（2027年）人教版2024修订版初中英语中考核心考点三色笔记

人教版2024修订版初中英语中考核心考点三色笔记■红色：核心考点中考必考、高频出现的重点知识，必须完全掌握■绿色：重要考点经常考查的重要内容，需熟练运用■黄色：次重要考点偶尔考查的补充知识，了解即可适用教材：人教版2024年修订审定版七八九年级全册适用考试：全国各省市中考英语

使用说明本笔记依据人教版2024年修订审定版初中英语七八九年级教材编写，涵盖中考大纲要求的全部核心语法、词汇和句型考点。笔记采用三色标注体系，帮助同学们快速识别考点重要程度，合理分配复习时间：■红色——核心考点：中考几乎每年必考，必须100%掌握并灵活运用■绿色——重要考点：经常出现在中考题中，需熟练掌握并能正确应用■黄色——次重要考点：部分省市中考会考查，了解规则、能识别即可每个考点包含：规则要点、典型例句、易错提示三部分，建议按此顺序学习。例句中关键部分用粗体标注，便于快速抓住重点。建议复习策略：先红色、后绿色、最后黄色，层层递进。

第一章词法篇【核心考点】1.1名词▶可数名词与不可数名词●可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，可以用a/an/one修饰，可以计数●不可数名词没有复数形式，不能用a/an修饰，需用some/any/much/alotof等修饰●常见的不可数名词：water,milk,bread,rice,meat,advice,news,information,knowledge,homework,furniture,weather,money,time,music,health,luck,traffic,progress,paper(纸)例：Ihavetwoapples.(apple可数)/Idrinksomewater.(water不可数)例：Shegavemeapieceofadvice.(advice不可数，用apieceof计量)⚠易错：news看似复数实为不可数；hair作为"满头头发"不可数，作为"几根头发"可数▶名词复数变化规则●一般情况加-s：book→books,map→maps●以s,x,sh,ch结尾加-es：bus→buses,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes●以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i加-es：city→cities,family→families●以f/fe结尾，变f/fe为v加-es：leaf→leaves,knife→knives,wolf→wolves●以o结尾，有生命加-es：tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes,hero→heroes；无生命加-s：photo→photos,piano→pianos,radio→radios●不规则变化：man→men,woman→women,child→children,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,goose→geese,sheep→sheep,deer→deer,fish→fish(fishes表种类)●单复数同形：sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,means⚠易错：以o结尾的词：有生命加es（tomato/potato/hero），无生命加s（photo/piano/radio/zoo/bamboo）——口诀"两人两菜两英雄"▶名词所有格●单数名词加's：Tom'sbook,mymother'scar●以s结尾的复数名词加'：thestudents'books,Teachers'Day●不以s结尾的复数名词加's：Children'sDay,women'sshoes●表示各自拥有时，分别加's：Tom'sandJack'srooms（各自的房间，两个房间）●表示共同拥有时，只在最后一个加's：TomandJack'sroom（共同的房间，一个房间）●表示无生命事物的所属关系用of：thelegsofthetable,thecapitalofChina●表示时间、距离、国家、城市等也可用's：today'snews,tenminutes'walk,Beijing'sweather例：ThisisTomandMary'sfather.(共同的父亲)例：TheseareTom'sandMary'sfathers.(各自的父亲，两人)⚠易错：双重所有格：afriendofmyfather's=oneofmyfather'sfriends，of后面接名词所有格或名词性物主代词【重要考点】1.2冠词▶不定冠词a/an●a用在以辅音音素开头的词前：abook,auniversity(ju开头),aone-eyedman(w开头)●an用在以元音音素开头的词前：anapple,anhour(h不发音),anhonestboy,anMBA●判断依据是"音素"而非"字母"：ausefultool(ju:),anumbrella(ʌ)⚠易错：易错：auniversity（u发/ju:/辅音）,anhonestboy（h不发音，o发元音）▶定冠词the●特指某人/某物：Thebookonthedeskismine●指上文提到过的人或物：Ihaveapen.Thepenisnew●指世界上独一无二的事物：thesun,themoon,theearth,thesky,theworld●用在序数词和形容词最高级前：thefirst,thebest,themostbeautiful●用在西洋乐器名称前：playthepiano,playtheviolin,playtheguitar●用在姓氏复数前表示一家人：theSmiths（史密斯一家）●用在方位名词前：intheeast,ontheleft,totheright⚠易错：中国传统乐器前也加the：playtheerhu（拉二胡）；但球类/棋类前不加冠词：playbasketball,playchess▶零冠词（不加冠词）●表示泛指的复数名词前：Booksaremyfriends./Ilikedogs●表示泛指的不可数名词前：Waterisimportanttous●球类运动、棋类游戏前：playbasketball/football/chess●三餐名称前：havebreakfast/lunch/dinner●学科名称前：IlikeEnglish/math/physics●节日、月份、星期前：onMonday,inMay,onChristmasDay●称呼语或头衔前：PresidentLincoln,UncleWang●by+交通工具（不加冠词）：bybus,bycar,bybike,bytrain⚠易错：havebreakfast不加冠词，但haveabigbreakfast要加a，因为big是特指那一顿【核心考点】1.3代词▶人称代词与物主代词●人称代词主格（作主语）：I,you,he,she,it,we,they●人称代词宾格（作宾语）：me,you,him,her,it,us,them●形容词性物主代词（后接名词）：my,your,his,her,its,our,their●名词性物主代词（独立使用，不接名词）：mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs例：Sheismyfriend.(she主格作主语,my形容词性物主代词修饰friend)例：Thisbookismine.(mine=mybook,名词性物主代词独立使用)⚠易错：its是形容词性物主代词，its是itis/ithas的缩写，注意区分！▶反身代词●构成：单数-self，复数-selves：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves●作宾语时表示动作回到主语本身：HetaughthimselfEnglish./Pleasehelpyourselftosomefood●固定搭配：enjoyoneself=haveagoodtime,byoneself=alone,teachoneself=learn...byoneself,helponeselfto,saytooneself,foroneself例：Thechildrenenjoyedthemselvesinthepark.=Thechildrenhadagoodtimeinthepark.⚠易错：反身代词不能单独作主语，只能说Hehimselfdidit，不能说Himselfdidit▶不定代词●some/any：some用于肯定句及请求建议的疑问句；any用于否定句和疑问句●something/anything/nothing/everything等复合不定代词，形容词修饰时形容词后置●someone/somebody/anyone/anybody/nobody/everyone/everybody作主语时谓语用单数例：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?(请求建议用some)例：Isthereanythinginterestinginthebook?(anything+interesting后置)例：Everyoneishere.Nobodyknowstheanswer.(谓语用单数)⚠易错：something用于疑问句表示请求/邀请；anything用于肯定句表示"任何"：Anystudentcananswerit▶指示代词与疑问代词●this/these指近处，that/those指远处；打电话时this指自己，that指对方●what/which/who/whose/whom引导疑问句：Whatdoyouwant?/Whichdoyouprefer?/Whoisthat?●指示代词可代替上文内容：Hewaslate.That'swhyhewasangry.(that代替前面整句话)【重要考点】1.4介词▶时间介词●at+具体时刻：at8:00,atnoon,atmidnight,attheageof●on+具体日期/星期/某天的某部分：onMonday,onMay1st,onacoldmorning,onSundayafternoon●in+年/月/季节/大时段：in2024,inMay,inspring,inthemorning/afternoon/evening●in+时间段（用将来时）：intwodays（两天后）,inthreeyears（三年后）●after+时间点（过去时）或+时间段（将来时）：after5o'clock,aftertwodays●before+时间点：before8o'clock（八点前）●by+时间点=在...之前（截止时间）：byFriday（截止到周五）●during+时间段：duringthesummerholiday（在暑假期间）●for+时间段：forthreeyears（持续三年）●since+时间点：since2020（自从2020年至今，常搭配完成时）⚠易错：inthemorning泛指上午，onMondaymorning特指周一上午——有修饰词用on▶地点介词●at+小地点（门牌号、车站）：atthebusstop,at123MainStreet●in+大地点（城市、国家）：inBeijing,inChina,intheworld●on+表面/在某层：onthedesk,onthewall,onthesecondfloor●above/over在...上方（不接触）；below/under在...下方●between在两者之间；among在三者或以上之间●infrontof在...前面（外部）；inthefrontof在...前部（内部）●behind在...后面；nextto/beside在...旁边●across横穿（表面）；through穿过（内部/空间）；over越过（上方）；past经过例：Goacrossthebridge.(过桥——从表面横穿)例：Walkthroughtheforest.(穿过森林——从内部穿过)⚠易错：inthetree指外来的东西在树上（鸟、人）；onthetree指树本身长的东西（苹果、叶子）▶方式介词●by+交通方式（不加冠词）：bybus,bycar,bybike,bytrain,byplane/air●onfoot步行（不加冠词）；onabus/inacar表示在交通工具内（加冠词）●with+工具/身体部位：writewithapen,seewithoureyes●in+语言/材料/方式：inEnglish,inink,inthisway●through+方式：throughtheInternet,throughhardwork【重要考点】1.5形容词与副词▶形容词的位置与功能●作定语放在名词前：abeautifulgirl,aninterestingbook●修饰不定代词时放后面：somethingimportant,nothingwrong,anythinginteresting●作表语放在系动词后：Thefoodtastesdelicious./Shelookshappy●多个形容词修饰同一名词的顺序：限定词+数量+描述+大小+形状+年龄+颜色+国籍+材料例：abeautifulsmallroundoldbrownFrenchwoodentable▶副词的分类与位置●时间副词：now,today,yesterday,already,yet,soon,recently（通常放句首或句末）●频度副词：always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,never（放在实义动词前，be动词/助动词/情态动词后）●程度副词：very,quite,too,so,rather,pretty,almost（放在被修饰词前）●方式副词：quickly,carefully,well,hard,fast（放在动词后或句末）●地点副词：here,there,outside,inside,upstairs（放在动词后或句末）例：Healwaysgetsupearly.(always在实义动词gets前)例：Sheisalwayslate.(always在be动词is后)▶形容词和副词的比较等级●原级比较：as+原级+as（和...一样）；notas/so+原级+as（不如...）●比较级：单音节及部分双音节加-er/more+原级，than连接比较对象●最高级：单音节及部分双音节加-est/most+原级，前加the●比较级变化规则：一般加-er/-est；以e结尾加-r/-st；辅+元+辅双写末尾加-er/-est；辅+y变i加-er/-est●不规则变化：good/well→better→best;bad/ill/badly→worse→worst;many/much→more→most;little→less→least;far→farther/further→farthest/furthest;old→older/elder→oldest/eldest●比较级修饰词：much,alot,far,even,alittle,abit（不能直接用very/verymuch修饰比较级）●the+比较级...,the+比较级...：越...就越...（Themoreyouread,themoreyouknow）●比较级+and+比较级：越来越...（biggerandbigger,moreandmorebeautiful）例：Heisastallashisbrother.(两人一样高)例：Thisquestionismuchmoredifficultthanthatone.(much修饰比较级)例：Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.(越忙越开心)⚠易错：比较级前不能用very，要用much/alot/far/even等；very只能修饰原级⚠易错：同级比较as...as中间用原级，否定形式notas/so...as之间也用原级【次重要考点】1.6数词▶基数词与序数词●基数词表示数量：one,two,three...twenty,twenty-one,hundred,thousand,million,billion●序数词表示顺序：first,second,third...twentieth,twenty-first●序数词变化规则：一般加-th；特殊：one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve→twelfth；以ty结尾变y为ie加-th：twenty→twentieth●21~99十位与个位之间加连字符：twenty-one,thirty-five●101~999百位与十位/个位之间加and：onehundredandone,twohundredandthirty-five▶特殊数字表达●分数表达：分子用基数词，分母用序数词；分子大于1时分母加-s：1/3=onethird,2/3=twothirds,1/2=onehalf/ahalf,1/4=onefourth/aquarter,3/4=threequarters/threefourths●小数：0.5=zeropointfive,3.14=threepointonefour●百分数：50%=fiftypercent,3%=threepercent●hundred/thousand/million/billion前有数字时不加-s，表约数时加-s+of：twohundred,hundredsof●年份：1998=nineteenninety-eight;2024=twentytwenty-four;2000=twothousand●时间：8:30=eightthirty/halfpasteight;9:15=ninefifteen/aquarterpastnine;10:45=tenforty-five/aquartertoeleven⚠易错：dozensof（几十）,scoresof（好几十）用法同hundredsof，表约数加-s【重要考点】1.7连词▶并列连词●and并列（肯定句）；or选择（否定/疑问句中代替and）●but/however转折：Heispoorbuthappy●so因果（所以）：Itwasraining,soIstayedathome●for因为（补充说明）：Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday●notonly...butalso...不仅...而且...（谓语就近原则）●either...or...要么...要么...；neither...nor...既不...也不...（谓语就近原则）●both...and...两者都（谓语用复数）例：NeitherhenorIamright.(谓语与I一致，用am)例：BothTomandJacklikeswimming.(谓语用复数like)⚠易错：否定句中用or代替and：Idon'thavebrothersorsisters.（不用and）▶从属连词●引导时间状语从句：when,while,as,before,after,until,since,assoonas,once●引导条件状语从句：if,unless(=ifnot),aslongas,incase●引导原因状语从句：because,since,as,nowthat●引导让步状语从句：though/although,eventhough/evenif,however,nomatterwhat/when/where/how●引导结果状语从句：so...that,such...that●引导目的状语从句：sothat,inorderthat⚠易错：though/although不与but同时使用，但可与yet/still连用：Thoughheistired,yethekeepsworking【核心考点】1.8动词分类▶系动词●be动词：am/is/are,was/were,been/being●感官系动词：look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来/感觉)●变化系动词：become(变成),get(变得),grow(渐渐变得),turn(变成),go(变，多指变坏)●状态系动词：keep(保持),stay(保持),remain(仍然是),seem(似乎),appear(显得)●系动词后接形容词作表语，不接副词例：Thefoodtastesdelicious.(taste后接形容词delicious)例：Hebecameangry./Theweathergetscolder.⚠易错：look,sound,feel等既可作系动词也可作实义动词：Helookshappy.(系动词+adj)/Helooksatthepicture.(实义动词+宾语)▶情态动词●can/could：能力（能）、请求许可（可以）、可能性（可能）●may/might：请求许可（可以）、可能性（也许）●must：必须、肯定推测（一定是）●should/oughtto：应该（建议/义务）●will/would：将来时态、请求（would更委婉）●shall：第一人称征求意见（Shallwe...?）、第二/三人称表命令/警告●need/dare：既可作情态动词（无人称变化，多用于否定/疑问），也可作实义动词●haveto：不得不（强调客观需要）；must：必须（强调主观）●hadbetter(not)do：最好（不）做某事●情态动词表推测：mustbe（一定是）,can'tbe（一定不是）,may/mightbe（可能是）●musthavedone：过去一定做过；shouldhavedone：本应该做（但没做）；can'thavedone：过去不可能做过例：Hemustbeathome.(肯定推测：他一定在家)例：Hecan'tbethethief.(否定推测：他一定不是小偷)例：Youshouldhavetoldmeearlier.(你本应该早点告诉我——实际没做)⚠易错：must的否定回答用needn't或don'thaveto，不用mustn't（mustn't表示"禁止"）⚠易错：can表能力时can=beableto，但beableto可用于更多时态：willbeableto,hasbeenableto▶使役动词●makesb.dosth.→被动bemadetodosth.（使某人做某事）●letsb.dosth.（让某人做某事）●havesb.dosth.（让某人做某事）；havesth.done（让某事被做）例：Thebossmadethemworkovertime.→Theyweremadetoworkovertime.例：Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.(让别人帮我剪头发)⚠易错：make/let/have后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但make变被动后要还原to▶感官动词用法●see/hear/watch/noticesb.dosth.（看到/听到某人做了某事——全过程或已结束）●see/hear/watch/noticesb.doingsth.（看到/听到某人正在做某事——进行中）●see/hear/watchsth.done（看到/听到某事被做——被动）例：Isawhimcrossthestreet.(我看到他过了马路——全过程)例：Isawhimcrossingthestreet.(我看到他正在过马路——进行中)例：Iheardmynamecalled.(我听到有人叫我的名字——被叫)【重要考点】1.9非谓语动词▶动词不定式●作宾语：want/hope/decide/plan/agree/offer/refuse/promise/expect/pretend/manage/affordtodosth.●作宾补：tell/ask/want/allow/invite/encourage/warn/force/expectsb.todosth.●省略to的不定式：make/let/have/see/hear/watch/feel/noticesb.dosth.；wouldratherdo;hadbetterdo;Whynotdo?●作目的状语：Hegotupearlytocatchthebus.(inorderto/soasto)●作主语：Itis+adj.+forsb.+todosth.(It'simportantforustolearnEnglish)●It's+adj.+ofsb.+todosth.（adj.描述人的品质：kind,nice,clever,foolish,careless等）⚠易错：forsb.的形容词描述事情性质（important/necessary/difficult）；ofsb.的形容词描述人品质（kind/clever/silly）▶动名词●作主语：Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth./Readingbooksmakesmehappy●只接动名词的动词：enjoy,finish,mind,avoid,practice,suggest,consider,imagine,keep(on),giveup,can'thelp,feellike,beworth,beusedto(习惯于)●to+doing（to为介词）：lookforwardto,beusedto,payattentionto,devote...to,objectto,getdownto,leadto●介词后接动名词：begoodatswimming,beinterestedinreading,insteadofplaying例：Ienjoyreadingnovels.(enjoy后接doing)例：I'mlookingforwardtoseeingyou.(to是介词，后接seeing)⚠易错：stoptodo（停下来去做另一件事）；stopdoing（停止正在做的事）——含义不同！▶分词●现在分词doing表主动/进行；过去分词done表被动/完成●作定语：thesleepingbaby(正在睡觉的婴儿)/thebrokenwindow(破了的窗户)●作状语：Seeingtheteacher,thestudentsstoppedtalking.(主动)/Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful.(被动)●作宾补：keepsb.doingsth./findsth.done/havesth.done例：Theboysittingthereismybrother.(sitting=whoissitting，表主动进行)例：Thebookwrittenbyhimispopular.(written=whichwaswritten，表被动完成)

第二章时态篇【核心考点】2.1一般现在时●构成：主语+动词原形/第三人称单数（主语为第三人称单数时动词加-s/-es）●用法1：表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与频度副词always/usually/often/sometimes/seldom/never及everyday/week等连用●用法2：表示客观真理、自然规律、永恒的事实●用法3：表示现在的状态或特征●用法4：在时间/条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来（主将从现）●第三人称单数变化：一般加-s；以s/x/sh/ch/o结尾加-es；辅+y变i加-es例：Theearthgoesaroundthesun.(客观真理)例：Heusuallygetsupat6:00.(习惯性动作)例：IwillcallyouwhenIarrive.(arrive用一般现在时表将来)⚠易错："主将从现"：主句将来时，when/if/until/assoonas引导的从句用一般现在时表将来【核心考点】2.2一般过去时●构成：主语+动词过去式（be动词用was/were）●用法1：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态●用法2：表示过去经常或反复发生的动作（usedtodo/woulddo）●常用时间状语：yesterday,lastweek/month/year,twodaysago,in2020,justnow,atthattime●规则动词过去式：一般加-ed；以e结尾加-d；辅+y变i加-ed；以辅+元+辅结尾双写末尾加-ed●不规则动词过去式：go→went,see→saw,buy→bought,bring→brought,think→thought,catch→caught,teach→taught,become→became,begin→began,come→came,run→ran,swim→swam,take→took,make→made,give→gave,write→wrote,drive→drove,ride→rode,rise→rose,break→broke,speak→spoke,choose→chose,fly→flew,blow→blew,grow→grew,know→knew,throw→threw,draw→drew,show→showed,fall→fell,feel→felt,keep→kept,sleep→slept,sweep→swept,meet→met,sit→sat,win→won,get→got,forget→forgot,lose→lost,sell→sold,tell→told,build→built,send→sent,spend→spent,lend→lent,have→had,say→said,lay→laid,pay→paid,stand→stood,understand→understood,read→read,lead→led,burn→burnt,learn→learnt,mean→meant等例：IwenttoBeijinglastsummer.(过去发生的动作)例：Hewasateacherfiveyearsago.(过去的状态)⚠易错：read的过去式拼写不变但读音变为/red/；wear→wore,bear→bore,tear→tore注意区分【核心考点】2.3一般将来时●构成1：will/shall+动词原形（shall用于第一人称I/we）●构成2：begoingto+动词原形（表示计划打算或根据迹象推测）●构成3：beabouttodo（即将做某事，常与when连用）●构成4：betodo（按计划安排将要发生）●用法1：表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或状态●用法2：will表示临时决定、预测、意愿；begoingto表示已有计划或根据当前迹象推测●常用时间状语：tomorrow,nextweek/month/year,inthefuture,soon,later,thedayaftertomorrow例：Iwillhelpyouwithyourhomework.(临时决定帮忙)例：Lookattheclouds!Itisgoingtorain.(根据迹象推测)⚠易错："willdo"和"begoingtodo"都表将来，但有计划用begoingto，无计划或临时决定用will【核心考点】2.4现在进行时●构成：am/is/are+doing（现在分词）●用法1：表示此时此刻正在进行的动作●用法2：表示现阶段正在进行的动作（此刻不一定在进行）●用法3：go/come/leave/start/arrive/fly/move等位移动词的现在进行时表将来●用法4：always/constantly与现在进行时连用，表示反复发生的动作，带有感情色彩●现在分词变化规则：一般加-ing；以e结尾去e加-ing；以ie结尾变y加-ing(die→dying,lie→lying,tie→tying)；以重读闭音节结尾（辅+元+辅）双写加-ing例：TheyarehavinganEnglishclassnow.(此刻正在发生)例：Heisalwayshelpingothers.(赞扬，always+进行时)例：WeareleavingforShanghaitomorrow.(位移动词表将来)⚠易错：不用于进行时的动词：表示感觉(feel/see/hear/smell/taste)、表示拥有(have/own/belong)、表示心理状态(know/love/hate/like/want/understand/believe)、表示判断(seem/appear)【重要考点】2.5过去进行时●构成：was/were+doing●用法1：表示过去某一时刻/某一时间段正在进行的动作●用法2：表示过去某段时间内反复进行的动作●用法3：when/while引导的时间状语从句中，常用过去进行时表示背景动作●常用时间状语：at8:00yesterday,atthattime,thistimeyesterday,when/while...例：IwaswatchingTVat8:00lastnight.(过去某一时刻正在做)例：Whenthephonerang,Iwascooking.(过去进行时作背景动作)⚠易错：when引导的从句：when+短暂动词（一般过去时），主句用过去进行时；while引导的从句：while+延续动词（过去进行时）【核心考点】2.6现在完成时●构成：have/has+过去分词(done)●用法1：表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果●用法2：表示从过去持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for+时间段或since+时间点连用●用法3：表示到目前为止的经历/经验，常与ever/never/before/once/twice等连用●标志性时间状语：already(肯定),yet(否定/疑问),just(刚刚),ever(曾经),never(从未),before(以前),sofar(到目前为止),uptonow,recently/lately(最近),inthepastfewyears(近几年),since+时间点,for+时间段●havebeento：去过某地（已回来）；havegoneto：去了某地（还没回来）；havebeenin：在某地待了多久例：Ihavelostmykey.(丢了钥匙——现在还没找到，影响现在)例：Hehaslivedherefortenyears.(从过去持续到现在)例：IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.(去过北京两次——已回来)例：Shehasgonetothelibrary.(去了图书馆——还没回来)⚠易错：现在完成时不能与明确的过去时间状语连用：不能说Ihaveseenhimyesterday（yesterday要用一般过去时）⚠易错：瞬间动词(buy/borrow/open/join/die/leave/come/go/arrive/marry/close/begin/start)不能与for+时间段连用。如不能说Hehasdiedfor3years，要说Hehasbeendeadfor3years或Hedied3yearsago⚠易错：瞬间动词的完成时否定形式可以与for连用：Ihaven'tboughtanythingforaweek（这是正确的）【重要考点】2.7过去完成时●构成：had+过去分词(done)●用法1：表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即"过去的过去"●用法2：常与bytheendoflast...,bythetime...,before/when引导的过去时间状语连用●用法3：主从复合句中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，表示先发生的是过去完成时例：WhenIgottothestation,thetrainhadleft.(火车先离开，我后到)例：Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearned2000words.(截止到上学期末已学会)⚠易错："过去的过去"——在讲述过去的事情时，其中更早发生的事用过去完成时【次重要考点】2.8过去将来时●构成：would/should+动词原形或was/weregoingto+动词原形●用法：表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或状态，常用于宾语从句中例：Hesaidhewouldcomethenextday.(他说他第二天会来)例：Ithoughtitwasgoingtorain.(我以为要下雨了)⚠易错：过去将来时主要用于宾语从句中，主句是一般过去时，从句用过去将来时

第三章语态篇【核心考点】3.1被动语态概述●被动语态构成：be+及物动词的过去分词(done)●被动语态各时态变化：be动词随时态变化，过去分词不变●一般现在时：am/is/are+done→Englishisspokeninmanycountries●一般过去时：was/were+done→Thebridgewasbuiltin1990●一般将来时：willbe+done→Anewschoolwillbebuiltnextyear●现在进行时：am/is/arebeing+done→Theroomisbeingcleanednow●过去进行时：was/werebeing+done→Thecarwasbeingrepairedthen●现在完成时：have/hasbeen+done→Theworkhasbeenfinished●过去完成时：hadbeen+done→Theletterhadbeensentbeforehecame●情态动词被动：情态动词+be+done→Theworkmustbedonetoday【核心考点】3.2主动变被动的方法●基本步骤：宾语变主语→主语变by宾语→谓语变被动（be+done，时态不变）●含双宾语的被动：可把直接宾语或间接宾语变主语，习惯把"人"变主语●Myfathergavemeabook.→Iwasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather.●含宾语补足语的被动：宾语变主语，宾补位置不变●Weelectedhimmonitor.→Hewaselectedmonitor(byus).●含短语动词的被动：不可省略介词/副词●Theytookcareofthebaby.→Thebabywastakencareof(bythem).⚠易错：短语动词变被动时介词不能丢：lookafter→belookedafter,takecareof→betakencareof【重要考点】3.3特殊被动结构与注意事项●使役动词make/let/have+sb.do变被动时需还原to：makesb.do→bemadetodo●Thebossmadethemwork.→Theyweremadetowork(bytheboss).●感官动词see/watch/hear+sb.do变被动时需还原to●Isawhimentertheroom.→Hewasseentoentertheroom.●不及物动词和不及物短语动词无被动语态：happen,takeplace,breakout,occur,belongto,last,cost●sell/wash/wear/write/open/read等用主动表被动（主语为物时）：Thebooksellswell./Thepenwritessmoothly.●need/want/require+doing=need/want/require+tobedone（需要被...）●Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.(需要修理)⚠易错：不能变为被动语态的情况：①不及物动词②表示状态的及物动词(have/own/fit/suit/lack/cost)③宾语是反身代词④宾语前有同源宾语⑤并列宾语

第四章句法篇【核心考点】4.1五大基本句型●句型1：主+谓(S+V)→Thesunrises./Heworkshard.●句型2：主+谓+宾(S+V+O)→IlikeEnglish./Shereadsbooks.●句型3：主+系+表(S+V+P)→Sheisateacher./Thefoodtastesgood.●句型4：主+谓+双宾(S+V+IO+DO)→Hegavemeabook./Shetoldusastory.●句型5：主+谓+宾+宾补(S+V+O+C)→Wemadehimmonitor./Ifounditinteresting.●区分IO+DO和O+C：宾补是对宾语的补充说明，去掉后句子意思不完整；双宾之间是平行的两个宾语例：Hegavemeabook.(me和abook都是宾语，双宾)→Hegaveabooktome.例：WecallhimTom.(Tom是宾补，补充说明him是谁)→不能说WecallTomtohim.【重要考点】4.2并列句●构成：简单句+并列连词+简单句●并列关系：and,notonly...butalso,neither...nor,both...and●选择关系：or,either...or,otherwise●转折关系：but,however,while,yet,still●因果关系：so,for,therefore例：Heisrich,butheisnothappy.(转折)例：Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.(选择，or表"否则")⚠易错：祈使句+and/or+将来时：Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed./Hurryup,oryouwillbelate.=Ifyoudon'thurryup,youwillbelate.【核心考点】4.3宾语从句●定义：在复合句中充当宾语的从句，放在及物动词、介词或某些形容词后●引导词分类：●①that引导陈述句宾语从句（口语中that可省略）：Ithink(that)heisright.●②if/whether引导一般疑问句变来的宾语从句：Iwonderif/whetherhewillcome.●③疑问词(what/who/which/whose/when/where/why/how)引导特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句：Idon'tknowwherehelives.●语序：宾语从句必须用陈述语序（主语+谓语），不能用疑问语序●时态呼应规则：●①主句是一般现在时/将来时，从句可根据实际情况用任何时态●②主句是一般过去时，从句须改为相应的过去时态（一般过去→过去完成；一般将来→过去将来；现在进行→过去进行）●③客观真理在宾语从句中始终用一般现在时，不受主句时态影响●if和whether的区别：●①whether后可接ornot，if一般不能直接接●②whether可引导介词宾语从句，if不能●③whether可引导主语从句/表语从句放在句首，if不能●④discuss后只能用whether例：HeaskedmewhereIlived.(不是wheredidIlive，用陈述语序)例：Theteachersaidthattheearthisround.(客观真理用一般现在时)例：Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.(用whether+ornot)⚠易错：疑问句变宾语从句：①改为陈述语序②改引导词（一般疑问用if/whether，特殊疑问保留疑问词）③改时态（主句过去时则从句变过去时态）⚠易错：Couldyoutellme...?中的could不是过去时，而是委婉语气，从句时态不受影响，可按实际情况用任何时态【核心考点】4.4状语从句▶时间状语从句●when当...时：WhenIgothome,Momwascooking.(when+短暂/延续动词)●while当...时（同时进行）：WhileIwasreading,hecalledme.(while+延续动词进行时)●as当...时/一边...一边：Aswewalked,wetalked.(同时发生)●before在...之前：Finishyourhomeworkbeforeyougoout.●after在...之后：Afterhefinisheddinner,hewentforawalk.●until/till直到...为止：Iwaiteduntilhecameback.(not...until直到...才)●since自从...以来（主句用完成时）：IhaveknownhimsinceIwasachild.●assoonas一...就...：AssoonasIarrived,Icalledyou.●themoment/minute/instant=assoonas：ThemomentIsawhim,Iknewhewastheone.●nosooner...than/hardly...when一...就...（部分倒装）：NosoonerhadIarrivedthanthephonerang.⚠易错：when/while区别：when后可接短暂或延续动词；while后只能接延续动词且常用进行时⚠易错：主将从现：在when/until/assoonas等时间状语从句中，主句将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来▶条件状语从句●if如果：Ifitrainstomorrow,Iwillstayathome.(主将从现)●unless=ifnot除非：Youwillfailunlessyouworkhard.=Youwillfailifyoudon'tworkhard.●aslongas=solongas只要：Aslongasyoutry,youcansucceed.●incase万一：Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.●条件状语从句也遵循"主将从现"：主句将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来⚠易错：unless=if...not，本身已含否定意义，从句中不再用否定词：unlessitrains=ifitdoesn'train▶原因状语从句●because因为（语气最强，回答why的提问）：—Whyareyoulate?—BecauseImissedthebus.●since既然/因为（已知原因）：Sinceyouaretired,you'dbetterrest.●as因为/由于（语气最弱，常放句首）：Asitwasgettingdark,wewenthome.●nowthat既然：Nowthatyouarehere,let'sstart.⚠易错：because和so不能同时使用：Becauseitwasraining,Istayedathome.（不用so）或Itwasraining,soIstayedathome.（不用because）▶结果状语从句●so...that如此...以至于（so+adj./adv.+that）：Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.●such...that如此...以至于（such+a/an+adj.+n.+that）：ItwassuchagoodbookthatIreadittwice.●so和such的转换：sogoodabook=suchagoodbook●sothat也可以引导结果状语从句：Heworkedhardsothathepassedtheexam.（结果是...）⚠易错：so+adj/adv+that；such+(a/an)+adj+名词+that。口诀：so后接形容词/副词，such后接名词⚠易错：so+many/much/few/little+名词+that结构用so不用such：somanypeoplethat...▶目的状语从句●sothat为了，以便（从句中常含can/could/will/would/may/might等情态动词）：Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchthebus.●inorderthat为了（比sothat正式）：Weleftearlyinorderthatwemightarriveontime.⚠易错：sothat既可引导目的状语从句（含情态动词）也可引导结果状语从句（不含情态动词）。区分关键看从句中是否有can/could/will等▶让步状语从句●though/although虽然：Thoughitwasraining,hewentout.(不与but连用)●eventhough/evenif即使：Evenifitrains,wewillgo.●however/nomatterhow无论怎样：Howeverhardhetried,hecouldn'tsolvetheproblem.=Nomatterhowhardhetried,...●nomatterwhat/when/where/who无论什么/何时/何地/谁：Nomatterwhathappens,Iwillsupportyou.●while虽然（放句首，表对比/让步）：WhileIunderstandyourpoint,Idisagree.⚠易错：though和although不与but连用，但可以与yet/still/nevertheless连用【核心考点】4.5定语从句●定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，被修饰的名词/代词叫先行词●结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句●关系词的作用：①连接主句和从句②在从句中充当成分（主语/宾语/定语等）③代替先行词▶关系代词的用法●who指人，作主语/宾语：Themanwhoistalkingtoourteacherismyfather.●whom指人，作宾语（可省略）：Thegirl(whom)youmetyesterdayismysister.●which指物，作主语/宾语：Thebookwhichisonthedeskismine.●that指人或物，作主语/宾语：Themanthat/whoisstandingthereisourteacher.●whose表所属关系（...的），指人或物：Theboywhosefatherisadoctorismyfriend./Thehousewhoseroofisredisours.●关系代词作宾语时可省略：Thebook(that/which)Iboughtyesterdayisinteresting.▶只能用that的情况●①先行词是all,everything,anything,nothing,something,much,little,none等不定代词时●②先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修饰时●③先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时●④先行词既有人又有物时●⑤主句是以who/which开头的特殊疑问句时例：ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.(最高级修饰先行词，用that)例：Thewriterandhisworksthatarewell-knownwillbeintroduced.(人和物，用that)▶只能用which的情况●①引导非限制性定语从句（用逗号隔开）：Hegavemeabook,whichisveryuseful.●②关系代词前有介词：ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.●③先行词本身是that时：Theclockisthatwhichtellstime.（很少用）▶关系副词的用法●when=on/in/atwhich，先行词是时间名词：I'llneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstmetyou.●where=in/at/onwhich，先行词是地点名词：ThisistheschoolwhereIstudied.●why=forwhich，先行词是reason：Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.⚠易错：关系副词=介词+which：when=onwhich,where=inwhich,why=forwhich。关系副词在从句中作状语，不充当主语或宾语⚠易错：判断用关系代词还是关系副词：看关系词在从句中充当什么成分——作主语/宾语用which/that/who；作状语用when/where/why▶限制性与非限制性定语从句●限制性定语从句：无逗号，先行词不可省，从句不可省（省了意思不完整）●非限制性定语从句：有逗号隔开，先行词可省，从句是对先行词的补充说明●非限制性定语从句不能用that引导●which可指代整个主句：Hepassedtheexam,whichmadehisparentshappy.(which=他通过考试这件事)例：MybrotherwholivesinBeijingisadoctor.(我有多个兄弟，住在北京的那个是医生——限制性)例：Mybrother,wholivesinBeijing,isadoctor.(我只有一个兄弟，他在北京，是医生——非限制性)【次重要考点】4.6主谓一致●语法一致：主语单数谓语单数，主语复数谓语复数●意义一致：按主语的实际意义决定谓语单复数●就近一致：谓语与靠近的主语一致●集合名词family/team/class/audience/public等作主语：强调整体用单数，强调个体成员用复数●police/people/cattle作主语谓语用复数●news/physics/mathematics/politics等以-s结尾的学科名词作主语谓语用单数●each/every+名词作主语谓语用单数：Everystudenthasabook.●neither...nor/either...or/notonly...butalso/not...but...谓语就近一致●both...and谓语用复数●AandB指同一人或物时谓语用单数：Thewriterandteacheriscoming.(一个人)●Awith/Baswellas/Bincluding/Bratherthan作主语时，谓语与A一致●thenumberof+复数名词谓语用单数；anumberof+复数名词谓语用复数●therebe句型就近一致：Thereisapenandtwobooksonthedesk.例：Theteacherwithhisstudentsisvisitingthemuseum.(谓语与teacher一致，用is)例：Thenumberofstudentsis50./Anumberofstudentsareplaying.(前者单数后者复数)【次重要考点】4.7反意疑问句●基本结构：前肯后否，前否后肯（陈述句+附加疑问句）●谓语用be/have/助动词/情态动词的相应形式●特殊情况：●①Let's...→shallwe?（Let'sgo,shallwe?）●②Letus...→willyou?（Letusgo,willyou?）●③以Letme开头→willyou?●④祈使句→willyou?（Openthedoor,willyou?）●⑤否定词/hardly/seldom/never/few/little/nothing/nobody等否定含义的词出现在陈述部分时，附加部分用肯定●⑥everything/nothing/something等不定代词作主语，附加部分用it●⑦everyone/everybody/nobody/noone等指人代词作主语，附加部分用they●⑧Therebe句型：Thereisabookonthedesk,isn'tthere?●⑨含有unhappy/dislike等否定前缀的词不算否定，附加部分仍用否定●⑩Iam...→aren'tI?（Iamlate,aren'tI?）●⑪含think/believe/suppose/imagine等的主从复合句，附加疑问部分与从句一致（否定转移看主语）例：HehasneverbeentoLondon,hashe?(never否定，后用肯定)例：Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?(否定转移，与从句he一致)⚠易错：前否后肯的回答：Yes翻译为"不"，No翻译为"是"。—Heisn'tateacher,ishe?—Yes,heis.(不，他是老师。)【重要考点】4.8感叹句●What引导：What+(a/an)+adj.+n.(+S+V)!●How引导：How+adj./adv.(+S+V)!●What修饰名词，How修饰形容词或副词●不可数名词和复数名词前不加a/an：Whatgoodweather!/Whatbeautifulflowers!例：Whatabeautifulday(itis)!(What+单数可数名词