曼昆经济学定义

(完整word版)曼昆经济学定义(完整word版)曼昆经济学定义(完整word版)曼昆经济学定义Chapter1Scarcity（缺乏）：thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources.Economics:thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources。Efficiency：thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscareresources。Equality：thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsociety。Opportunitycost(机会成本）:whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem.Rationalpeople：peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives.Marginalchanges(边际变量)：smallincremental(增加的)adjustmentstoaplanofaction.Incentive：somethingthatinducesapersontoact.Marketeconomy(市场经济):aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.Propertyrights（产权）:theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources。Marketfailure（市场失灵)：asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently。Externality(外部性):theimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell—beingofabystander.Marketpower（市场势力）:theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orasmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices.如：垄断monopolyProductivity:thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.Inflation:anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy。Businesscycle：fluctuations(起伏)ineconomicactivity，suchasemploymentandproduction.Chapter2Circular-flowdiagram（循环流动图)：avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms。Productionpossibilitiesfrontier（生产能力边界线)：agraphthatshowsthecombinationofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology。产出的组合，经济可能产生的可用因素的生产和现有的生产技术.Positivestatements(实证表述)：claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.Normativestatements(规范表述）：claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbe.Import：goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically.Export：goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad。Chapter3Absoluteadvantage(绝对优势）:theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer.（比较的是生产量)Comparativeadvantage（比较优势)：theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer。（比较的是机会成本)Chapter4Market：agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice.Competitivemarket(竞争市场)：amarketinwhichtherearemanybuyersandmanysellerssothateachhasanegligible(可以忽略的)impactonthemarketprice。Quantitydemanded(需求量)：theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase.Lawofdemand：theclaimthat，otherthingsequal，thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises。Demandschedule(需求一览表）：atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded。(表格）Demandcurve：agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded.（曲线）Normalgood:agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal，anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand。Inferiorgood：agoodforwhich，otherthingsequal，anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand。Substitutes(代替者):twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother。Compliments(互补品)：twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother。Quantitysupplied(供给量)：theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell.Lawofsupply:theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises。(价格上升，供给量就会增加）Supplyschedule：atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied.Supplycurve：agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied。Equilibrium:asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded。Equilibriumprice:thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded.Equilibriumquantity:thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice。Surplus:asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded。(供给量大于需求量）Shortage:asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied.Lawofsupplyanddemand：theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance.Chapter5Elasticity:ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants（决定因素）.（howmuchconsumersrespondtochangesinthesevariables)Priceelasticityofdemand(需求的价格弹性):ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood，computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice。（quantityrespondstoachangeinprice）Totalrevenue:theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold.Incomeelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome。Cross-priceelasticityofdemand:ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood，computedasthepercentagechangeinthequantitydemandedof