考博英语模拟试卷59

考博英语模拟试卷59

一、词汇（本题共30题，每题7.0分，共30分。）

1、Oneofthemostinterestingthingstocomeoutoftheenvironmentalissuesmeeting

wasthefactthatwecertainlydonothaveaofenergysources;therefore,wemust

whatwedohave.

A^plethora...husband

B、microcosm...mitigate

C>dearth...libel

D^gamut...obfuscate

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句意：从这次有关环境问题的会议中产生的其中一个最值得关注的事

就是我们并没有过多的能量来源，因此必须节约使用我们现有的资源。plethora过

量,过多。husband节约,节俭。microcosm小宇宙，小规模。mitigate1轻,和

缓。dearlh缺乏，稀少。libel诽谤，中伤。gamut全范围，全部。obfuscate（故意）使

（某事物）混乱，艰涩难懂。

2、She,ontheotherhand,whenconsideringthesituation,hadaofdangerand

utteredasevere

A、forger）\..culmination

B、covenant...fortitude

C、innuendo...castigation

D^premonition...admonition

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：另一方面，当她考虑到整个形势时，有种处于危险中的不祥预

感，于是她发出了严厉的警告。premonition（不祥的）预感。admonition警告。

forgery伪造，伪造罪。culmination顶点，颠峰。covenant（有法律约束力的）协议，

公约。fortilude坚韧，自制力。innuendo影射，暗射。castigalion严厉责骂，批

评。

3、A（n）attitudeatacriticaltimesuchasthisisnotjustifiedbythenewsreaching

usfromthewarfront.

A、pessimistic...somber

B、sanguine.,somber

C、salubrious...optimistic

D、arbitrary...gloomy

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句意：在这样的关键时刻，仅仪根据战争前线传来的不乐观消息而悲

观丧气是不对的。pessimistic悲观的，悲观主义的。somber暗淡的,忧郁的。

sanguine允满希望的。乐观的。salubrious有益的。optimistic乐观的，有信心的。

arbitrary任意的，丰观的。gloomy暗淡的，模糊的,

4、Eventhemostarbitraryandcorporationtodaymustbeawareoftheattitudes

ofitsemployees;managementmayattimesbemoreorless,butallmustrespect

thepowerofanorganizedworkforce.

A、inlluential...outraged

BNprosperous...precipitous

C、flexible...patronizing

D、authoritarian...responsive

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：如今，即使是最武断，最独裁的公司也必须留意它的雇员的态

度；经营管理时不时地可以灵活多变，但必须尊重有组织的劳动力的力量。

authoritarian独裁主义的。responsive反应灵敏，易受控制。influential有影响力

的。outraged残忍的，义愤的。prosperous的，旺盛的。precipitous险峻的，陡峭

的。flexible灵活多变的。patronizing屈尊俯就的。

5、Hisshouldnotbeconfusedwithcowardice;duringthewar,Isawhimon

severaloccasionsriskhisownlifewhilerescuingmembersofhisunit.

A、notoriety

caution

C^heroism

D、indifference

标准答案：B

知识点解析•：句意：不应该把他的小心谨慎与胆小怯懦混淆；战争中，我曾多次目

睹他冒着生命危险去营救他部门的成员。caulion小心，谨慎。noloriety恶名，臭

名。heroism英勇行为，英勇精神。indifference漠不关心。

6、Notcontentwithbeinghimself,heopenlytheprohibitionofthesaleof

intoxicatingbeveragessothatallcouldbesober.

A、monastic...urged

ascetic...proposed

C、abstemious...advocated

D、sober...rejected

标准答案：C

知识点解析；句意：不满足于自己一人饮食有节制；他公开提倡禁止销售能让人酒

醉的饮料，以使大家都能保持清醒。abstemious饮食有度的，有节制的。advocate

倡导。monastic隐士的。urge傕促。ascetic苦行的，过简朴生活的。propose提

议，建议。sober未醉的，清醒的。reject拒绝，抛弃。

7、BilTsvulgarbehavioraffectedJane,whoisvery,andtherefore,easily

A、decorous...affronted

B、garrulous...gratified

C^disinterested...biased

D、euphoric...ingratiated

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句意：比尔粗鲁的行为影响了Jane,一个端庄得休因此极易被冒犯

的人。decorous端庄得体的。affront故意侮辱，彳了意冒犯。garrulous喋喋不休的。

gratified使（某人）高兴或满意。disinterested无个人利害关系的，公正无私的。bias

对某人有偏见。euphoric愉快的，兴奋的。ingratiate竭力取悦某人。

8、ShewasafraidthatunlessthetrainspeededupshewouldlosehertoScotland.

A^ticket

B、place

C、connection

D、seat

标准答案：C

知识点解析：句意：她也心，如果火车不加速的话，她就赶不上到苏格兰的车了。

connection中转火车,飞机等。ticket票。place地方，地点。seat座位。

9、Thelostcarwasfoundinthewoodsoffthehighway.

A、vanished

B、abandoned

C、scatteredDrejected

标准答案：B

知识点解析：句意：丢失的汽车被弃丁高速公路旁的森林里。abandon抛弃，遗

弃。vanish突然完全消失。scatter分散,散开。reject拒绝,抛弃。

10、Keysshouldneverbehiddenaroundthehousesincethievesknowwhereto

look.

A、invariably

B、virtually

C、variously

D^unavoidably

标准答案：A'

知识点解析：句意：不应该把钥匙藏在房产周围，因为贼总是知道在哪能找到它

们。invariably总是，不变地。virtually事实上，实际上。variously不同地。

unavoidably不可避免地。

11、I'mafraidthispaintingisnotbyPicasso.It'sonlyacopyandsoit's.

A^priceless

B、invaluable

C^unworthy

D、worthless

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：恐咱这幅画不是毕加索的作品，它只是件仿制品，因此没什么

价值。worthless无价值的，没用的。priceless尤价的，极其贵重的。invaluable价

格无法估量的。unworthy不值得的，不足取的。

12>Itwasalongtimebeforethecutonmyhandcompletely.

A、healed

cured

C、improved

D、recovered

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句意：我手上的伤口很长时间后才完全愈合。heal（使某物）康复，伤

口愈合。cure治愈，治疗。improve提高，进步。recover恢复（能力，健康等）c

13、Inatyphoon,windsaspeedgreaterthan120kilometersperhour.

A、accomplish

B、attain

C、assume

D、assemble

标准答案：B

知识点解析•：句意：台风风速达到每小时120千米以上。attain（长期努力后）获得，

达到。accomplish完成，'壬务。assume假想，猜测。assemble集合，聚集。

14、Therocksareverybigwithofcolorsonthem.

A、shapes

B、rails

C、bands

D、marks

标准答案：C

知识点解析：句意：岩石很巨大，上面还有彩色条纹。band带，箍，条纹。mark

痕迹，污点，记号。shape形状。rail横条，横利：。

15、Thereishardlyageneralizationthatcanbemadeaboutpeople'ssocialbehavior

andthevaluesinformingitthatcannotbefromoneoranotherpointofview,or

evenassimplisticorvapid.

A、accepted...praised

B、intuited...exposed

C、harangued...retracted

D、challenged...dismissed

标准答案：D

知识点解析：challenge挑战。dismiss开除，解雇，打发走。accept接受。praise赞

扬，表扬。intuit凭直觉感知。expose雅露，显示。harangue对康人）作慷慨激昂

的演i#oretract撤回，撤消。

16、Althoughanydestructionofvitaminscausedbyfoodirradiationcouldbethe

useofdietsupplements,theremaybenoprotectionfromcarcinogensthatsomefear

mightbeintroducedintofoodsbytheprocess.

A、counterbalancedby

B、attributedto

CNinferredfrom

D、augmentedwith

标准答案：A

知识点解析：counterbalancedby起平衡作用。attributedto归因于（某事物）。inferred

from（根据事实或推理）推断，推定。augmentedwith增多，增大。

17、Thoughherefusedanyresponsibilityforthefailureofthenegotiations,Stevenson

hadnorighttohimself:itwashisthathadcausedthedebacle.

A、blame...skill

B、congratulate...modesty

C^berate...largesse

D、absolve...acrimony

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：尽管他拒绝为这次谈判的失败负任何责任，但Stevenson也没

有权利为自己开脱罪责，因为正是由于他尖刻的言语导致这次的惨败。absolve开

脱罪责。acrimony言语尖刻。blame责备，责怪。skill技巧。congratulale祝贺。

modesty谦逊，朴实。berate严厉责备痛斥。largesse赏赐。

18^Theprevailingunionofpassionateinterestindetailedfactswithequaldevotionto

abstractisahallmarkofourpresentsociety;inihepastthisunionappeared,at

best,andasifbychance.

A、data...extensively

philosophy...cyclically

C、generalization...sporadically

D、evaluation...opportunely

标准答案：C

知识点解析：句意：如今很盛行狂有兴趣地把详尽的事实与抽象的归纳结合起来，

这是我们当代社会的一个特征。过去也曾出现过此类现象，但充其量只是突发的，

即偶然发生的。generalization归纳，概要。sporadically偶然地，偶发地。data数

据。extensively广泛地。philosophy哲学。cyclically循环地，重复地。evaluation

评价。opportunely适时地。

19、Acenturyagothephysician'swordwastodoubtitwasconsideredalmost

sacrilegious.

A、inevitable

B、intractable

C^incontrovertible

D、objective

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句意：一个世纪前，这个医生的话不可避免会遭到质疑，甚至会被认

为是亵渎神灵的。inevilable不可避免的。intractable难控制的，难对付的。

incontroverlible不容置疑的，无可辩驳的。objective客观的。

2。、SomuchofmodemfictionintheUnitedStatesisautobiographical,andsomuchof

theautobiographyfictionalized,thatthesometimesseemlargely

A、authors...ignored

B、needs...unrecognized

C、genres...interchangeable

D、intentions...misunderstood

标准答案：C

知识点解析：句意：美国很多现代小说都是自传体的，而很多自传又都小说化了，

因此休裁很大程度上都是可以互换的。genre类型，体裁。interchangeable可交换，

可互换的。

21、Robin'swordswerenotwithoutemotion:theyretainedtheirleveltoneonlybya

carefulimminentextremes.

A^equipoisebetween

B、embraceof

C^balancebetween

D^equivalenceto

标准答案：A

知识点解析：句意：鲁宾的话并不缺乏情绪，他们只是通过小心翼翼地平衡各种突

发的极端情绪来保持平稳的语调。equipoise尤指心态平衡，心情平静。embrace拥

抱。balance平稳,均势。equivalence均等，等量。

22、WhilemanyRussiancomposersoftilenineteenthcenturycontributedtoan

emergingnationalstyle,othercomposersdidnotidiomaticRussianmusical

elements,instead:hetraditionalmusicalvocabularyofWesternEuropean

Romanticism.

A、utilize...rejecting

B、incorporate...preferring

C、exclude...avoiding

D、repudiate...expanding

标准答案：B

知识点解析：句意：19世纪，很多俄罗斯作曲家对逐渐形成的国家风格作出了巨

大贡献，另一些作曲家则不包含惯用的俄罗斯音乐元素，他们青睐传统的西欧浪漫

主义音乐词汇。incorporate包含，合并。prefei•更喜欢，宁愿。repudiate批判。

utilize利用。

23>BecausethepainterAlbertPinkhamRyderwasobsessedwithhisperfection,

hewasrarelyapainting,creatingendlessvariationsofasceneononecanvas,one

ontopofanother.

A、questfor...satisfiedwith

insistenceon...displeasedwith

C^contemptfor...disconcertedby

D^alienationfrom...immersedin

标准答案：A

知识点解析:quest追求,寻求。satisfiedwith对…感到满意。insistence坚持,主

张。displeasedwith不快,生气。contempt轻视，轻蔑。alienation疏远。

disconcerted不安，惊慌。immersedin沉浸于。

24、Objectivelysetstandardscanserveasaforphysicians,providingthem

unjustifiedmalpracticeclaims.

A、trial...evidenceof

B、model...experiencewith

C^criterion...reasonsfor

D、safeguard...protectionfrom

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：客观设定的标准可以用作医生的安全保障，因为它们防止医生

们蒙受玩忽职守的骂名。safeguard安全措施。trial试验，考验。model模范，典

型。criterion标准，规范。

25、Inspiteofreviewsinthepress,tileproductionofherplaywasalmostcertain

oblivionbyenthusiasticaudienceswhoseacumenwasgreaterthanthatofthecritics.

A、lukewarm...uondciiiiiudto

scathing...exposedto

C、lackluster...rescuedfrom

D、sensitive...reducedto

标准答案：D

知识点解析:sensitive敏感的。reduceto减少，缩减到。lakewarm冷淡的。

condemn指责，谴责。exposeto暴露于。scathing严厉的。rescuefrom从…营救。

lacklusier无光泽的，无生气的。

26>Thepassionsofloveandprideareoftenfoundinthesameindividual,buthaving

littleincommon,theymutually,nottosaydestroy,eachother.

A、reinforce

B、annihilate

C^enhance

D、weaken

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：通常会在同一个体上发现爱和骄傲两种情感，但它们并无共同

之处,虽说不上相互破坏，但它们相互削弱。reinforce力口强。annihilate消灭,歼

灭。enhance提高，增强。weaken削弱，变弱。

27>Thenecessityofestablishingdiscretecategoriesforobservationsfrequentlyleadsto

attemptstomakeabsolutewhenthereareinrealityonly

A^analyses...hypotheses

correlations...digressions

C、distinctions...gradations

D、complications...ambiguities

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：为频繁研究建立分离类另U的必要性导致人们试图做出绝对

区分，但实际上那仅仅是渐变阶段。distinction区别，差别。gradation渐变，阶

段，等级。analyses分析，分解。hypotheses臆测,假定。correlation相互关系,

digression离题，脱轨。complication复杂化。ambiguity含糊,不明确。

28、AuniqueclaydiskfoundattheMinoansiteofPhaistosisoftenasthe

earliestexampleofprintingbyscholarswhohavedefendeditsclaimtothisstatusdespite

equivalentclaimsputforwardforotherprintingartifacts.

A、questioned

B、overlooked

C^adduced

D、conceded

标准答案：C

知识点解析：adduce提出，举出...为证，为例。question询问，审问，怀疑。

overlook俯瞰，忽略。concede承认...属实，有效。

29、Punishmentforviolatingmoralrulesismuchmorecommonthanrewardfor

followingthem;thus,therulesgoesalmostinsociety.

A^associationwith...undefended

B、adherenceto...unnoticed

C、affiliationof...uncorrected

D^oppositionto...unchecked

标准答案：B

知识点解析：句意：违背道德规范所受到的惩罚要比遵守它们所得到的奖励多得

多，因此社会上几乎没有人注意对规范的遵守。adherenceto坚守，遵循。

unnoticed不引人注意的。associationwith与…结交。undefended不受保护的。

affiliation联系,从属关系。opposition敌对，反抗。

30、Compassionisagreatrespecterofjustice:wepitythosewhosuffer.

ANshamelessly

B、unwittingly

C、vicariously

D^undeservedly

标准答案：D

知识点解析：句意：同情是对正义的极大尊重，我们同情那些遭受了不应得待遇的

人。undeservedly不应得地，不当地。shamelessly人知羞耻地。unwittingly不知情

地。vicariously代别人感受地。

二、阅读理解(本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。)

MuchoftheresearchonhallucinogenicdrugssuchasLSDhasfocusedonthe

neurotransmitterserotonin,achemicalthatwhenreleasedfromapresynapticserotonin-

secrctingneuroncausesthetransmissionofanerveimpulseacrossasynapsetoan

adjacentpostsynaptic,ortarget,neuron.Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.

First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecular

structuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistry

followingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.

Earlyinvestigatorscorrectlyreasonedthatthestructuralsimilaritytotheserotonin

moleculemightimplythatLSD'seffectsarcbroughtaboutbyanactiononthe

ncurotransmissionofserotonininthebrain.Unfortunately,theleveloftechnical

expertiseinthefieldofbrainresearchwassuchthatthishypothesishadtobetestedor,

peripheraltissue(tissueoutsidethebrain).Twodifferentgroupsofscientistsreported

thanLSDpowerfullyblockadedserotonin'saction,theirconclusionswerequickly

challenged,however.Wenowknowthattheactionofadrugatonesiteinthebodydoes

notnecessarilycorrespondtothedrug'sactionatanothersite,especiallywhenonesiteis

inthebrainandtheotherisnot.Bythe1960'stechnicaladvancespermittedthedirect

testingofthehypothesisthatLSDandrelatedhallucinogensactbydirectlysuppressing

theactivityofserotoninsecretingneuronsthemselves—thesocalledpresynaptic

hypothesis.Researchersreasonedthatifthehallucinogenicdragsactbysuppressingthe

activityofserotonin-secretingneurons,thendrugsadministeredaftertheseneuronshad

beendestroyedshouldhavenoeffectonbehavior,becausethesystemwouldalreadybe

maximallysuppressed.Contrarytotheirexpectations,neurondestructionenhancedthe

effectofLSDandrelatedhallucinogensonbehavior.Thushallucinogenicdrugs

apparentlydonotactdirectlyonserotonin-secretingneurons.However,theseandother

availabledatadosupportanalternativehypothesis,thatLSDandrelateddrugsact

directlyatreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons(thepostsynaptichypothesis).The

factthatLSDelicits"serotoninsyndrome",thatis,causesthesamekindsofbehaviorsas

doestheadministrationofserotonininanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotonin

indicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthe

releaseofstoresofserotonin.TheenhancedeffectofLSDreportedafterserotonin

depletioncouldbeduetoaproliferationofserotoninreceptorsitesonserotonintarget

neurons.Thisphenomenonoftenfollowsneurondestructionorneurotransmitter

depletion;theincreaseinthenumberofreceptorsitesappearstobeacompensatory

responsetodecreasedinput.Significantly,thishypothesisissupportedbynumberof

differentlaboratories

31、Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisoneoftheprimaryfactorsthat

ledresearchersstudyinghallucinogenicdrugstofocusonserotonin?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：由第一段知研究者们focusonserotonin基于两个原因：一是serotonin

与大部分的hallucinogens结构相似，而不是全部，故排除选项B,第二个原因即是

选项D。

32、Itcanbeinferredthatresearchersabandonedthepresynaptichypothesis

because.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从第三段的实验结果知道contrarytotheirexpectations,即结果与他们

事先的预想相反，故选C。

33、Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofalepassage?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：通读全文可以发现，研究者们一直致力于研究iheeffecisof

hallucinogenicdrugsonthebrainantonbehavior与serotonin的关系，并提出了一些

设想和建议，故选A。

34Theresearchdescribedinthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithansweringwhich

ofthefollowingquestions?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：读完全文知道，之所以研究theeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsonthe

brainalitonbehavior与serotonin的关系，就是为了找出LSD在人体内发生作用的

真正原因，故选C。

Whenweconsidergreatpaintersofthepast,thestudyofartandthestudyofillusion

cannotalwaysbeseparated.ByillusionImeanthosecontrivancesofcolor,line,shape,

andsoforththatleadustoseemarksonaflatsurfaceasdepictingthree-dimensional

objectsinspace.ImustemphasizethatIamnotmakingaplea,disguisedorotherwise,

fortheexerciseofillusionisttricksinpaintingtoday,althoughIam,infact,rathercritical

ofcertaintheoriesofnon-representationalart.Buttoargueoverthesetheorieswouldbe

tomissthepoint.Thatthediscoveriesandeffectsofrepresentationthatweretheprideof

earlierartistshavebecometrivialtodayIwouldnotdenyforamoment.YetIbelievethat

weareinrealdangeroflosingcontactwithpastmastersifweacceptthefashionable

doctrinethatsuchmattersneverhadanythingtodowithart.Theveryreasonwhythe

representationofnaturecannowbeconsideredsomethingcommonplaceshouldbeofthe

greatestinteresttoarthistorians.Neverbeforehastherebeenanagewhenthevisual

imagewassocheapineverysenseoftheword.Wearesurroundedandassailedby

postersandadvertisements,comicsandmagazineillustrations.Weseeaspectsofreality

representedontelevision,postagestamps,andfoodpackages.Paintingistaughtinschool

andpracticedasapastime,andmanymodestamateurshavemasteredtricksthatwould

havelookedlikesheetmagictothefourtccnth-ccnturj,painterGiotto.Eventhecrude

coloredrenderingsonacerealboxmighthavemadeGiotto*scontemporariesgasp.

Perhapstherearepeoplewhoconcludefromthisthatthecerealboxissuperiortoa

Giotto;Idonot.ButIthinkthatthevictoryandvulgarizationofrepresentationalskills

createaproblemforbotharthistoriansandcritics.Inthisconnectionitisinstructiveto

remembertheGreeksayingthattomarvelisthebeginningofknowledgeandifwecease

tomarvelwemaybeindangerofceasingtoknow.Ibelievewemustrestoreoursenseof

wonderatthecapacitytoconjureupbyforms,lines,shades,orcolorsthosemysterious

phantomsofvisualrealitywccall"pictures.'1Evencomicsandadvertisementsrightly

viewed,providefoodfbrthough.Justasthestudyofpoetryremainsincompletewithout

anawarenessofthelanguageofprose,so,Ibelieve,thestudyofartwillbeincreasingly

supplementedbyinquiryintothe"linguistics"ofthevisualimage.Thewaythelanguage

ofartreferstothevisibleworldisbothsoobviousandsomysteriousthatitisstilllargely

unknownexcepttoartistwhouseitasweusealllanguage—withoutneedingtoknowits

grammarandsemantics.

35、Theauthorofthepassageexplicitlydisagreeswithwhichofthefollowing

statements?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：从第一段可以看出，尽管作者对certaintheoriesofnon-representational

持批评态度，但他并没有否认其艺术性，且下文中有关现代社会对早期艺术的否

认，作者也是不赞同的，故选B。

36、Theauthorsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutarthistorians?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：由第一段此句Theveryreasonwhytherepresentationofnaturecannow

beconsideredsomethingcommonplaceshouldbeofthegreatestinteresttoarthistorians

可以推断出选C。

37、Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor'sattitudetowardcomics,asexpressed

inthepassage?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第三段中作者把对comics的鉴赏与thestudyofpoetry作了类比，从

而告诉读者学会鉴赏comics内在的艺术价值，故选A。

38、Thepassageassertswhichofthefollowingaboutcommercialart?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文中第二段指出由于现代的一些业余爱好者掌握了一些绘画技巧，以

至于thecrudecoloredrenderingsonacerealboxmighthavemadeGiotto's

contemporariesgasp。所以很容易导致arthistoriansundervaluerepresentational

skills,故选Do

Inprehistorictimesbrachiopodswereoneofthemostabundantanddiverseformsoflife

onEarth:morethan30.000speciesofthischainlikccreaturehavebeencatalogedfrom

fossilrecords.Todaybrachiopodsarenotasnumerous,andexistingspeciesarenotwell

studied,partlybecauseneithertileanimal'sfleshyinnertissuefloritsshellhasany

commercialvalue.Moreover,incontrasttothegreaterdiversityoftheextinctspecies,the

approximately300knownsurvivingspeciesarerelatively,uniforminappearance.Many

zoologistshaveinterpretedthisasasignthattheanimalhasbeenunabletocompete

successfullywithothermarineorganismsintheevolutionarystruggle.Severalthings,

however,suggestthattheconventionalviewneedsrevising.Forexample,thegenus

Lingulahasanunbrokenfossilrecordextendingovermorethanhalfabillionyearstothe

present.Thus,iflongevityisanymeasure,brachiopodsarethemoatsuccessful

organismsextant.Further,recentstudiessuggestthatdiversityamongspeciesisaless

importantmeasureofevolutionarysuccessthanistheabilitytowithstandenvironmental

change,suchaswhenalayerofclayreplacessandontheoceanbottom.Therelatively

greateruniformityamongtheexistingbrachiopodspeciesmayoffergreaterprotection

fromenvironmentalchangeandhcnccmayreflecthighlysuccessfuladaptivebehavior.

Theadaptiveadvantagesofuniformityforbrachiopodscanbeseenbyconsidering

specialization,aprocessdialoccursasaresultofprolongedcolonizationofauniform

substrate.Thosethatcansurviveonmanysurfacesarecalledgeneralists,whilethosethat

cansurviveonalimitedrangeofsubstratesarecalledspecialists.Onespecialistspecies,

forexample,hasvalvesweightedatthebase,acharacteristicthatassuresthatthe

organismisproperlypositionedforfeedinginmudandsimilarsubstrates;otherspecies

secreteglueallowingthemtosurviveonthefaceofunderwatercliffs.Thefossilrecord

demonstratesthatmostbrachiopodlineageshavefollowedatrendtowardincreased

specialization.However,duringperiodsofenvironmentalinstability,whenaparticular

substratetowhichaspecialistspecieshasadaptedisnolongeravailable,thespecies

quicklydiesout.Generalist,ontheotherhandarenotdependentonaparticularsubstrate,

andarethuslessvulnerabletoenvironmentalchange.Onestudyofthefossilrecord

revealedamassextinctionofbrachiopodsfollowingachangeinsedimentationfrom

chalktoclay.Ofthe35brachiopodspeciesfoundinthechalk,only6survivedinthe

clay,allofthemgeneralists.Aslongasenoughgeneralistspeciesaremaintained,and

studiesofarcticandsubarcticseassuggestthatgeneralistsareoftendominantmembers

ofthemarinecommunitiesthere,itseemsunlikelythatthephylumisclosetoextinction.

39、Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第一段中作者首先提出以往生物学家对uniformly的看法，即unable

tocompetesuccessfullywithothermarineorganismsintheevolutionarystruggle,而第

二段指出根据化石记录的结果，uniformity意味着更强的适应环境变化的能力。

40、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmanyzoologistsassumethatalarge

diversityamongspeciesofagivenclassoforganismstypicallyleadstowhichofthe

following?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：由第二段可知，最近研究表明，相对于物种的种类而言，生物对环境

变化的适应能力更能使其在竞争中优胜劣汰，从而生存下来。所以由此推知，以往

人们认为物种的多少对于生物的存活至关重要，故选C。

41、Thesecondparagraphmakesuseofwhichofthefollowing?

标准答案：A

知识点解析•：第二段中作者以brachiopods为例来具体说明，故选A。

42、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthedecisiontostudyanorganismmay

sometimesbeinfluencedby.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：由第一段中此句existingspeciesarenotwellstudied,partlybecause

neithertheanimal,sfleshyinnertissuenoritsshellhasanycommercialvalue可步UI新选

项A正确。

AtthetimeJaneAustin'snovelswerepublished—between1811and1818—English

literaturewasnotpartofanyacademiccurriculum.Inaddition,fictionwasunder

strenuousattack.Certainreligiousandpoliticalgroupsfeltnovelshasthepowertomake

so-calledimmoralcharacterssointerestingthatyoungreaderswouldidentifywiththem:

thesegroupsalsoconsiderednoveltobeoflittlepracticaluse.EvenColeridge,certainly

noliteraryreactionary,spokeformanywhenheassertedthat"novel-readingoccasions

thedestructionofthemind'spower"Theseattitudestowardnovelshelpexplainwhy

Austinreceivedlittleattentionfromearly19-centuryliterarycritics.Theliterary

responsethatwasaccordedher,however,wasoftenasincisiveas20thcenturycriticism.

Inhisattackin1816onnovclisticportrayal"outsideofordinaryexperience",for

example,ScottmadeaninsightfulremarkaboutthemeritsofAustin'sfiction.Her

novels,wroteScott,"presenttothereaderanaccurateandexactpictureofordinary

everydaypeopleandplaces,reminiscentof17thceniuryFlemishPainting.**Scottdidnot

usetheword"realism",butheundoubtedlyusedastandardofrealisticprobabilityin

judgingnovels.ThecriticWhatelydidnotusethewordrealismeither,butheexpressed

agreementwithScott'sevaluation,andwentontosuggestthepossibilitiesformoral

instructionwhatwehavecalledAustin'srealisticmethod.Hercharacters,wrote

Whately,ampersuasiveagentsformoraltruthsincetheyarcordinarypersons"soclearly

evokedthatwefeelaninterestintheirfateasifitwereourown"Moralinstruction,

explainedWhately,ismorelikelytobeeffectivewhenconveyedthroughrecognizably

trumanandinterestingcharactersthanwhenimpartedbyasermonizingnarrator.Whately

especiallypraisedAustin'sabilitytocreatecharacterswho"minglegoodnessand

villainy,weaknessandvirtue,asinlifetheyarcalwaysmingled."Whitelyconcludedthis

remarksbycomparingAustin'sartofcharacterizationtoDickens',statinghispreference

toAustin's.Yettheresponseof19-ccnturyliterarycriticstoAustinwasnotalwaysso

laudatory,andoftenanticipatedthereservationsof20thcenturycritics.Anexampleof

sucharesponsewasLewes*complaintin1859thatAustin'rangeofsubjectsand

characterswastoonarrow.Praisingherverisimilitude,Lewesaddedthatnonethelessher

focuswastoooftenupononlytheunloftyandthecommonplace.(20thcenturyMarxists,

ontileotherhand,weretocoinplainaboutwhattheysawasherexclusiveemphasisona

loftyupper-middleclass.)Inanycase,havingbeenrescuedbysomeliterarycriticsfrom

neglectandindeedgraduallylionizedbythem,Austinsteadilyreached,bythe

midnineteenthcentury,theenviablepinnacleofbeingconsideredcontroversial.

43、TheauthormentionsthatEnglishliterature"wasnotpartofanyacademic

curriculum"intheearly19thcenturyinorderto.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：由第二段第一句TheseattitudestowardnovelshelpexplainwhyAustin

receivedlittleattentionfromearly19-centuryliteralcritics可推知，作者第一段主要

是解释JaneAustin'snovelsreceivedlittlecriticalattention的原因。

44、TheauthorquotesColeridgeinorderto.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：因为在一般人看来，像Coleridge这类人不会对文学作品发表什么看

法，而义中第一段居然出现他的评论，足可见attackonnovels的范围之广，故选

Co

45,ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatWhatelyfoundDickens'charactersto

be.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：文中第二段最后一句提到Austinminglesgoodnessandvillainy,

weaknessandvirtue,asinlifetheyarealwaysmingled,并指山比起

Dickens,characters,Whitely更喜欢Austin'scharacters,由此可以判断选项B正

确。

46、Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewhichofthefollowingisthebestmeasureofa

writer'sliterarysuccess?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文中最后一段提到Lewes对于Austin作品的不同看法，所以推断作

者认为成功的作品应该存在很多不同的看法，故选D。

Pardonone:howareyourmanners?Thedeclineofcivilityandgoodmannersmaybe

worryingpeoplemorethancrime,accordingtoGentilityRecalled,editedbyDigby

Anderson,whichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocial

conduct.Itcriticizesthefactthat"manners"arescornedusrepressiveandoutdated.The

result,accordingtoMr.Anderson-directoroftheSocialAffairsUnit,anindependent

think-tank-isasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehaviouronthestreets,

jostlingincrowds,impoliteshopassistantsandbad-tempereddrivers.Mr.Andersonsays

thecumulativeeffectofthese—apparentlytrivial,buto