SGS-食品接触材料介绍

BruceZhang张学华SHSGSHGLabFoodContactMaterialGerneralIntroduction食品接触材料介绍Whatourproductsdotoourfood?

我们的产品对食物有何影响？FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍Whataffectchemicalmigration?什么因素影响测试结果？FoodContactMaterialGerneralIntroduction与食品接触材料介绍Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？Foodandbeveragescanbeveryaggressiveproductsandmayinteractstronglywithmaterialsthattheytouch.食物和饮料有时候具有很强的“进攻性”，可以与食品接触材料发生强烈的作用。*Infact,nofoodcontactmaterialiscompletelyinertandsoitispossiblefortheirchemicalconstituentsto‘migrate’intothepackagedfood.Metals,glass,ceramics,plastics,rubberandpapercanallreleaseminuteamountsoftheirchemicalconstituentswhentheytouchcertaintypesoffoods.实际上，没有材料是完全钝化的，总有可能材料中的物质迁移至食物中。金属、玻璃、陶瓷、塑料、橡胶、纸张可以释放微量的化学成份进入食物。*1Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？Ceramicarticlesmayposearisktotheconsumerthroughheavymetalsusedintheglazingandcolouring.陶瓷通过其釉彩和着色剂对使用者产生威胁。*Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？Inthe1980sitbecameevidentthatrubberteatsandsoothersmayreleasecarcinogenicnitrosamines,whicharereactionanddegradationproductsfromacceleratorsandstabilisersusedintherubber.上世纪80年代，有证据表明橡胶奶头和安抚奶嘴可以释放致癌的亚硝胺，它是橡胶引发剂和稳定剂反应和分解的产物。*Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？Chemicalmigrationisalwaysundesirableandifnotcontrolleditcouldbehazardoustothehealthofconsumer.人们总不想材料中的化学物质进入食物当中，如果控制不当，将会对人体健康产生影响。*2Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？Ithasbeenestimatedthattheper-capitauseofpackagingmaterialsforretailfoodstuffssoldintheEUcountriesisabout1200cm2perpersonperday.据估计，在欧洲每人每天食用的零售食物，与食物接触材料接触的面积大约为1200平方厘米。*Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？Allpartiesinvolvedintheproduction,transport,sellingandconsumptionoffoodsneedtobeawareofthepotentialforchemicalmigrationandwaysofminimisingit.所有与食物的生产、运输、销售等相关的企业都需要意识到食品接触材料化学迁移的危害，都有义务尽量进少此类迁移。primarymanufacturersofrawmaterials,e.g.,polymerandpapermanufacturersconverterswhoturntherawmaterialintopackagingforfoodusevendorsofthematerials,e.g.,retailersofarticles,supplycompaniesusersofthematerial–thefoodpackerfoodretailersenforcementauthoritiesconsumers–withrespecttotheproperusebothofpre-packagedfoodsandofmaterialsandarticlesusedinthehome.*Whatourproductsdotoourfood?我们的产品对食物有何影响？LawStructure

法规构架CommunitylegislationwhichisadoptedbytheEUandnationallegislationadoptedbytheMemberStates,soaRegulationisdirectlyapplicableineachMemberState.欧洲的颁布的法令，将在欧盟成员国中直接执行。Directiveshavetobetransposedintonationallawwithtranspositiontimesofupto18months.欧盟的指令，需要在欧盟成员国中转化本国的法律执行，并有最多为18个月的过渡期。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍TheFrameworkRegulation(EC)No1935/2004setsoutthegeneralprinciplesthatapplytomaterialsincontactwithfood.

欧盟法令(EC)No1935/2004是欧盟食品级接触材料所有指令的框架性法令，规定了食品级材料应该遵循的基本原则。Detailsforimplementingthesegeneralrulestakingaccountofthespecificrisksoftheindividualmaterialisgiveninthespecificlegislation.本法令的具体实施，要考虑到特定材料的特定风险，这些会在具体的指令中得以体现。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍Thislistcomprises17differentmaterials.OnlyafewareyetcoveredbyspecificCommunitylegislation.本表罗列了17中不同的材料，只有一小部分被欧盟指令明确涵盖。FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍Communitylegislationwasintroducedtoharmonisenationallegislationandtoremovebarrierstotrade.制定这些指令是为了统一各成员国的立法，消除贸易障碍。MemberStateslegislationisbasedondifferentprinciplesandthiscanstillbeobservedinthoseareaswhicharenotyetcoveredbyCommunitylegislation.个成员国有不同的立法原则，这一点目前仍然能够在欧盟指令没有涵盖的领域可以看到。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍Norway,IcelandandLiechtenstein,aspartoftheEuropeanEconomicArea(EEA),alsoapplytheCommunitylegislationwhilekeepingadditionalnationallegislation.SwitzerlandhasadoptedregulationscorrespondingtotheCommunitylegislation.挪威、冰岛、列支敦士登作为欧洲经济区的一部分，也采用欧盟的食品接触材料安全指令。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍MemberStatesDuty

成员国的义务MemberStateshavetheresponsibilityforenforcingtheCommunityandtheirownnationallegislationandmustmonitorthattherequirementsofthelegislationarefulfilledbythebusinessoperators(generalfoodlaw).成员国有责任执行欧盟的指令，并监控商业机构遵守食品接触材料安全要求。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍MemberStateshavetolaydownacatalogueofsanctionsandmeasuresincludingdissuasivepenaltiesfornon-conformitywiththefoodlegislation.

成员国必须制定一系列措施食品接触材料安全要求得以实施。ThemeasurestakenbyMemberStatesmayincludeprohibitingplacementonthemarket;theymayorderandmonitorwithdrawalofgoodsfromthemarket,recallanddestruction.Officialcontrolcancoverthefollowingactions:monitoring,surveillance,verification,audit,inspection,samplingandanalysis.

这些措施包括禁止投放市场，成员国可能监控、责令停销问题产品，召回或者销毁它们。这些措施还包括监督、认可、检验、抽样、测试等。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍Furthermoretheyhavetherighttodetainconsignmentsfromthirdcountries.海关也可扣押可疑货物。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍WhenMemberStatestakemeasuresthataffectotherMemberStates,suchaswithdrawalfromthemarketwhenthearticleoriginatesfrom,orisdistributedto,anotherMemberState,theyshouldinformtheCommissionandtheotherMemberStatesviatheelectronicRapidAlertSystemforfeedandfood(RASFF).当一个成员国发生回收，应通报欧盟的快速警戒系统，本系统会通知其他各欧盟成员国。*FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍*Thismeanstheyhavetomakesurethatsubstancestheyuseinthefoodcontactmaterialareauthorised(ifpositivelistsexist)and/orarenottransferredintofoodinconcentrationsthatposeadangertohumanhealth.Theyhavetoconfirmthisinadeclarationofcompliance.以上措施表明，商家必须使用许可的材料，并保证材料不得迁移出对人体有害的化学物质。FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍*Theconsumersshouldbeinformedon:消费者应被通知到：(i)thesuitabilityoftheproductforfoodcontact(tothispurposeasymbolrepresentingaglassandforkcanbeused);

本产品适合与食物接触。(ii)thepersonresponsibleformanufactureorplacingonthemarketoftheproduct;商家负责人。(iii)instructionsforthesafeuseoftheproduct;产品安全使用说明。(iv)meansofidentificationoftheproductfortraceability.产品的识别的追溯。FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍*Definitionsoftraceability追溯的定义。‘theabilitytogobackinthehistoryofafoodcontactmaterialorarticle,fromtheretailstagebacktothepointofitsmanufacturing,identifyingallappropriateinformation.’FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍*Obviously,traceabilitycanbeattainedonlyiftheidentificationelementsofeachoftheaboverawmaterialsareproperlyobtainedbytherelevantsuppliers,butthemostdifficultpartconsistsofthemanagementofsuchidentificationelementsinthevariousstepsofstorage,transformationandwarehousingoffinishedgoods.FCMRegulationIntroduction食品接触材料法规介绍*WhatisFoodContactMaterial

什么是食品接触材料？materialsthatarealreadyincontactwithfoodsuchasthepackagingofpre-packagedfood;materialsthatareintendedtocomeintocontactwithfood,suchascups,dishes,cutlery,foodpackagingnotyetinuse;materialsthatcanreasonablybeexpectedtobebroughtintocontactwithfoodsuchastablesurfacesinfoodpreparationareasortheinnerwallsandshelvesofarefrigerator;andmaterialsthatcanreasonablybeexpectedtotransfertheirconstituentstofoodsuchasacardboardboxaroundaplasticbagofcereals.**

PlasticsfoodcontactmaterialsandarticlesshouldcomplywithDirective2002/72/ECanditsamendmentsthatinclude:

2002/72/EC的限制要求anoverallmigrationlimit(OML)specificmigrationlimits(SMLs)onmonomersspecificmigrationlimits(SMLs)onadditivescompositionallimits(QMs)onsomemonomers.*Fromtheavailabletoxicityandmigrationdata,aspecificmigrationlimit(SML)isderivedandseveralassumptionsaremade:

基于已知的毒性和迁移数据，特殊迁移限值(SML)是通过下列假设制定的：1kgoffoodeateneveryday1kgoffoodcorrespondsto6dm2ofpackagingpackagingalwayscontainsthesubstancemigrationofthesubstanceatSMLconsumerbodyweightof60kg.**Directive85/572/EECdefineswhichsimulantsneedtobeusedtosimulatecertainfoods.Insomecasesitisnotpossibletouseoliveoilasafoodsimulantbecauseoftechnicalreasonsandalternativesimulantsmaybeusedlikeisooctaneand95%ethanol.

85/572/EEC指令规定了模拟液。某些情况下，由于技术原因，不能使用橄榄油模拟液，这是可以使用替代液。***3Colourrelease

颜色迁移Whenfoodisincontactwithfoodcontactmaterial,thecolourofthefoodcontactmaterialmustremainonthefoodcontactmaterialandmaynotcolourthefood.

食品级材料与食物接触时，其颜色不得染污食物。*Volatiles

挥发性Forsiliconmaterialssomevolatilecomponentscanremaininthesiliconmaterialafterpolymerisation.Themethodofdeterminationis:

对于硅胶类材料，一些挥发性成份会在硅胶合成后残留在材料中，测定的方法是：Preparethesiliconmaterial(cuttoprescribedsizes).Removewaterfromthesiliconmaterialusingwaterfreecalciumchloride.Determinetheweightofthesiliconmaterial.Exposethesiliconmaterialforacertaintimetoacertaintemperature.Determinetheweightofthesiliconmaterial.Calculatetheweightloss.Theseareexemplifiedby‘hard’materialssuchasmetals,glassandceramics.一些“硬质”材料具有此特点，比如金属、玻璃、陶瓷。Whataffectchemicalmigration?什么因素影响测试结果？Theseareexemplifiedby‘plastic’materialssuchasplastics,rubbersandelastomers.一些合成材料具有此特点，比如塑料、橡胶、弹性体等。Whataffectchemicalmigration?什么因素影响测试结果？Exemplifiedbypaperandboardmaterialswithaheterogeneous,opennetworkoffibreswithlargeairspacesorchannels.一些多孔的，具有网络纤维网络结构的材料有此特点，比如纸张。Whataffectchemicalmigration?什么因素影响测试结果？*Themechanisticbasisofmigration

化学迁移的原理Migrationofchemicalsubstancesisadiffusionprocesssubjecttobothkineticandthermodyn