美国文学选读期末复习资料

美国文学选读期末复习资料

TheColonialPeriodorTheEnlightenmentandRevolutionPeriod

AmericanPuritanism(roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcentury

throughtheendofthe18th)

一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明•富兰克林

作品：1、PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言历书》一ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthe

valueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.

2、TheAutobiography《自传》一“美国梦”的根源

3、参与起草《独立宣言》

AmericanRomanticism

TheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.Itisaperiod

ofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.

浪漫主义两大主题：爱和大自然的力量

ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticism：

-TheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.

---TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthe

nativelands.

一ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanenlconventionofAmerican

literature.

一TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.

Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueof

individualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessand

niairssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.

二、EdgarAllanPoe埃德力口•爱伦•坡一-poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic(48poems,70short

stories)

Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforart,ssake.”

Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism（心理分析批评），andthedetectivestory.

诗歌的精髓就是追求美

小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。

ThePoeticPrinciple:1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;

2.Beauty(therhythmicalcreationofbeauty);

3.Melancholy忧伤(especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman).

代表作：TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》

Ligcia《莉盖亚》

AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔・李》

TheRaven《乌鸦》

TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》…gothicnovel人物：蒙特利瑟Montresor.弗图

纳多Fortunato,筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。

三、RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫・华尔多•爱默生…ThechiefspokesmanofNewEngland

Transcendentalism(超验主义)

Hewasadescendent(后裔)ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen(牧师).

散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。

AmericanTranscendentalism

Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism(alsoknownas“American

Renaissance")flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmerican

romanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.

TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.

ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:

①TheTranscendentalistsplacecemphasisonspirit,or(heOversoukasthemostimportantthingin(he

universe.思想超灵宇宙

②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemost

importantelementofSociety.个体+社会

(3)TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnot

purelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod'soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝

代表作：Nature《论自然》一theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson；

Self-Reliance《论自助》…是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一

TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》；

TheOver-soul《论超灵》

四、NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑一effectedby超验主义

HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.

Oneofthemostambivalent:矛盾的)writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.

主要成就：美国心理分析小说的开创者

浪漫主义小说家

心理小说家

代表作：MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》；

Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》；

TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》；

TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带行七个尖角阁的房子》

TheScarletLetter《红字》

Manyofhisearlierstorieshadtreated(hemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.Puritanseveritytowardsexand

matrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtruefeelings.

TheScarletLetter《红字》：

HesterPrynne-strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;

Pearl-innocent,perceptive;

RogerChillingworlh-amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilin(hestory;

ArthurDimniesdale-intelligentandemotional.

Symbolisminhisworks

Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统andbequeathedto

Americanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorne

emphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughtto(hecommunityandpeoplelivinginthat

community.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofalLwhichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneof

thebestsymbolists.

五、HermanMelville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔

Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.

代表作：WhiteJacket《白外衣》

BillyBudd《毕利•伯德》，

Typee《泰比》，

Omoo《欧穆》，

Mardi《玛地》.

MobyDick1851《白鲸》一百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗1《熊》福克纳、《老人与

海》海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔)

MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville'sbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.Itisalonce

Godlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.

Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.Theideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfis

nothingbutaTransccndcntalistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19lhcenturyAmericanlife:

lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy,(anegativereflectionupon

Transcendentalism)

SymbolisminMobyDick：

---ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,

consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.It(urnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthe

truth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman'sdeeprealityandpsychology.

一Differenipeopleonboardtheshiparerepreseniaiionsofdifferentideasanddifferenisocialandethnic

groups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodisthemicrocosmof

humansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnaturefor

Melville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignanl恶性的,andbeautifulaswell.

MobyDick相关人名、地名

人名：IshmaelAhabQueequegMobyDick

地名：PequodJeroboam(wheretheymeetGabriel,aprophet.

SamuelEndcrby(whosecaptainisBoomer)

TheRachelTheDelight

六、HenryDavidThoreau亨利•大卫•梭罗

Asayoungman,Thoreautookamorethanusualinterestinthenaturalworld.LikeEmerson,butmorethan

him,hesawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonman'sspiritualwell-being,andregardeditas

asymbolofspirit.

Thoreauwasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.Itwas,inhisopinion,degradingandenslavingman.

新英格兰超验主义的重要作家，最有代表性的两件事情就是在瓦尔登湖畔度过的两年和在监狱度过的一

夜。

代表作：OntheDutyofCivilDisobedience《论公民的不服从》

Walden《瓦尔登湖》—notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalso

developsandtestsThoreau'sowntranscendentalphilosophy.

七、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗

FeaturesofLongfellow'spoeticworks

--Chiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnaturcandloveofbeauty.

一ThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.

—Generallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.Aboveall,thereisajoyousnessinthem,aspirit

ofoptimismandfaithinthegoodnessoflifewhichevokesimmediateresponseintheemotionsofhisreaders.

—Simplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife.

19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。传统派，励志型。

诗集:

《夜吟》VoicesoftheNight

《歌谣及其他》BalladsandOtherPoems

《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline

《海依华沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha

诗歌：

《我射出一支箭....•》IShotanArrow...

APsalmofLife《生命颂/人生颂》…第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌

八、WaltWhitman沃尔特•惠特曼

美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体(FreeVerse—withoutafixedbeatorregularrhyme

scheme.)»ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass《草叶集》waspublishedin1855.

Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.

WritingfeaturesofWhitman

一Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.

—Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthe

country,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.

—Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.

诗歌：

《我歌唱自我》One'sSelfISing

《噢，船长!我的船长！》OCaptain!MyCaptain!

九、EmilyDickinson（19世纪唯一知名的女作家）一IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopfor

Death.

美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，

她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。

宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点）

Whitman:society

Dickinson:innerlifeoftheindividual

Mostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.

EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.

Mostofherpoemsarcaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageor

symbol.

作品：《要描绘一片草原....）ToMakeaPrairie

《最美妙的胜利感觉》SuccessIsCountedSweetest

《我是无名之辈》I'mNobody!

TheAgeofRealism

Thewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedby（heiranscendentalists——naturalgoodness,the

optimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGod

wasnot.

Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivilWarItwasa

reactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewaytoModernism.

Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“reality”oflifestartedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywriting

knownasTheAgeofRealism.

Thethreedominantfiguresoftheperiod:WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,Henry.Janies

JameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.

Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.

Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.

MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe"life"oftheAmericans,andHenryJames

hadapparentlylaidgreateremphasisontheuinnerworld”ofman.

十、MarkTwain马克•吐温

Writing:humorandlocalcolorism

Thecharacteristicsoflocalcolorism:

-Twainpreferredtohavehisownregionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstories.Thisparticularconcern

aboutthelocalcharacterofaregioncameaboutasulocalcolorism“auniquevariationofAmericanliterary

realism.

一LocalColorismorRegionalismfirstappearedinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Hamlin

Garlanddefinedlocalcolorismashaving“suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeen

wriueninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelsethananative.MTheuhimaieaimofthelocalcolorisisisiocreate

theillusionofanindigenous土产的littleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.

—Localcoloristsconcernedthcinsclveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.

Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify.buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.

代表作：LifeontheMississippi《密西西比河上》

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《汤姆・索亚历险记》

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝里•费恩历险记》一(MarkTwain*smost

representativework)

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn

—ThenoveliswritteninalanguagethatistotallydifferentfromtherhetoricallanguageusedbyEmerson,Poc,

andMelville.

—Hischaracters,confinedtoaparticularregionandtoaparticularhistoricalmoment,speakwithastrong

accent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.

-TherichmaterialofhisboyhoodexperienceontheMississippibecametheendlessresourcesforhisfiction,

andtheMississippivalleyandtheWestbecamehismajortheme.

一Hishumor,akindofartisticstyleusedtocriticizethesocialinjusticeandsatirizethedecayed

romanticism,isremarkable.

人物：HuckleberryFinn、Jim、TomSawyer、WidowDouglasandMissWatsonPap

[fheDukeandDauphin(公爵和法国皇太子)

H—\HenryJames亨利•詹姆斯

作品：ThePortraitofaLady《一个女士的画像》

DaisyMiller《黛西•密勒》

Theinternationaltheme:themeetingofAmericaandEurope,Americaninnocenceincontactandcontrast

withEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.

LikeHawthorne,Jamesregardedevilasessentiallyofinwardcauseandrepeatedlyemphasizediragnanimity

andthebeautyofgoodness.

PsychologicalRealism心理现实主义

Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters5thoughtsandmotivations.

AndHenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Hebelievedthatrealityliesinthe

impressionsmadebylifeonthespectator,andnotinanyfactsofwhichthespectatorisunaware.Suchrealism

isthereforemerely(heobligationthattheartistassumestorepresentlifeasheseesit.

AmericanNaturalism自然主义

一Livinginacold,indifferent,ar.dessentiallyGodlessworld,manwasnolongerfreeinanysense.Hewas

completelythrownuponhimselfforsurvival.Lifebecameastruggleforsurvival.

--BothHowellsandTwainhadwrittentheirbestworkandhadsaidwhattheyhadtosay.Apparentlytheywere

toooldandtoosetintheirwaystoreorientatethemselvesinthenewperiod.

—TheimpactofDarwin'sevolutionarytheory达尔文进化论ontheAmericanthoughtandthe19thcentury

FrenchliteratureontheAmericanmenoflettersgaverisetoanotherschoolofrealism:Americannaturalism.

Theemergenceofnaturalismdoesnotmarkaradicalbreakwithrealism.Itisanewandharsherrealism.The

naturalistsemphasized(hattheworldwasamoral与道德无关的,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,that

liveswerecontrolledbyheredity遗传andenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeand

oblivion湮没indeath.

代表作家

StephenCrane；TheodoreDreiser；JackLondon；O'Henry

十二、StephenCrane史蒂芬•克莱恩

是美国著名的文学家，自然主义手法Naturalism(Humanarccontrolledbylawsofenvironment环境and

heredily遗传)。其作品特点：realistic,naluralistic,impressionistic.同时其作品大多关注社会底层，但比

拟pessimistic.《海上扁舟》中运用了自然主义和印象主义(光的变化)的手法

作品：Maggie:AGirloftheStreets《街头女郎麦姬》；

TheRedBadgeofCourage《红色英勇勋章》；

TheBrideComestoYellowSky《新娘来到黄天镇》

TheBlueHotel《蓝色旅店》

TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》；人物：船长Caplain,注油工Oiler(最后死了)厨师Cook,记者

Correspondent

AManSaidtotheUniverse

Amansaidtotheuniverse:

"Sir,Iexist!"

"However,"replied(heuniverse,

"Thefacthasnotcreatedinme

Asenseofobligation/'

…StephenCrane

JackLondon；TheCalloftheWild；MartinEden

O.Henry(WilliamSydneyPorter)：TheGiftoftheMagi；TheCopandtheanthem

TheodoreDreiser：TrilogyofDesire:1.TheFinancier2.TheTitan3.TheStoic；

SisterCarrie：

JennieGerhardt；

AnAmericanTragedy

TheModernPeriod

TneModernPeriod：The1920s-1930s(thesecondrenaissanceofAmericanliterature)

又称：一TheRoaringTwenties(economically)

—TheJazzAge(socially)

一"lost"andMwastelandw(spiritually)»其中，"lost”来源：GertrudeStein;Mwasteland^

Thehistoricandculturalbackground

-・•TheUSA'sparticipationinWorldWarImarkedacrucialstageinthenation'sevolutiontoaworldpower.

一Bytheseconddecadeofthe20,hcentury,theUSAhadbecomethemostpowerfulindustrializedrationin(he

world.

一Therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthefirstfewdecadesofthe20"1centurywasbestdescribedasa

spiritualwasteland.

Therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialandnaturalsciences.Darwinism

(Darwin),Socialism(KariMarx),Psychoanalysis(SigmundFreud)

Therehadbeenabigflushofnewtheoriesandnewideasinbothsocialandnaturalsciences.

Darvvinism(Darwin),Socialism(KarlMarx),Psychoanalysis(SigmundFreud)

TheLostGeneration

Theterm“LostGenerationncamefromGertrudeStein,whohadasaloninherhouseforEnglishand

AmericanexpatriatesinParis.ThePhrasewasaremarkshemadetoamechanicinHemingway'spresencethat

“Youareallalostgeneration."

GertrudeSteinusedthetermtodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomen

hauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.Thetermis

commonlyappliedtoErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,EzraPound,SherwoodAnderson,JohnDos

Passos,E.E.Cummingsandsomeothers.

WinnersofNobelPrizeforLiteratureduringthisperiod

SinclairLewis(1930)第一个获奖的美国人(特点：MainStreet,Babbitt);EugeneO*Neill(1936);PearlS.

Buck(1938);T.S.Eliot(1948);WilliamFaulkner(1949);ErnestHemingway(1954);JohnSteinbeck(1962)

十三、SherwoodAnderson舍伍德•安德森

代表作：Winesburg,Ohio《俄亥俄州的温斯堡镇》，又称“小镇畸人”

Hands;

PaperPills

ViinesburgyOhio

—ashortstorycollectioncontainingmorethan20connectedstoriesaboutsomegrotesquepeople.

---Eachsioryisaboutoneormorepeoplewitharulingkindofpassionwhichdisionsiheirpersonalilies.

-Grotesquepeoplealsopossesseslove,passionandbeautynobodyknowsbecauseotherpeopleinthetown

onlycareformoney.ThecollectionisabittersatireontheutilitarianismthatprevailedinAmericansociety.

--Vividpictureofasmalltownintransitionfromruraltoindustrial;alienation,loneliness,wantingofloveand

understanding.

十四、F.ScottFitzgerald弗•斯科特•菲茨杰拉德

AmericanDream

IntheUnitedStates'DeclarationofIndependence独立宣言，ourfoundingfathers:"---heldcertaintruthstobe

self-evident,thatallMenarecreatedequal,(hat(heyareendowedby(heirCreatorwithcertainunalienable

Rights,thatamongthesearelife,LibertyandthePursuitofHappiness."........

作品：TheSideofParadise《人间天堂》

TheBeautifulandtheDamned《漂亮的冤家》

FlappersandPhilosophers《姑娘们与哲学家们》

TalesoftheJazzAge《爵士乐时代的故事》

TenderistheNight《夜色温柔》

TheCrack-up《崩溃》

TheLastTycoon(unfinished)

TheGreatGatsby

JayGatsbyisamandrivenbygreed,ambitionand,mostofall,anunwaveringdesirefora

womanhemetbeforetheGreatWar,whenhewaspoorandshewasunobtainable.AsGatsby

reinventshimselfinanattempttobuyhiswayintothesocialeliteofLongIsland'sGoldCoast,

heyearnstorekindlehisromancewiththewomanwhostolehisheartyearsbefore.Butwhenthe

chancefinallyarrives,ashadowoftragedyiscastoverwhatGatsbylongimaginedwouldbehis

triumphantmoment.

主要人物：NickCarrawayJayGatsby>DaisyBuchanan>TomBuchanan

JordanBaker>MyrtleWilsonsGeorgeWilson

TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦

AmericanDream为主线。“迷惘的一代”人物：Gatsby盖茨比，Daisy黛西，Tom汤姆，

Nick尼克，Myrtle(汤姆的情妇)，Wilson(汤姆情妇的丈夫)

十五、WilliamFaulkner威廉・福克纳(1897U962)

1949Nobelprice:"forhispowerfulandartisticallyuniquecontributiontothemodernAmericannovel."

--HeisparticularlyinterestedindescribingthedecayofDeepSouthaftertheCivilWar.Underhispen,the

aristocraticfamiliesfailtoliveuptotheirhistoricalgreatness.

—HewritesaboutthehistoriesofanumberofsouthernaristocraticfamiliessuchastheCompsons,the

Sartorises,theSutpensandtheMcCaslins.Heseestheirinevitablefall.

---Faulknerisadifficultwriter.Hesiruciureshisstoriesinhisownoriginalfashionandisproficientin

employingadistinctivenarrativemethod.Heoftenemploysstreamofconsciousnessnarrative,discardsand

notionofchronologicalorder,usesmultiplenarrations,shiftsbetweenthepresentandpasttense,andtends

towardimpossiblylongandcomplexsentences.

写作特点、内容：YoknapalawphaCounlry—以故土为原型虚构的，表现南方贵族家庭的没落

Southernfamily

TheTownofJefferson

作品：TheSoundandtheFury(1929)《喧嚣与骚动》，取自莎士比亚的《麦克白》

AsILayDying(1930)《我弥留之际》

LightintheAugust(1932)《八月之光》

Absalom,Absalom(1936)《押沙龙，押沙龙！》

GoDownMoses(1942)《去吧，摩西》

23部长篇小说，11个短篇小说，7个诗集，6个电影剧本，I个电视剧剧本

十六、ErnestHemingway厄内斯特•海明威一“迷惘的一代”作家的主要人物

HeisalegendaryheroinAmericanliterature.Besideshisnovels,asamanhislifeexperienceisquitea

miracle.

IcebergPrincipleOheoi*y):冰山法则

Thedignityofmovementoftheicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.

CodeheroorHemingwayheroes

anoblebuttragichero:fightingwiththeoverwhelmingforce;thoughheknowsthathewillbedefeatedatlast,

hedecidestoactlikeahero.InonesenseHemingwaywroteallhislifeaboutonetheme,whichisneatly

summedupinthefamousphraseugraceunderpressure"重压下的风度.

MajorWorks:

1.TheSunAlsoRises1926(JakeBarnes)《太阳照样升起》

2.AFarewelltoArms1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)《永

别了，武器》

3.ForWhomtheBeilTolls1940(Spanishcivilwar)(RobertJordan)《丧钟为谁而鸣》，取材于Donne的

一句诗

4.ThcOldManandtheSea1952(Santiago)《老人与海》

The20thCenturyAmericanPoets(I)

Twocharacteristicstrains：introspection自W&socialcriticism

Imagism意象派

ApoeticmoverneniofEnglandand【heU.S.ihaiflourishedfrom1909io1917.Themovementinsistsonthe

creationofimagesinpoetryby“tiedirecttreatmentofthething直接处理主题“andtheeconomyofwording

简化措辞.

41poetictechniquestorecordexactlythemomentaryimpressionsM

AnImagistpoem,therefore,oftencontainsasingledominantimage,oraquicksuccessionofrelatedimages.

Itseffectismeanttoinstantaneous.

Theimagistmovementdrewformavarietyofpoetictraditions.Greek,ProvencalandJapanesepoetryarc

among(hemanyacknowledgedsourcesofImagismandPound'spoetry.

ThreemainprinciplesoftheImagistMovement(1912):

[1]directtreatmentofpoeticsubjects

[2Jeliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords,touserowordthatdoesnot

contributetothepresentation.

[3]rhythmicalcompositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequence

ofametronome.

意象派诗人：EzraPoundsWallaceStevens>WilliamCarlosWilliams

十七、EzraPound埃兹拉•庞德

Born:Idaho爱达荷洲

Education:UniversityofPennsylvania

9languages

workedfortheItaliangovernmentinWWILengagedinsomeradiobroadcastsofanti-Semitismand

pro-Fascism.

代表作：Cantos《诗章》；

HughSelwynMauberley《休・赛尔温・毛伯利》；

InaStationoftheMetro《在一个地铁车站》;

Cathay《中国/华夏集》

十八、WallaceStevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯

AnecdoteoftheJar《坛子的轶事》

十九、WilliamCarlosWilliams

TheRedWheelbarrow《红色手推车》

:L(a;r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r

二十、RobertFrost罗伯特•弗洛斯特

罗伯特・弗罗斯特是20世纪最受欢送的美国诗人。他曾赢得4次普利策奖和许多其他的奖励及荣誉，

被称之为美国文学中的桂冠诗人。被称作“新英格兰诗人”，传统诗歌形式和五音抑扬格诗行，他的诗

歌精雕细琢，没有•个字是多余的。

MajorFeatures:

--Hisversewasterrifyingatfirst,showingthedarksideofhumanlifeandsociety.Later,filled

withsunshine.

—NewEnglandasthesetting;Thesubjectscomefromdailylifeofordinarylifc:Ruralpoetryin

pastoraltradition.(Wordsworth;Emerson)

—HisthemesincludelandscapeandpeopleofNewEngland,lonelinessandpovertyofisolated

farmers,beauty,terrorandtragedyinnature.

-Simplelanguage,agracefulstyleandtraditionalformsofpoetry.

作品：

ABoy'sWill《一个男孩的意愿》

NorthofBoston《波士顿的北部》

NewHamphshirc《新罕布什尔》

CollectedPoems《诗集》

AFurtherRange《又一片牧场》

AWitnessTree《标记树》

FireandIce《火与冰》

StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening《雪夜林边驻脚》

TheRoadNotTaken《未选择的路》

二H—、LangstonHughes兰斯顿•休斯

-ThefirstprominentblackwriterinAmericanliteraryhistory.

—PoetLaureateofHarlem哈莱姆桂冠诗人

…O'HenryofHarlem

—Apoet,playwright,novelist,songwriter,biographer,editor,newspapercolumnist,translator,lecturer.

HarlemRenaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴

-Inthe1920sinAmerica,therewasanupsurgeofBlackliterature,popularlyknownastheuHarlem

RenaissanceoutofwhichsucheminentliteraryfiguresasLangstonHughesgrew.So,41HarlemRenaissance

isaburstofliteraryachievementinthe1920sbyNegroplaywrights,poetsandnovelistswhopresentednew

insightsintotheAmericanexperienceandpreparedthewayfortheemergenceofnumerousBlackwritersafter

niid-twentiethcentury.

一TheHarlemRenaissancebeganwithaworkentitled:NewNegro:AnInterpretation(byAlainLocke).

—Dialect,folklore,andJazz.

作品：

TheWearyBlues《萎靡的布鲁斯》

FineClothestotheJew《抵押给犹太人的好衣服》

TheDreamKeeperandOtherPoems《梦乡人》

ShakespeareinHarlem《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》

Dreams《梦想》

MeandtheMule《我与骡子》

BorderLine《分界线》

二十二、RalphWaldoEllison拉尔夫・华尔多・埃利森

美国二十世纪五十年代以来最重要的黑人文学作家.同时是一个卓有成效的美国文学评论家，还是20世

纪美国文化研究的重要开拓者之一。《隐形人》的问世标志着黑人文学脱离现实主义和自然主义文风，

黑人命运，种族，人性。主线：我是谁？(Sclf-idcntity),自然主义naturalism和超现实主义surrealism,

表现主义expressionism,象征symbolism,飞去来器boomerang。愚昧到启蒙，隐形到现形，“务必让

这个黑小子跑个不停”KeepThisNigger-BoyRunning.

作品：

InvisibleMan《看不见的人》…“寻找自我”主题的代表作

ShadowandAct《影子与行动》

GoingtotheTerritory《走向领域》

ThePost-WarPeriod

HistoricalBackground

1.ColdWar

2.McCarthyism(persecutionofcommunists)

3.TheVietnamWar;TheKoreanWar

4.CivilRightsMovement

5.Counter-cultureMovement:political.economicalandmilitaryachievement

Literature

Thisperiodistherisingperiodofpost-modernliterature.Manyformsofpost-modernfiction

appeared.Thesamemoodinthisperiodisdespair,butcontinuingtosearchabsurdity荒唐of

modernlife;lonely,butsearchingforthemeaningofexistence:identity.

TheBeatGeneration

—TheBeatGenerationisagroupof