________foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.
A.Haditnotbeen
B.Hadn’titbeen
C.Wereitnotbeen
D.Itnotbeen19.Withoutcomputer,medicalscience____________somuchheadwayinthelastfew
decades.
A.wouldnotmade
B.willnothavemade
C.couldnotmake
D.wouldnothavemade20.—Didyouordercopiesofyourweddingpictures?
—Ionlyorderedonecopy,butnowIwishI____________two.
A.hadordered
B.order
C.ordered
D.haveorderedExercisesⅡ.Fillineachblankofthefollowingsentenceswiththeproperformofthewordor
wordsgiveninbrackets.1.Things____________________________(be)muchworseifthemotherhadinsistedher
righttokeepthebaby.2.It’sessentialthatalltheapplicationforms____________________(send)backto
theofficebeforethedeadline.3.Thedeanofthedepartmentorderedthatallstudents______________________
(present)atthereceptionthisafternooninordertomeettherepresentativesfrom
othercolleges.4.Histeacherrecommendedthathe____________________(take)aforeign
languageinhisfreshmanyearinsteadofwaitinguntilthefollowingyear.5.Ifthetourguide____________________(inform)thetouristsoftheschedule
changeinadvance,theywouldnothavemissedtheirbus.6.IfI____________________(be)inyourposition,Iwouldvisitthecompany’s
websiteformoredetailedinformation.might/wouldhavebeen(should)besent(should)bepresent(should)takehadinformedwereExercisesⅡ.Fillineachblankofthefollowingsentenceswiththeproperformofthewordor
wordsgiveninbrackets.7.Thesuggestionthatwe____________________(put)offthemeetingtillnext
monthhasbeenacceptedbytheboard.8.Thecomputercasedesignedbytwoengineersforuseinouterspacesatisfiedtheir
requirementsthatit___________________(have)strengthand
______(be)light.9.It’sverystrangethathe____________________(leave)withoutsayinganything.10.Somedaysgobymuchmorequicklythanothers.Butsomehoursseemasifthey
____________________(neverend).11.Hehandledtheinstrumentwithcareforfearthatit________________________(damage).12.Itseemstobehightimethatthisargument____________________(put)toan
end.(should)put
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