考研英语（一）模拟试卷88

考研英语（一）模拟试卷88

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。）

Americansuffersfromanoverdoseofwork.11]whotheyareorwhattheydo,they

spend[2]timeatworkihanatanytimesinceWorldWarII.In1950,theUShadfewer

workinghoursthananyother[3]country.Today,it[4]everycountrybutJapan,

whereindustrialemployeeslog2,155hoursayearcompared[5]1,951intheUSand

1,603[6]Westemployees.Between1969and1989,employedAmerican[7]an

averageof138hourstotheiryearlyworkschedules.Thework-week[8]atabout40

hours,butpeopleareworkingmoreweekseachyear.【9】，paidtimeoff—holidays,

vacations,sickleave一[10]15percentinthe1990s.AsCorporationshave[11]

stiffercompetitionandslowergrowthinproductivity,theywould[12]employeesto

worklonger.Cost-cuttinglayoffsinthe1980s[13]theprofessionalandmanagerial

ranks,leavingfewerpeopletogetthejobdone.Inlower-paidoccupations,[14]wages

havebeenreduced,workershaveaddedhours[15]overtimeorextrajobsto[16]

theirlivingstandard.TheGovernmentestimatesthatmorethansevenmillionpeoplehold

asecondjob.Forthefirsttime,large[17]ofpeoplesaytheywanttocut[18]on

workinghours,evenifitmeansearninglessmoney.Butmostemployersare[19]tolet

themdoso.Thegovernmentwhichhassteppedbackfromitstraditional[20]asa

regulatorofworktime,shouldtakestepstomakeshorterhourspossible.

1、

A、Asregardsto

B、Regardlessof

C、Withregardto

D、Inregardto

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义衔接题。根据文章大意，此句应该表达“无论是谁”的意思。所给

的四个选项是关于regard的短语。对词语掌握熟练的话，就不难发现，[A]As

regardslo,[C]Withregardlo同[D]Inregardto,都是“至于，关于'’的意思,可以利

用选择题解题技巧排除。再根据文意，表示“不管，无论”的只有[B]Regardlessof。

2、

A、muchless

abundant

C、alotmore

D、surplus

标准答案：C

知识点解析：语义衔接题。文章开头第一句话就提到，美国人正suffersfroman

overdoseofwork,那么此处需要选择一个与overdose同义的词。[A]muchless意为

“少很多”,与文意相反；[B]abundant“充足的，丰富的”，多表褒义;而[D]Surplus

意为“过剩的，多余的“，无法与文意衔接。由此可以判断，本题答案为[Clalot

more“许多的,更多的”。

3、

A、advanced

industrialized

C、developed

D、mechanized

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义衔接题。本题要为country选择一个定语。首先可以排除

[D]mechanized”机械的，死板的“，其不能用来修饰国家；而[A]advanced与

[□developed在修饰country的时候，都表示“发达国家”；文中给出的年代1950年

是一个关键信息点，因为在那个时候，对欧美国家多以“工业化国家”来指代，所以

[B]industrialized“工业化的”最能衔接文意。

4、

A、exceeds

B、outnumbers

C^overtakes

D、outstrips

标准答案：D

知识点解析：语义衔接题。木句是在拿美国工人工作时间和别的工业国家工人工作

时间做比较。所给的四个选项都有“超过”的意思。[A]cxcecds是指“在某一具体的

数字或数量上超过“，或者是指“超出…的界限"；[B]outnumbers很明显是在“数目”

卜超出：[C]overtake*多指“超过人或车辆的速度”，或者“在数目或重要忤卜超

过“；而[D]outstrips则具有比较的意思，指“在数量、重要性上胜过对手，比对手变

得更快、更好、更重要”。相比而言，。utslrips更能衔接文意。所以本题答案为

[D]o

5、

A、with

to

C、in

D、on

标准答案：A

知识点解析：惯用衔接题。本题要选一个介词与compare搭配，表示“相比较”。这

里指对于工人一年的劳动时间，日本的2,155小时、美国的1,951小时和西欧的

1,603小时构成比较关系。comparewith”与...相比较“；compareto"把…比作…”，

固此答案为[A]。而[C]in和[D|on与compare不搭配。

6、

A^intheformer

B、ofthepast

C、intheearly

D、intheearlier

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义衔接题。本空所缺词要连接1,603和Wesiemployees,一个表示

工作时间，一个是人，很明显，二者是所属关系。of表所属关系，所以答案为

|B|,指的是“过去西欧员工的工作时间”。

7、

A^added

B、increased

C、brought

D、totaled

标准答案：A

知识点解析：惯用衔接题。本句意思是“从1969到1989年，美国工人每年的工作

量增加了138个小时”，所选词要与to连用。首先排除[D]totalcd“总计”。

[B[increased...to意为“增加到所以不能衔接文意；[C]brought..io…意为"将…

带到…“，也不能衔接文意;只有[A]added...to...意为“将…添加到…,增加了…”，

能衔接文意，为本题答案。

8、

A、arrived

B、stopped

C、set

D、remained

标准答案：D

知识点解析：语义衔接题。联系上下文，本句下半句but后面意为“人们每年工作

的周数增加了"，根据bu【判断，上半句与此意是转折关系，那么肯定是在说“工人

每周工作的时间减少了或者是没有增减”。文章总体思路是在说工作时间的增加，

所以不可能是减少，因此可以确定，上半句的意思是“工人每周工作的时间不变

表示不变的选项只有[D]remained“保持"。[C]set表示“设定”的时候，需要用被动形

式besetas...；而[A]arrived“到达”和网stopped“停止”均不能与文意衔接。所以本题

答案为|DRemained。

9、

A、However

B、Nevertheless

C、Moreover

D、And

标准答案：C

知识点解析：逻辑衔接题。在讲完每周工作的时间和每年工作的周数之后，下文又

提到了带薪假期、休假以及病假等等。很明显，下文与前文是递进关系，是在前文

的基础上，更进一步地比较工作时间的增加。表逑进关系的选项只有

©Moreover。［AJHowever和［B］Neverlheless均表示转折关系;|D|And则表示顺承

关系。所以本题答案为［C］Moreover。

10、

A、lessenedto

shrankby

C、deduced

D、restrainedin

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义衔接题。本句顺承上文，继续证明工作时间的增加。不过，本句

是从带薪假期、病假等方面来反面论证工作时间的增加。那么，只有假期的减少才

能证明工作时间的增加。所给四个选项中，首先排除［C］deduced“推断”，与文意无

法衔接；［D］restrainedin则表示“在…方面约束”，也可排除;［ARessen一般指“重要

性、风险、影响的减弱"；［B］shrankby则是指“在程度和数量上下降”,一般是

shrankby+数字，表示下降的程度。相比之下，［B］更能衔接文意，也更符合习惯用

法。所以本题答案为|B］。

II、

A、suffered

B、experienced

C、undertaken

D、endured

标准答案：A

知识点解析：语义衔接题。本句意思是说，公司在遭受激烈竞争或生产效率下降

时.往往会催促工人工作更长的时间c所给四个选项中.［Akuffered”经受.遭

受”,sufferstiffercompctit沁n”经受更为严酷的竞争"；|B］experienced强调“经历，

经验"；［C］undertaken“承担”、［D］endured“耐久，忍耐“，［C］、［D］两项与语义无法

衔接，可排除：［A］suffer”经受，遭受”能体现出公司面临激烈竞争时的状况。所以

本题选［A］。

12、

A、squash

B、squeeze

C、urge

D、oblige

标准答案：C

知识点解析：惯用衔接题。选项动词用于v.sb.todosth.结构，据此可以将选择范

围缩小到［C］、［D］,urgesb.todosth.”督促,鞭策某人做某事”,obligesb.todo

sth.“强迫、迫使某人做某事”，但。blige的主语只能是事物，不能是人，所以排除

［D］选［C］。［A］squash"压扁;推挤;镇压“、［B］squeeze“压挤；挤入”，后面直接跟

sth.或sb.做宾语，不用于v.sb.todosth.结构，向时意思上也不符合本句“催促工人

工作更长的时间”之义。

13、

A、minimized

B、reduced

C、lessened

D^relieved

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义衔接题。这里指减少了专业人员和管理阶层。［A］minimize指“努

力使损失或风险(loss/risk)等尽可能地减少"；［B］reduce”在范围、数量上或程度上

减少“；|C(lessen表示“数量(distance/chance)或程度(influence/suffering/pressure)的减

少”；［D］relieve表示“减轻(症状)，缓和(局面)”等。很显然，［B］更能与文意衔接。

本题答案为［B］。

14、

A、because

B、though

C、as

D、where

标准答案：D

知识点解析：结构衔接题。此处需要一个引导定语从句的先行词。只有［0as和

［D］where有此功能。但此处指代“低薪行业"，［D］where更为合适。where引导定语

从句，修饰occupations,意为“在那些薪水被削减了的行业

15>

A、by

for

C、to

D、in

标准答案：C

知识点解析：惯用衔接题。根据文意，由于工资的减少，工人们不得不加班来提高

生活水平。跟add连用的介词只有［C］to最合适。本题答案为［C］,adcL.to...意为

“将…添加到…，增加了…”。

16、

A、preserve

conserve

C、improve

D、protect

标准答案：C

知识点解析：语义衔接题。根据上题分析，表示提高生活水平的词语

［C］improve”改进,改善”最常用。improvetheirlivingstandard”改善生活状况”；

［A］preserve意为“保留，收藏”，强调使之完好无损或质量不变；［B］conserve意为

“保存，保藏，保重”，强调通过保存或节约来到达持久的效果，一般与energy,

health,resources等连注；［D］protect“保护”，则完全不能与文意相衔接。所以本题

答案为［Qimprove。

17、

A^numbers

B>amounts

C、figures

D^quantities

标准答案：A

知识点解析：惯用衔接题。根据句意，本空所选词是用来修饰people,表示有大量

的人。largenumbers。产大批的，大量的”,后接可数名词，故答案为［A］。amounts

of和quantitiesof用来修饰不可数名词，［B］、［D］可排除。［Qfigures不符合语法结

构。

18,

A、off

B、out

C^back

D、down

标准答案：D

知识点解析：惯用衔接题。根据句意，很多人都表示，愿意减少工作时间，哪怕是

少挣钱。本空所选词要与cut连用，表示减少。［A］cutof俨切断”；［B］cutout”不再

起作用，停止做“；［C］cutbackonslh.“大量削减”；［D］culdownonslh.“减少数量”。

所以本题答案为［D］c

19、

A、discouraged

B、unwilling

C、forbidden

D、inclined

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义衔接题。本句是描述当个人希望减少工作时间时，雇主们的态

度。根据文章大意,很明显，雇主们unwilling“不愿意”这样做。［B］unwiUing符合

语义，为本题答案。［A］discouragcd”使灰心，使泄气”，不能与语义衔接；

©forbidden用在此处,不符文意；［D］inclinedto”倾向于”,与文意相反。

20、

A、position

B>function

C^task

D、role

标准答案：D

知识点解析：语义衔接题。本句谈到政府的作用。观察四个选项，所选词应该与

regulator照应。［A］position“位置”与©task”任务”可首先排除。主要区分［B］function

和［D］role的区别。function主要指自身所具有的功能,如:Thefunctionoftheheart

istopumpbloodthroughthebody.“心脏的功能就是为身体供血”。而role侧重指作为

某一角色或处在某一位置上所发挥的作用，如：Themediaplayamajorrolein

influencingpeople'sopinions.“媒体在影响人们的观点方面发挥了主要作用本题

选［D］role更能衔接文意。traditionalroleasaregulatorofworktime”作为调整劳动时

间的传统意义的角色所以本题答案为［D］。

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共75题，每题7.0

分，共75分。）

Nearlyeverybodycheats,butusuallyonlyalittle.ThatisoneofthethemesinDan

Ariely'snewbook"The（Hunesl）TruihAboutDishuuesiy".Musiufusthinkwearepretty

wonderful.Wccancheatalittleandstillkeepthat"goodperson"identity.Aricly,whois

oneofthemostcreativesocialscientistsontheplanet,hadoneblindcolleagueandone

sightedcolleaguetaketaxirides.Thedriverscheatedthesightedcolleaguebytakinglong

routesmuchmoreoftenthantheycheatedtheblindone,eventhoughshewouldhave

beeneasiertomislead.Theywouldhavefeltguiltycheatingablindwoman.Ariely

pointsoutthatwearedrivenbymoralitymuchmorethanstandardeconomicmodels

allow.ButIwasstruckbywhatyoumightcalltheGoodPersonConstructandthemoral

calculusitimplies.Forthepastseveralcenturies,mostWesternerswouldhaveidentified

themselvesfundamentallyasDepravedSinners.Inthisconstruct,sinissomethingyou

fightlikearecurringcancer—partofadailybattleagainstevil.Butthesedays,people

aremorelikelytobelieveintheiressentialgoodness.PeoplewholivebytheGood

PersonConstructtrytobalancetheirvirtuousself-imagewiththeirselfishdesires.They

trytomanagethemoralplussesandminusesandkeeptheiroverallrecordinpositive

territory.Inthisconstruct,morallifeismorelikedieting:theGoodPersonisn'tshooting

forperfectionanymorethanmostdietersarefollowingtheirdiet100percent.It'senough

tobeworkablysuboptimalandagenerallygoodguy.Obviously,though,there'sa

measurementproblem.Youcanbuyaweightscaletogetanobjectivemeasureofyour

diet.Butyoucan'tbuyascaleofvirtuestoputonthebathroomfloor.Andgivenour

awesomecapacitiesforrationalizationandself-deception,mostofusaregoingto

measureourselveslenienlly:IwashonestwiththatblindpassengerbecauseI'ma

wonderfulperson.Icheatedthesightedonebecausesheprobablyhastoomuchmoney

anyway.ThekeyjobintheGoodPersonConstructistomanageyourrationalizationsand

self-dcccptionstokeepthemfromgettingconspicuous.Arielysuggestsyouresetyour

moralgaugefromtimetotime.Yourmoralstandardsv/illgraduallyslipasyoubecome

moreandmorecomfortablewithyourownrationalizations.I'daddthatyoureally

shouldn'tshootforgoodness,whichissovagueandforgiving.Youshouldshootfor

rectitude.Wc'rcmostlyunqualifiedtojudgeourownn:oralperformances,soattach

yourselftosomeexteriororsocialstandards.AndaswegoaboutdoingourGoodPerson

moralcalculations,itmightbeworthasking:Isthisgoodenough?

21TowhichofthefollowingstatementwouldArielyagree?

A、Abitofdeceptioninvitesnoharm

Weareunlikelytobetrulyhonest

C^Wearedrivenbyeconomicmodels

D、Peopletendtoclingtomoralcodes

标准答案:B

知识点解析•：文章开篇指出艾瑞里新书的一个论题：儿乎人人都欺骗，但通常只是

那么一点点I我们大都认为，偶尔的小欺骗不会妨碍我们做个好人。可见，选

项符合文意。

22、Westerntraditionalculturemaintainedthathumannatureis.

A、inherentlygood

B、subjecttoexteriorinfluence

C、geneticallydetermined

D、originallyevil

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据题干中的关键词“传统”和“人性”定位到文章第二段末；“在过去

的几百年间，大部分的西方人将自己认定为堕落的罪人”，在这种理念下，与罪恶

相抗争成为人们每日与自身邪恶相较量的一部分。因此［D］选项正确。

23、Accordingtotheauthor,GoodPersonConstruct.

A、isdesirableloritsmoralimplications

B、contributestotheresistancetoinnersin

C、ismorelikelytoencouragedishonesty

D、caneaseconflictsbetweenvirtuesandselfishness

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第三段首先指出如今现象：人们更多的是相信自己本性善良（即认可

“本善说”）。随后指出了“善本说”指导下人们的做法：不断在善良形象和自私欲望

之间寻找平衡点，为自己的自私行为寻找借口；认为自己总体是个好人即可，偶尔

犯点错无伤大雅。可见，作者认为“本善说”在客观上其实是鼓励了不诚实的行为，

［C］选项正确。

24、Theword"Ieniently"inparagraph4mostprobablymeans.

A、honestly

subjectively

C^tolerantly

D、falsely

标准答案：B

知识点解析：所考词所在句上文（第四段前两句）提出观点：道德难以衡量。所考词

所在句指出：由于我们刍圆其说和自欺欺人的能力超强，大部分人对自己的评判都

很……O随后借由前文事例进一步解释：（欺骗正常乘客，却对盲人诚实）的司矶会

认为：我对盲人诚实是因为我是个大好人，我欺骗正常人是因为她太有钱了。由此

可知。本段意在强调，我们为自己的不道德行为寻找借口，即对自己的道德判断过

于宽容，［B］选项正确。

25、TheauthorprefersRectitude"to"goodness"inthat.

A、rectitudeisagreatervirtuethangoodness

B、exteriorstandardsarcmoreadaptivethanmoralcodes

C、goodnesscan'tbeconcretelydefined

D、thesinnaturecanhardlyberemoved

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干中的关键词rectitude和goodness定位到第六段。作者在该

段指出，“我们不该以，善'为目标，而应该努力做到，正确”'，并说明原因：“善”本

身模糊旦宽容，我们没有资格对自己的行为作出道德判断，所以我们应该转而寻求

外部标准来约束自己、让自己做到“正确”。可见，作者作者建议我们将“正确'作为

努力目标的原因是因为“善''本身难以界定，缺乏具体的标准。因此答案为［C］选

项。

Success,itisoftensaid,hasmanyfathers—andoneofthemanyfathersofcomputing,

thatmostsuccessfulofindustries,wasCharlesBabbage,a19th-centuryBritish

mathematician.Exasperatedbyerrorsinthemathematicaltablesthatwerewidelyusedas

calculationaidsatthetime,Babbagedreamedofbuildingamechanicalenginethatcould

produceflawlesstablesautomatically.Buthisattemptstomakesuchamachineinthe

1920sfailed,andthesignificanceofhisworkwasonlyrediscoveredthiscentury.Next

year,atlast,thefirstsetofprintedtablesshouldemergefromacalculating"difference

engine"builttoBabbage'sdesign.Babbagewillhavebeenvindicated.Buttherealization

ofhisdreamwillalsounderscoretheextenttowhichhewasamanbornaheadofhis

time.TheefforttoprovethatBabbage'sdesignswerelogicallyandpracticallysound

beganin1985,whenateamofresearchersattheScienceMuseuminLondonsetoutto

buildadifferenceengineintimeforthe200thanniversaryofBabbage,sbirthin1992.

Theteam,ledbythemuseum'scuratorofcomputing,DoronSwade,constructeda

monstrousdeviceofbronze,ironandsteel.Itwas11feetlong,sevenfeettall,weighed

threetons,costaround$500,000andtookayeartopiecetogether.Anditworked

perfectly,crankingoutsuccessivevaluesofseventh-orderpolynomialequationsto31

significantfigures.Butitwasincomplete.Tosavemoney,anentiresectionofthe

machine,theprinter,wasomitted.ToBabbage,theprinterwasavitalpartofdesign.

Eveniftheengineproducedthecorrectanswers,therewasstilltheriskthata

transcriptionortypesettingerrorwouldresultinthefinishedmathematicaltablesbeing

inaccurate.Theonlywaytoguaranteeerror-freetableswastoautomatetheprinting

processaswell.Sohisplansincludedspecificationsforaprinteralmostascomplicated

asthecalculatingengineitself,withadjustablemargins,twoseparatefonts,andthe

abilitytoprintintwo,threeorfourcolumns.InJanuary,afteryearsofsearchingfora

sponsorfortheprinter,theScienceMuseumannouncedthatabackerhadbeenfound.

NathanMyhrvold,thechieftechnologyofficeratMicrosoft,agreedtopayforits

construction(whichisexpectedtocost$373,000withoneProviso:thattheScience

Museumteamwouldbuildhimanidenticalcalculatingengineandprintertodecoratehis

newhomeonLakeWashington,nearSeattle).Constructionoftheprinterwillbegin—in

fullviewofthepublic—attheScienceMuseumlaterthismonth.Thefullmachinewill

becompletednextyear.IlisaniceironythatBabbage'splansshouldberealizedonly

thankstoaninfusionofcashfromamanwhogotrichinthecomputerrevolutionthat

Babbagehelpedtofoment.Morestrikingstill,evenusing20th-centurymanufacturing

technologytheenginewillhavecostover$830,000tobuild.Allowingforinflation,this

isroughlyathirdofwhatitmighthavecosttobuildinBabbage'sday,incontrasttothe

costofelectronic-computertechnology,whichhalvesinpriceevery18months.That

suggeststhat,evenhadBabbagesucceeded,aVictoriancomputerrevolutionbasedon

mechanicaltechnologywouldnotnecessarilyhavefollowed.

26、Babbagewishedtobuildamechanicalenginebecause.

A、hewasverydisappointedatthemathematicaltablesavailableatthetime

hewantedtobethefirstmantoinventacomputingmachine

C、beintendedtomakethemathematicaltablesflawless

D、hethoughthewasdoingasignificantwork

标准答案：A」:

知识点解析：这是一道细节题。依据第一段可知答案。"beintendedlomakeihe

mathematicaltablesflawless"为干扰项，但其描述的不是Babbage想造计算器的原

因，而是计算器造出后可能带来的结果。

27、ResearchersbuiltthecalculatingdifferenceengineaccordingtoBabbage'sdesignin

ordertoshowthat.

A、Babbage'sintelligencewasfaraheadofhisfellow-men

B、Babbage'sideawasreasonableboththeoreticallyandpractically

C、Babbage'sdreamcouldonlyberealizedinthe20thcentury

D^Babbage'sdesignwasactuallyimperfect

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这是一道细节题。依据第三段首句可知答案。

28、WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNottrue?

A、Babbage'sdifferenceengineturnedouttobealargemachine.

B、Researchersdidnotbuildtheprinterforlackofmoney.

C>Babbagedesignedtheprintertoavoidpossibletypesettingortranscriptionerrors.

D、Researchersfounditdifficulttobuildaprinterascomplicatedasthecalculating

engine.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：这是一道是非判断题。打印机之所以没造不是因为它像计算器一样复

杂，而是钱不够。

29、Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

A、Computingisgenerallybelievedtobethemostsuccessfulofindustries.

B、Mistakesareunavoidableinmathematicalresearchwork.

C^Innovationsdependonmorethanjustcreativeideas.

D、Scientificresearchalwaystakesanenormousamountofmoney.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：这是一道奉论题。依据文章末段的内容可以推断出答案选项。注意：

是凡文章明说了或过于绝对的选项皆应排除。

30TheauthorseemstoregardBabbage'sworkwith.

A、disappointment

B、indifference

C^admiration

D>approval

标准答案：c

知识点谒析：这是一道态度题。依据第一段作者对Babbage的介绍及第二段末句，

均可看出作者对Babbage是很赞赏的，所以答案选项最佳。用approval显得语气不

够。

Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersinafieldofmedicine,suchaschairsofdepartments

inmedicalschools,tensofthousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabout

theirproduct.Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessions,lectures,articlesinmedical

journals,researchstudies,evenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysicianstogettheir

productmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrugcompanyinternaldocuments—

revealedaspartofalawsuit-offersawealthofdetail.In1996,Dr.DavidFranklin,an

employeeofthedrugcompanyParke-Davis,filedthelawsuitunderfederal

whistleblowerstatutesallegingthatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalled

Neuronlinforsocalled"off-label'uses.Underfederallaw,oncetheFDAapprovesa

drug,adoctorcanprescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrug

companyfrompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004,thecompany,by

thenadivisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopayS430millionincriminaland

civilliabilityrelatedtopinmotingthedrugforoff-labeluse.SpokespeopleforPfizersay

thatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizeracquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfought

hardtokeepallthepapersrelatedtothesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestand

theyarenowpartoftheDrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCalifornia,

SanFrancisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactionstheyreveal,butthe

detailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.Andaccordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththe

industry,themethodsdetailedinthesecompanymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifies

certaindoctorsas"thoughtleaders,H—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribing

patternofotherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarcthen

showeredwithrewards,researchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase14such

bigshotsgotbetween$10,250and$158,250between1993and1997."Medicaleducation

drivesthismarket",wrotetheauthorofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Many

statelicensingboardsrequirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuing

medicaleducation(CMEitokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime,medicalschoolsran

mostCMEcourses.Now,anindustryofmedicaleducationandcommunications

committees(MECCs)runmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswithinnocentsounding

nameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcourses,sometimesinconjunctionwith

medicalmeetings,atothertimesofteninfancyrestaurantsandresorts.Thedrug

companiesfootthebill,withtheprogramusuallynotingitwasfinancedbyan

"unrestrictededucationalgranlKfromthecompany.UsingMECCs,Parke-Davissetup

conferencecallssothatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderators

ofthecalls,oftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistants,received$250to$500a

call.Drugcompanyrepswereontheline,instructedtostayina"listenonly"mode,but

monitoringtobesurethepitchmettheirexpectations.Clearly,'manyofthephysiciansin

theseschemesarcnotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwriting,makingtelephone

callstocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsession,manyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell.Others

receivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan"educationalsession".

Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenotinfluencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceutical

industry.Butwiththemethodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapers,drugcompanies

clearlybelievetheyaregettingtheirmoney'sworth.

31、Thedrugcompaniesarewillingtopayleadingdoctorsto

A^manipulatemedicaleducationsessions.

B、improvetheindividualhcalth-carcservice.

C、havepersonalcontactwithphysicians.

D、helppromotethedrugstheyproduce.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：原因细节题。文章第一段尾句提到togettheirproductmessage

across,就是把产品信息发布出去，说明是为了让大夫们帮助销售药品。

32、Thephrase"off-label”(paragraph2)mostprobablymeans

A、withoutapproval.

farfromalabel.

C、off-line.

D、withoutalabel.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：含义题。解决含义题需要在上下文中寻找类似用法的地方，在第二段

倒数第三行出现j'unapproveduses,就是"off-label'uses的同义转化，因此，off-

label表示未被批准的。只有withoutapproval符合。

33、WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutPfizer?

A、PfizerisabranchofthedrugcompanyParke-Davis.

B、Pfizerhasfailedinitsattempttoconcealcertaininformation,

C、PfizerisapartoftheDrugIndustryDocumentArchive.

D、PfizerhasdonenothingillegalsinceitacquiredParke-Davis.

标准答案：B--

知识点解析：判断题。文章第三段说“Pfizer费尽心机要把与案件相关的文件保密，

但是一个法官拒绝了这一要求，现在这些文件已经成为药品行业档案馆的一部分了

"o证明Pfizer在试图对某些信息保密时失败了。

34、Accordingtothepassage,drugcompanyrepresentatives

A^havereceived$250to$500acall.

havedonenothingbutlisten.

C、aresupervisingthetoneoftheconferences.

D、aretryingtomeettheirexpectations.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。文章第八段最后一句说'药品公司的销售代表坐在席

上，虽然被告知只能旁听，但实际上在监督会议的调子是否符合他们的要求”。证

明他们在监督会议的调子。

35、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor

A^sympathizesthe"thoughtleaders"whoarebeingused.

B、believesmedicalopinionsshouldnotbeinfluencedbydrugcompanies.

C、criticizesthepracticesofsomedrugcompaniesindignantly.

D^proposesvigorouslegalactionsagainst"thoughtleaders".

标准答案：B

知识点解析：推理题。文章最后一段说”大夫们声称他们不被药业公司的报酬影

响，但是看了这些文件中的细节办法之后可以看出，药业公司非常清楚他们的钱还

是花得值得的”。

三、阅读(补全短文)(本题共5题，每题上。分，共

5分。)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthelist(A^B、C、D、E、F、G.......)tofitintoeachofthe

numberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.(10

points)ThetemperatureoftheSunisover5,000degreesFahrenheitatthesurface,butit

risestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter.TheSunissomuchhotter

thantheEarththatmattercanexistonlyasagas,exceptatthecore.Inthecoreofthe

Sun,thepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthat,despitethehightemperature,there

maybeasmallsolidcore.(41).SolarastronomersdoknowthattheSunis

dividedintofivelayersorzones.StartingattheoutsideandgoingdownintotheSun,the

zonesarethecorona,chromosphere,photosphere,convectionzone,andfinallythecore.

(42).ButsincetheSunhasnosolidsurface,itishardtotellwheretheatmosphere

endsandthemainbodyoftheSunbegins.(43).ThisistheonlypartoftheSun

thatcanbeseenduringaneclipsesuchastheoneinFebruary1979.Atanyothertime,

thecoronacanbeseenonlywhenspecialinstrumentsareusedoncamerasandtelescopes

toshutouttheglareoftheSun'srays.(44).Itsbeautifulraysareasensational

sightduringaneclipse.Thecorona'sraysflashoutinabrilliantfanthathaswispyspike

likeraysneartheSun'snorthandsouthpoles.ThecoronaisthickestattheSun'sequator.

Thecoronaraysaremadeupofgasesstreamingoutwardattremendousspeedsand

reachingatemperatureofmorethan2milliondegreesFahrenheit.Theraysofgasthin

outastheyreachthespacearoundtheplanets.(45).A.BythetimetheSun's

coronaraysreachtheEarth,theyareweakandinvisible.B.TheSun'soutermostlayer

beingsabout10.000milesabovethevisiblesurfaceandgoesoutwardformillionsof

miles.C.Ifapersonweretostandonthesun'scoronatheywouldn'tburn,theywould

freezeinthenearvacuumofthecorona.D.Thecoronaisabrilliant,pearlywhite,filmy

light,aboutasbrightasthefullMoon.E.ThefirstthreezonesareregardedastheSun's

atmosphere.F.However,noonereallyknows,sincethecenteroftheSuncanneverbe

directlyobserved.G.YoucanprobablyguessthattheSunisveryhot,comparedwith

familiarthingsontheEarth.

36、Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、B、C、D、E、F^G.......)tofitinto

eachofthenumberedblank.Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyof

thegaps.(10points)ThetemperatureoftheSunisover5,000degreesFahrenheitatthe

surface,butitrisestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter.TheSunisso

muchhotterthantheEarththatmattercanexistonlyasagas,exceptatthecore.Inthe

coreoftheSun,thepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthat,despitethehigh

temperature,theremaybeasmallsolidcore.(41).Solarastronomersdoknow

thattheSunisdividedintofivelayersorzones.Startingattheoutsideandgoingdown

intotheSun,thezonesarethecorona,chromosphere,photosphere,convectionzone,and

finallythecore.(42).ButsincetheSunhasnosolidsurface,itishardtotell

wheretheatmosphereendsandthemainbodyoftheSunbegins.(43).Thisisthe

onlypartoftheSunthatcanbeseenduringaneclipsesuchastheonemFebruary1979.

Atanyothertime,thecoronacanbeseenonlywhenspecialinstrumentsareusedon

camerasandtelescopestoshutouttheglareoftheSun'srays.(44)Itsbeautiful

raysareasensationalsightduringaneclipse.Thecorona'sraysflashoutinabrilliantfan

thathaswispyspikelikeraysneartheSun'snorthandsouthpoles.Thecoronaisthickest

attheSun'sequator.Thecoronaraysaremadeupofgasesstreamingoutwardat

tremendousspeedsandreachingatemperatureofmorethan2milliondegrees

Fahrenheit.Theraysofgasthinoutastheyreachthespacearoundtheplanets.

(45).A.BythetimetheSun'scoronaraysreachtheEarth,theyareweakand

invisible.B.TheSun'soutermostlayerbeingsabout10,000milesabovethevisible

surfaceandgoesoutwardfbrmillionsofmiles.C.Ifapersonweretostandonthesun's

coronatheywouldn'tbum,theywouldfreezeinthenearvacuumofthecorona.D.The

coronaisabrilliant,pearlywhite,filmylight,aboutasbrightasthefullMoon.E.The

firstthreezonesareregardedastheSun'satmosphere.F.However,noonereallyknows,

sincethecenteroftheSu