跨文化交际视角下的中韩文化差异案例分析

摘要

中国和韩国在亚洲同样的位置，这是东方礼仪的国度，跨越海洋。自1992

年建交以来，两国在经济、文化、旅游等领域开展了良好的交流。近年来，中

国的韩国文化和一些电子产品为两国的经济和文化发展做出了贡献，也促进了

两国的同化，特别是对青年的同化。然而，在多维度甚至是不可理解的文化中

仍有许多不同之处。随着两国关系的日益密切，传统文化的魅力也体现在两国

的文化差异上，需要认真探索。本文就是在此背景下，希望能针对中韩两国文

化交流的问题，从跨文化的视角出发，寻找其中的差异找到文化交流中存在的

问题，借此给两国文化交流的发展提供借鉴.

关键词：跨文化；交际；视角；中韩文化；差异

Abstract

ChinaandSouthKoreaareinthesameplaceinAsia,whichisthecountryof

Easternetiquette,crossingthesea.Sincetheestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsin

1992,thetwocountrieshaveconductedgoodexchangesineconomy,cultureand

tourism.Inrecentyears,theKoreancultureandsomeelectronicproductsinChina

havecontributedtotheeconomicandculturaldevelopmentofthetwocountriesand

theirassimilation,especiallytotheyouth.However,therearcstillmanydifferences

inmulti-dimensionalandevenincomprehensiblecultures.Asthetwocountriesget

closerandclosertotheirtraditions,thecharmoftraditionalcultureismanifestedin

theculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwocountriesandneedstobeexploredcarefully.

Thisarticleisinthiscontext,hopingtoaddresstheissueofculturalexchanges

betweenChinaandSouthKorea,fromacross-culturalperspective,tofindthe

differencestofindtheproblemsintheculturalexchanges,toprovideareferencefor

thedevelopmentofculturalexchangesbetweenthetwocountries.

Keywords:Cross-culture;Communication;Perspective;Koreanculture;

Differences

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Contents

Acknowledgementsi

摘要ii

Abstractiii

Preface......................8..............................................1

Chapter1Interculturalcommunicationandculturalfactors........................2

1.1Theconceptofinterculturalcommunication.........................................................2

1.2Culturalfactorsandinterculturalcommunication................................................3

1.3literaturereview......................................................................................................4

Chapter2ComparativeanalysisofvaluesbetweenChinaandSouthKorea・・・・・7

2.1Values......................................................................................................................7

2.2Comparativeanalysisof"grouporientation"and"individualorientation'*between

ChinaandSouthKorea.................................................................................................8

2.3Comparativeanalysisof"stability"and"change"mentalitybetweenChinaand

SouthKorea....................................................................................................................9

Chapter3ComparativeanalysisofnationalcharacterbetweenChinaandSouth

Korea.........................”・・12

3.1ThenationalcharacterofChinesepeople............................................................12

3.2ThenationalcharacterofKoreans........................................................................13

iv

3.3AnalysisofnationalcharactersimilaritiesbetweenChinaandSouthKorea.....14

3.4AnalysisofdifferentpointsofnationalcharacterbetweenChinaandSouthKorea

........................................................................................................................................16

Chapter4StrengtheningteachingofKoreanandChinesetoImprovethe

Interculturalcommunicationability....................................................................・19

4.1StrengtheningtheChineselanguageteachingforKoreans................................19

4.2Strengtheningculturallearning..........................................................................21

4.3Strengtheningcommunicationtoimproveinterculturalcommunicationability22

Chapter5Conclusion..............................................“・・24

References-26

Preface

AsaneighboringcountryofChina,SouthKoreawillsoonmaintaincontactand

communicationwithChina.Duetomanysimilaritiesinhistoryandculture,itis

generallyacceptedbytheChinesepeoplethatthereisnotmuchculturaldifference

betweenKoreansandChineseininterculturalcommunicationItisoftenbasedonthe

wayofthinking,China'svalues,andtheircommunicationwillappearthisorthat

friction.Therefore,cross-culturaldisseminationtoChinaandSouthKorea,thispaper

analyzesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinculturalfactors,focusingonthe

differencesbetweenthetwocountriesandtheanalysisofhumanvaluesofethnic

character,ChinaandSouthKorea,tohelpChinesepeopleknowmoreaboutthe

relationshipbetweenthetwocountriesSimilaritiesanddifferences,andpromote

bettercommunicationbetweenthetwopeoples.

Chapter1Interculturalcommunicationandcultural

factors

1.1Theconceptofinterculturalcommunication

Theconceptof"cross-culturalcommunication"canbedefinedas:"Inacertain

socialenvironment,communicatorsofdifferentculturalbackgroundsusethesame

language(mothertongue)orthetargetlanguagetocommunicateverbally.The

conceptmainlyincludesthefollowingpoints:Bothpartiesmusthavedifferent

culturalbackgrounds.Bothpartiesmustusethesamelanguage.Bothpartiesshould

communicateinatimelymanner.Bothpartiesshouldcommunicatedirectlyand

verbally.

Bothpartiesmustcomefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Cultural

backgroundreferstothedifferencebetweendifferentculturalcircles,alsorefersto

thedifferencesbetweensubculturesinthesameculturalcircle.Inthetermsofthe

twocountries.ChinaandSouthKorea,theybelongtotheorientalculture.The

traditionalChineseConfucianismhasaprofoundimpactoneachother.Thereare

manysimilaritiesbetweenculturalorientationandsocialnorms.However,duetothe

geographicalenvironment,historicalevolution,differentlivinghabits,Astheyhave

culturaldifferences,theculturaldifferencesincross-culturalcommunicationbetween

ChinaandSouthKorearefertothedifferencesbetweensubcultureswithinthesame

culture.

Bothpartiesmustusethesamelanguagetocommunicate.HowcanaChinese

whodoesnotunderstandKoreancommunicatewithaKoreanwhodoesnot

understandChinese?However,iftwoChinesepeoplecommunicateinChinese,they

donotbelongtothecategoryofinterculturalcommunicationbecausetheybelongto

aculturalbackground.Thirdly,whenwecommunicatewithWesternersinEnglish,it

2

belongstotheinterculturalcommunicationincommunication,sothelanguageused

tocommunicationisnativelanguageandthesecondlanguagetoonesideandthe

otherside.WhenaChineseandaKoreantalktoeachother,theycanchoosebetween

ChineseandKorean,sotheycancommunicatewitheachotherdirectlyinthe

languagewithouttheintermediaryoftranslation.

Bothpartiescommunicateintime,notinwriting.Cross-culturalcommunication

canbelinguisticandnon-linguisticcommunication,symboliccommunicationsuch

aspainting,filmandtelevision,ascantelevision,radio,newspapers,newslettersand

othermeansofcommunication;itcancommunicateinwritingsuchasletters,

emails,etc.Inthiscase,wefocusonreal-timespokencommunication,thatis,face-

to-facecommunicationbetweenthetwoparties.

Intermsofinterculturalcommunicationbetweenthetwocountries,Chinaand

SouthKoreahaveaprofoundinfluenceontheorientalcultureandtraditionalChinese

Confucianism.Theyhavemanysimilaritiesintermsofculturalorientationandsocial

norms.However,duetothegeographicalenvironment,historicalevolutionand

differencesLivinghabitsliketheirculturaldifferences.Therefore,the

communicationbetweenChinaandSouthKoreameansthatthedifferencesbetween

subculturesareinthesameculturalcircle.Thisessayillustratesthatthetwocountries

thatusecross-culturalcommunicationusethesamelanguagebetweenChinaand

China.ThemainobjectofthispaperistolearnfromtheChineseandChinesemedia

andgetintouchwithNorthKorea.IncludingtradebetweenChinaandSouthKorea

tradersandKoreanstudentslivinginChina,KoreanslivinginChina,SouthKorean

studentslearningChinese,learningChineseinChina,andsoon.

1.2Culturalfactorsandinterculturalcommunication

Forculturalexplanations,GuYanwusaidinhisdailyknowledgemagazine:"As

thefamilystate,itisthedegreeofthesystem,whichisthevoiceoftheworld.

Inotherwords,humanbehaviorandthevariousnationalsystemsbelongtothe

3

categoryof"culture."Western"culture"comesfromtheLatinculture,thatis,farming,

life,practice,attentionandsoon.

Culturalfactorsincludevalues,waysofthinking,socialnorms,livinghabits,

nationalcharacterandthenaturalenvironment.Differentcultureshavedifferent

orientationsandculturalfactorsalsohaveobviousdifferences.

Inreallife,ourbehaviorsandbehaviorsconscientiouslyandunconsciously

followoursocialcustomsandnorms.Thisisatrueportrayalofthevaluesofsome

socialgroups.Forexample,we,ChineseandKoreans,undertheinfluenceof

Confucianism,thinkmanyChinesebelievethatSouthKoreaandChinaare

influencedbytheirdealingswithSouthKoreathroughtheirpreconceivednotions

duringcommunication.Chinesepeoplepayattentionto"meaning",butthisstyleis

difficulttogetapprovalinKoreanculture,butitgivespeopleadishonestfeelingand

hindersthedevelopmentofinterpersonalrelationships.AlthoughKoreansocietyis

alsoHmoderate",itissignificantlydifferentfromthatofChina.Iftheydonot

understandthedifferencesbetweenthem,theyinevitablyleadtomisunderstandings

ininterculturalcommunication.Infact,behindtheseappearances,culturalfactors

playanimportantrole.Therefore,inthestudyofinterculturalcommunication

betweenthetwocountries,thediscussionoftheculturalfactorsbetweenthetwo

countrieshasbecomeoneofthemostimportantareas.

"Communicationcannotbeseparatedfromculture,andcultureinevitablyplays

arestrainingroleincommunication."Fromtherealityofinterculturalcommunication,

thefactorsthatinfluenceandcommunicatearcmainlyembodiedinthreeaspects:

first,values,whicharethedeepstructureofculturalcharacteristics;second,the

nationalcharacter,whichistheexternalizationofculturaltraits;thirdIsthenatural

environment,whichisthehistoricalreasonforthecharacteristicsofculture.

1.3literaturereview

Interculturalcommunicationisanapplieddisciplineinvolvingmanydisciplines.

ItwasbornintheUnitedStatesinthelate50sandearly60s.TheUnitedStatesisan

4

immigrantcountry.Peoplefromdifferentbackgroundsofdifferentracescannot

avoidtheexchangeoftheirownculture.Inthiscontext,peoplebegintostudy.The

foundationofthissubjectisthe"silentlanguage1'writtenbyHolzerin1959.In60s,

thereweretwomonographsspecializingincultureandcommunication.In70s,alarge

numberoftextbooksappliedtoundergraduateandgraduatestudentswerepublished.

In80s,thenewbookpaidmoreattentiontotheconstructionofsubjecttheory.There

arethreetheoreticalsourcesofinterculturalcommunication:oneisbasedonthe

theoryofcommunication;thetwoisthetheoryofthecomprehensiveutilizationof

otherrelateddisciplines;andthethreeistoestablishauniquetheoreticalsystemof

interculturalcommunicationbasedonexperienceandthroughalargenumberof

investigations.

WithChina'saccessiontotheWTOinrecentyears,thegrossdomesticproduct

(GDP)issecondintheworld.Chinahassuccessfullyheldthe08BeijingOlympic

Games,WorldExpoinShanghai,andConfuciuscollegeintheglobaldevelopment,

andtheprocessofChina'sglobalizationisgettingfasterandfaster.Thepeopleof

foreigncountriescontinuetocometoChina,andtheChinesearealsogoingout.The

communicationandcommunicationbetweendifferentethnicgroupsindifferent

culturesbringstheriseof"cross-culturalcommunication"inChina.Inthetenyears

from1994to2003,interculturalcommunicationinChinawasmainlyfocusedonthe

studyoflanguage,especiallyinEnglishTeaching(PengShiyong2004).Equating

interculturalcommunicativecompetencewithforeignlanguagecompetence,

especiallyEnglishlanguageandpragmaticcompetence,isthemainfeatureofcross

culturalcommunicationresearchinChina.Butininterculturalcommunication,

besideslanguageresearch,italsoincludesnon-verbalresearch,communicative

competenceresearchandculturalresearch.Therefore,thecurrentcross-cultural

communicationinChinaneedsmoreandmorepeopletostudy.Theresearchon

culturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandKoreahasmadesomeachievements,mainly

fromtheachievementsofKoreanscholars.TheKoreanculturalinterpretationof

5

KoreanculturewaswrittenforChinesereaders(Beijing:NationalPublishingHouse,

2007),"Koreanresearchthesis1,(FudanUniversityPress).Fromthedomestic

researchsituation,alargenumberofscholarshavedevotedthemselvestothestudy

ofculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandKorea,andtheresultsarequiterich.Zhu

Zhe'slectureonChineseculture(Wuhan:WuhanUniversityofTechnology,2006).

Inaddition,WeiZhijiangandothercompactsofKoreanstudies,YangZhaoquan's

"historyofKoreanculture","anintroductiontoKoreanculture"writtenbyQin

Guifang,LiuShunli's'PeninsularTangFeng-KoreanwritersandChineseculture',.

ChineseandKoreanculturalcontrastpaperssuchasHuangXinchuan's

"commonfeaturesofChineseandKoreancultureanditsoppositesex”,suchasthe

new"thesenseofrespectandinferiorityoftheKoreansfromthelanguage"andMa

Shuxiang's"theculturalandculturalthoughtsaccumulatedinthelanguage

phenomenon,'andsoon.Inthecuirentachievements,therearealreadyChineseand

SouthKoreanculturalworks,butlackofsystematictheoreticalcomparisonand

analysis,andlessworkonthecomparativeanalysisofculturaldifferencesbetween

thetwocountriesincross-culturalcommunication.Inthispaper,thecultural

differencesintheinterculturalcommunicationtheoryareusedtocompareand

analyzetheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandSouthKorea,andalargenumber

ofexamplesareusedtodemonstratethesimilaritiesanddifferencesofculture

betweenChinaandKorea.Throughthisarticle,wehopetomakepeopleunderstand

thereasonsforthecommunicationbarriersbetweenthetwocountries,andthento

usethetheoryinthispapertoanalyzetheproblemsofinterculturalcommunication

betweenChinaandSouthKorea,topreventorsolvetheobstaclesand

misunderstandingsintheexchangesbetweenthetwopeoplesinordertopromote

bettercommunicationbetweenthetwopeoples.

6

Chapter2ComparativeanalysisofvaluesbetweenChina

andSouthKorea

Becausecommunicationcannotbeseparatedfromculture,culturealsohas

somelimitationsincommunication.Fromtherealityofinterculturalcommunication,

thefactorsthatinfluenceandcommunicatearcmainlyembodiedinthreeaspects:

first,values,whicharethedeepstructureofculturalcharacteristics;second,the

nationalcharacter,whichistheexternalizationofculturaltraits;thirdIsthenatural

environment,whichisthehistoricalreasonforthecharacteristicsofculture.China

andSouthKoreahavealotofwaterbecauseofthesmalldifferencesbetweenChina

andiheWestinthenaiuralenvironment.Therefore,Iwillanalyzethedifferences

betweenChinaandSouthKoreaintwoaspects:valuesandnationalcharacter.

2.1Values

Incross-culturalcommunicationresearch,valuesareacrucialissue.The

differencebetweenvaluesliesinunderstandingthefundamentaldifferencesbetween

differentcultures.Hesaid:"Valuesarcatrend,notageneraltrend."Therefore,I

personallythinkthatvaluesarebothindividualandsocial.Differentsocietieshave

differentvalues,andthelargersocialvaluesaffecteveryone'svalues.Specifically,

whatistheexpectedbehaviorofsociety,whatbehaviorisabandonedbysociety,what

islove,whatishate,whatisbeautiful,whatisugly,whatisgood,whatisbad,what

isnormalandwhatisnormalItisabsurd,whatisrightandwhatisnot.Forexample,

theChineseadvocateasubordinatecollectiveofindividualisticvaluesthatisnot

feasibleintheWest.Westernersthinkitisrighttostressthat"individualfreedom"is

thecenteroftheindividual.

BothChinaandSouthKoreabelongtoEastAsianculture.Theso-called

"ancientEastAsianculturewithdifferentinterpretationsoftheEastAsiancultural

7

circle.IagreewithMr.Wu'sviewofsendingmybrother."Thisreferstothefactthat

theChinesecultureinandaroundAsiainAsiaseriouslyaffectstheeasternregion,

IncludingtheKoreanPeninsula,Japan,Vietnam,constituteacommonareawitha

certainculture.ConfucianismhasalwaysinfluencedScholasticsandChinese

charactersinthesecountriesnotonlyasthemaintextinChina,butalsobytheupper

classesandliteratiinSouthKorea,JapanandVietnam.Inaddition,religion,literature,

music,artsandlivingpracticesinthesecountrieshavealsobeenaffectedtovarying

degreesinChina..SouthKoreaisChina'simmediateneighborandgeographical

location,whichisprofoundlyinfluencedbythetraditionalChineseConfucianculture.

Therefore,ChinaandSouthKoreahavesimilartraditionalvaluesbuthavetheirown

characteristics.Thenextinterviewisacomparativeanalysisof"collectiveorientation

andpersonalorientation"and"stabilityandchange".

2.2Comparativeanalysisof"grouporientation**and"individualorientation"

betweenChinaandSouthKorea

Theso-calledgrouporientationmeansthateverythingisintheinterestsofthe

family,societyandthecountryandcanbeignoredandsacrificedifnecessary.People

need"toobeytherules"and"independence"whendealingwithindividualsand

groupsortheenvironment.Intoday'sChinesesociety,althoughtraditionalsenseof

groupingisfarbeyonditsoriginalmeaning,peoplestillhaveastrongsenseof

belongingtogroupsorgroups.Theso-calledpersonalorientation,isakindof

individualismsimilartoWesternsociety.AccordingtoLocke,"theorganismisthe

basicunitofnature."Westernphilosopherssaidthatbeforethepersonalinteraction,

thesocialsystemestablishedthesocialorderforpersonalinterests.Thispersonal-

centeredthinkinghadasignificantimpactontheearlysocialdevelopmentinthe

UnitedStates.WinstonChurchill,theformerBritishPrimeMinister,described

Westernindividualismas:"Whatwegetfromourparentsisourname,notour

property,andwehavetolookforopportunities,andmyparticularityisnotinherited

8

butacquiredthroughhardwork.

SincebothChinaandSouthKoreabelongtotheEastAsianculturalcircle,their

profoundinfluenceonChinesetraditionalConfucianismisoftenorientedtoward

groupsbybothChinaandSouthKorea,withtraditionalvalues.BothChinaandSouth

Koreaarehumble,cautious,interdependentandcooperative,advocatingcollectivism

andpatriotism.Forthesakeofcollectiveinterestsandnationalinterests,atthe

expenseofpersonalinterestsandevenlives;atthelimeofsuccess,theyareproudof

collectivepowerandhelp.

TheGroup'svalueorientationistoonegativefromtheaspectofsocialismto

makepeople'spersonalentrepreneurialspiritofthelackofpersonalawarenessof

competitionisnotstrong,alsoledtoweakinnovationinChina.Thelackofcore

technologiesandoriginaltechnologiesistherootcauseofthelackofquality

improvementineconomicgrowth.Theworld'stop500largeenterprises,themajor

state-ownedenterprisesinChina'smajorstale-ownedoil,electricity,

telecommunications,bankingmonopolies,thestatethroughtheadministrationof

powerintegration,anumberofinternationallyrenownedbrands,thatis,bigbutnot

strong.AndSouthKorea'sfamily-ownedbusinessessuchasSamsungElectronics,

Hyundai,LGElectronicsandEnterprisingWorld,whoseproductscanbesoldwell

allovertheworldandthroughuniqueideasareself-developedtechnologiesthat

nurturetheresoundingbrandintheworldmarket.

2.3Comparativeanalysisof"stability**and"change"mentalitybetweenChina

andSouthKorea

Collectivismdeterminesthechoiceof"stability"because“change"isagroupof

individualswhoarelimitedornoteasilychanged.IntraditionalChinesesociety,the

ConfucianmeaningistheinfluenceofChinesephilosophythought,andChinese

peopleareusedto"liveandwork"and"contentcommonplaceness"inaquietscene.

9

Sinceancienttimes,peoplehaveacceptedtheconceptof"stability',,believingthat

"neverchange*'isgoodat"transforming".Forexample,taijiinChinesetraditional

cultureinheritsthisidea.Itissoftandnewtothestatusquo.TheChinesebelievein

"letnaturegoyourownway",followthe"keeptheirshare,holdontotheir"lifeand

workofdesire",taoyuanmingdescriptionofheavenhasbeencountlessChinese

people'sdream..Infact,heavenistheplacewherepeopleliveandwork,anditisa

stableandcarefreelife,reflectingtheChinesedesiretosettledown.

Theconceptof"stability"isdeeplyrootedintheheartsoftheChinesepeople.

Chinesesocietyhas"achievedhistoricprogressintheconceptofstability".Inancient

times,Taoismadvocated"doingnothingforgood".Inmoderntimes,thecommunist

partyofChinaoftensaidthat"maintainingstability"means"maintainingsocial

stability".ItisinthepursuitofstabilityanddevelopmentthatChina'scontinuous

process,withathousand-yearhistoryofancientcivilization,isalwaysaimedatit.

SouthKorea,whichbelongstothehanculturecircleandConfucianculturecircle,

hasbeeninawaterrelationshipwithChinasinceancienttimes.Itisdeeplyinfluenced

byChineseculture,especiallyConfucianculture,andattachesgreatimportanceto

socialstabilityandfamilyharmony.ThestabilityofSouthKoreaisformedthrough

thehierarchyandeleganceofritualculture.Confucianismplayedasteadyandrapid

developmentofsocialeconomy,thepositiveroleofSouthKorea'sdramatic

transformationinsociallife,andthemoralvalueandConfucianvalueshasbecome

SouthKoreaBaoZhangLihealthydevelopmentofthesocietyandmaintainthebasis

ofsocialideologyandvalues.Sofar,thefivefoundationsofloyalty,filialpiety,

festival,righteousness,king'sministers,brothers,couplesandfriendsstillconstitute

thebasicconceptofKoreansocialrelations.Diseases,friendsandsoonarethebasic

moralstandardsofKorea.

InfluencedbyConfucianbeliefs,theextendedfamilylifeinKoreastillexists.

UnlikeChinesefamilieswithonechild,Koreanfamiliesusuallyhavetwochildren

ormore,andtraditionalKoreanfamilieslivetogether,eveniftheirchildrenget

io

married.Theeldestamongtheoldestpeopleintheextendedfamilyistheelder.Their

children,grandchildrenandgranddaughterslistentotheirelders.Thedaughteroflaw

shouldobeythelawsofherparents.Mostoftheirhouseworkisdonebytheir

daughters-in-law.Menworkingfromhomeworkforparentsandchildren,andmen

nevergohometodohousework.Afamilyorganizationachievesfamilystability

throughthisdivisionoflabor.WecanseethisphenomenoninKoreanTVseries.For

example,"themenofthebathhouseboss","themermaid"andsoondescribethe

Koreanfamilylifestyle.

11

Chapter3Comparativeanalysisofnationalcharacter

betweenChinaandSouthKorea

Thenationalcharacterbasedonvaluesisanimportantaspectofunderstanding

anationalcultureandbehavior.Ifthevalueconceptisthedeepstructureofcultural

traits,thennationalcharacteristheexternalizationofculturaltraits.Therefore,

nationalcharacterisaperceptiblebehaviorcharacteristicandhasadirectinfluence

oncommunicativebehavior.Nationalcharacterisakindofsocialconsciousness,is

anationformedinthespecialsocialandhistoricalconditionsofthesumofallkinds

ofpsychologicalandbehaviorcharacteristics,itisanationdifferentfromother

spiritualfeatureofanation,isrecognizedandacceptedbythenaiionalmostmembers.

Nationalcharacterisofteninfluencedandrestrictedbyaseriesofexternaland

internalfactors,suchaspolitics,economy,history,geographyandcultureinacertain

historicalperiod.Personalitymanifestsinattitude,whichdetermineswhetherpeople

arepositive,positive,negativeornegativetowardssomeone,something,orbehavior.

Inmanypeople'sattitudes,blackpeoplearegoodatdancingandsports,Japanese

manners,Americangenerosity,Chinesehospitality,Germanrigor,wealthyJews,and

soon.

3.1ThenationalcharacterofChinesepeople

Chinahasasaying,*'ancientChina,tenthousandpeople".TheChinesepeople

withthousandsofyearsofcivilizationhavebothcommonnessandgeographical

difference,formingvarioustypesofnationalcharacter.Thereareover500bookson

Chinesenationalcharacter.Let'stakealookatthenationalcharacterofChinese

anatomy.Sunyat-sen,knownasthe"fatheroftheChineserevolution",summedup

thenationalcharacteroftheChinesepeoplethroughvariouspapersandspeeches

from1890to1924.

Thereisnosenseofexclusion,industry,peace,law-abiding,old-fashionedlaw,

12

noflexibility,worshipofghostsandgods,indecision,lowlevelofknowledge,lack

ofownership,likealoosesand,andarrogant.

Ididasimplequestionnairesurveyamongthestudents.Thetitleofthesurvey

was"theimageofChinaandtheimageoftheChinesepeople".Thefinalresultisthat

thekeywordsofChina'simageare