等级考试-英语四级-历年真题

PartIWriting(30minutes)

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofCreatingaGreen

Campus.Ybushouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:

1.建设绿色校园很重要

2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……

3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……

CreatingaGreenCampus

PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionson

AnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).For

question8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Collegestakinganotherlookatvalueofmerit-basedaid

Goodgradesandhightestsscoresstillmatter—alot—tomanycollegesastheyawardfinancialaid.

Butwithlow-incomestudentsprojectedtomakeupanever-largershareofthecollege-boundpopulationin

comingyears,someschoolsarere-examiningwhetherthataid,typicallyknownas“meritaid”,isthemost

effectiveuseofpreciousinstitutionaldollars.

GeorgeWashingtonUniversityinWashington,D.C.,forexample,saidlastweekthatitwouldcutthevalueof

itsaveragemeritscholarshipsbyaboutone-thirdandreducethenumberofrecipients(接受者)，pouringthesavings,

about$2.5million,intoneed-basedaid.AlleghenyCollegeinMeadville,Pa.,madeasimilardecisionthreeyears

ago.

Now,HamiltonCollegeinClinton,N.Y,saysitwillphaseoutmeritscholarshipsaltogether.Nocurrent

merit-aidrecipientswilllosetheirscholarships,butneed-basedaidalonewillbeawardedbeginningwithstudents

enteringinfall2008.

Notallcollegesoffermeritaid;generally,themoreselectiveaschool,thelesslikelyitistodoso.Harvard

andPrinceton,forexample,offergenerousneed-basedpackages,butmanyfamilieswhodon'tmeetneed

eligibility(资格)havebeenwillingtopaywhatevertheymustforabig-nameschool.

Forsmallregionalcollegesthatstrugglejusttofillseats,meritaidcanbeanimportantrevenue-builder

becausemanyrecipientsstillpayenoughtuitiondollarsoverandabovethescholarshipamounttokeepthe

institutionrunning.

Butforrankings-consciousschoolsinbetween,meritaidhasservedprimarilyasatooltorecruittopstudents

andtoimprovetheiracademicprofits."They'retryingtobuystudents/saysSkidmoreCollegeeconomistSandy

Baum.

Studiesshowmeritaidalsotendstobenefitdisproportionatelystudentswhocouldaffordtoenrollwithoutit.

“Aswelooktothefuture,weseeamorepressingneedtoinvestinneed-basedaid,"saysMonicaInzer,dean

ofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,whichhasofferedmeritscholarshipsfor10years.Duringthattime,it

roseinUSNews&WorldReport'srankingofthebestliberalartscolleges,from25to17.

Meritaid,whichbenefitedabout75studentsayear,orabout4%ofitsstudentbody,atacostofabout$1

millionayear,“serveduswell,“Inzersays,but“tobediscountingthepriceforfamiliesthatdon'tneedfinancial

aiddoesn'tfeelrightanymore.”

Need-basedaidremainsbyfarthelargestshareofallstudentaid,whichincludesstate,federaland

institutionalgrants.Butmeritaid,offeredprimarilybyschoolsandstates,isgrowingfaster,bothoverallandatthe

institutionallevel.

Between1995-96and2003-04,institutionalmeritaidaloneincreased212%,comparedwith47%for

need-basedgrants.Atleast15statesalsooffermeritaid,typicallyinabidtoenrolltopstudentsinthestate's

publicinstitutions.

Butinrecentyears,agrowingchorus（异口同声）ofcriticshasbegunpressuringschoolstodropthepractice.

RecentdecisionsbyHamiltonandothersmaybe“asignthatpeoplearestartingtorealizethatthere'sthis

destructivecompetitiongoingon,“saysBaum,co-authorofarecentCollegeReportthatraisesconcernsaboutthe

roleofinstitutionalaidnotbasedonneed.

DavidLaird,presidentoftheMinnesotaPrivateCollegeCouncil,saysmanyofhisschoolswouldliketo

reducetheh'meritaidbutfearthatindoingso,theywouldlosetopstudentstotheircompetitors.

“Noonecantakeone-sidedaction/'saysLaird,whoisexploringwhethertoseekanexemption（豁免）from

federalanti-trustlawssomembercollegescandiscusshowtheycouldjointlyreducemeritaid,“Thisisa

merry-go-roundthat'sgoingveryfast,andnoneoftheinstitutionsbelievetheycansustaintherisksoftryingto

breakawaybythemselves/*

Acomplicatingfactoristhatmeritaidhasbecomesopopularwithmiddle-incomefamilies,whodon'tqualify

forneed-basedaid,thatmanyhavecometodependonit.And,astuitionscontinuetoincrease,thelinebetween

meritandneedblurs.

ThafsonereasonAlleghenyCollegedoesn'tplantodropmeritaidentirely.

“Westillbelieveinrewardingsuperiorachievementsandknowthatthesetopstudentstrulyvaluethe

scholarship,“saysScottFriedhoff,Allegheny'svicepresidentforenrollment.

EmoryUniversityinAtlanta,whichboastsa$4.7billionendowment（捐赠），meanwhile,istakinganother

approach.Thisyear,itannounceditwouldeliminateloansforneedystudentsandcapthemfbrmiddle-income

families.Atthesametime,itwouldexpandits28-year-oldmeritprogram.

“%ah,we'replayingthemeritgame,“acknowledgesTbmLancaster,associatedeanforundergraduate

education.Butithasitsstrongpoint,too,hesays."Thefactofthematteris,it'snotjustaboutthelowest-income

people.It'stheaverageAmericanmiddle-classfamilywho'sbeingpricedoutofthemarket.^^

*Afewwordsaboutmerit-basedaid:来源：www.exam

Merit-basedaidisaidofferedtostudentswhoachieveexcellenceinagivenarea,andisgenerallyknownas

academic,athleticandartisticmeritscholarships.

Academicmeritscholarshipsarebasedonstudents'grades,GPAandoverallacademicperformanceduring

highschool.Theyaretypicallymeantforstudentsgoingstraighttocollegerightafterhighschool.However,there

arescholarshipsfbrcurrentcollegestudentswithexceptionalgradesaswell.Thesemeritscholarshipsusuallyhelp

studentspaytuitionbills,andtheycanberenewedeachyearaslongastherecipientscontinuetoqualify.Insome

cases,studentsmayneedtoberecommendedbytheirschoolorateacheraspartofthequalificationprocess.

Athleticmeritscholarshipsaremeantforstudentsthatexcel（突出）insportsofanykind,fromfootballtotrack

andfieldevents.Recommendationforthesescholarshipsisrequired,sinceexceptionalathleticperformancehasto

berecognizedbyacoachorareferee（裁判）.Applicantsneedtosendinatapecontainingtheirbestperformance.

Artisticmeritscholarshipsrequirethatapplicantsexcelinagivenartisticarea.Thisgenerallyincludesany

creativefieldsuchasart,design,fashion,music,danceorwriting.Applyingforartisticmeritscholarshipsusually

requiresthatstudentssubmitaportfolio（选辑）ofsomesort,whetherthatincludesacollectionofartwork,a

recordingofamusicalperformanceoravideoofthemdancing.

1.Withmoreandmorelow-incomcstudentspursuinghighereducation,anumberofcollegesare.

A）offeringstudentsmoremerit-basedaid

B）revisingtheirfinancialaidpolicies

C）increasingtheamountoffinancialaid

D）changingtheiradmissionprocesses

2.WhatdidAlleghenyCollegeinMeadvilledothreeyearsago?

A)Ittriedtoimplementanovelfinancialaidprogram.

B)Itadded$2.5milliontoitsneed-basedaidprogram.

C)Itphasedoutitsmerit-basedscholarshipsaltogether.

D)Itcutsitsmerit-basedaidtohelptheneedystudents.

3.Thechiefpurposeofrankings-consciouscollegesinofferingmeritaidisto.

A)improveteachingqualityB)boosttheirenrollments

C)attractgoodstudentsD)increasetheirrevenues

4.MonicaInzer,deanofadmissionandfinancialaidatHamilton,believes.

A)itdoesn'tpaytospend$1millionayeartoraiseitsranking

B)itgivesstudentsmotivationtoawardacademicachievements

C)it'sillogicaltousesomuchmoneyononly4%ofitsstudents

D)it'snotrighttogiveaidtothosewhocanaffordthetuition

5.Inrecentyears,merit-basedaidhasincreasedmuchfasterthanneed-basedaiddueto.

A)moregovernmentfundingtocolleges

B)fiercecompetitionamonginstitutions

C)theincreasingnumberoftopstudents

D)schools'improvedfinancialsituations

6.Whatistheattitudeofmanyprivatecollegestowardmeritaid.accordingtoDavidLaird?

A)Theywouldliketoseeitreduced.

B)Theyregarditasanecessaryevil.

C)Theythinkitdoesmoreharmthangood.

D)Theyconsideritunfairtomiddle-classfamilies.

7.Whydoesn'tAlleghenyCollegeplantodropmeritaidentirely?

A)Raisingtuitionshavemadecollegeunaffordableformiddle-classfamilies.

B)Withrisingincomes,fewerstudentsareapplyingf<)rneed-basedaid.

C)Manystudentsfrommiddle-incomefamilieshavecometorelyonit.

D)Risingincomeshavedisqualifiedmanystudentsfbrneed-basedaid.

8.Annualrenewalofacademicmeritscholarshipsdependsonwhethertherecipientsremain.

9.Applicantsforathleticmeritscholarshipsneedarecommendationfromacoachorarefereewho

theirexceptionalathleticperformance.

10.Applicantsforartisticmeritscholarshipsmustproduceevidencetoshowtheirinaparticular

artisticfield

PartIHListeningComprehension(35minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeach

conversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestions

willbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefour

choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichthebestansweris.Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteron

Answersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

Questions11to18arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

11.

A)Getsomesmallchange.B)Findashoppingcenter.

C)Cashacheckatabank.D)Findaparkingmeter.

12.

A)Shoppingwithhisson.B)Buyingagiftfbrachild.

C)Promotinganewproduct.D)Bargainingwithasalesgirl.

13.

A)Takingphotographs.B)Enhancingimages.

C)Mendingcameras.D)Paintingpictures.

14.

A)HemovedtoBaltimorewhenhewasyoung.

B)Hecanprovidelittleusefulinformation.

C)HewillshowthewomanaroundBaltimore.

D)Hewillasksomeoneelsetohelpthewoman.

15

A)HeisratherdisappointedB)Heishighlyambitious.

C)Hecan'tfaceuptothesituationD)Heknowshisownlimitation.

16.

A)Shemusthavepaidalot

B)Sheisknowntohaveaterrificfigure.

C)Hergymexercisehasyieldedgoodresults.

D)Herefforttokeepfitisreallypraiseworthy.

17.

A)Femalestudentsareunfitfbrstudyingphysics.

B)Hecanserveasthewoman'stutor.

C)Physicsisanimportantcourseatschool.

D)Theprofessor'ssuggestionisconstructive.

18.

A)Indifferent.B)Doubtful.C)Pleased.D)Surprised.

Questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

19.

A)Heprefersthesmallereveningclasses.

B)Hehassignedupfbradaycourse.

C)Hehastoworkduringtheday.

D)Hefindstheeveningcoursecheaper.

20.

A)Learnacomputerlanguage.

B)Learndataprocessing.

C)Buysomecomputersoftware.

D)Buyafewcoursebooks.

21.

A)Thursdayevening,from7:()0to9:45.

B)FromSeptember1toNewYear'seve.

C)EveryMonday,lastingfor12weeks.

D)Threehoursaweek,45hoursintotal.

22.

A)Whattobringforregistration.

B)Wheretoattendtheclass.

C)HowhecangettoFrostHall.

D)Whetherhecanuseacheck.

Questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.

23.

A)Atrainingcoach.B)Atradingadviser.

C)Aprofessionalmanager.D)Afinancialtrader.

24.

A)Hecansaveonlivingexpenses.B)Heconsiderscookingcreative.

C)Hecanenjoyhealthierfood.D)Hethinkstake-awayistasteless.

25.

A)Itissomethinginevitable.B)Itisfrustratingsometimes.

C)Ittakespatiencetomanage.D)Itcanbeagoodthing.

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsome

questions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmust

choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmarkthecorrespondingletteron

AnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

26.

A)Therewerenoplanetswithoutmoons.

B)TherewasnoairorwateronJupiter.

C)Lifewasnotpossibleinouterspace.

D)Themysteryoflifecouldnotberesolved.

27.

A)Ithasanumberofactivevolcanoes.

B)Ithasanatmosphereliketheearth,s.

C)Ithasalargeoceanunderitssurface.

D)Ithasdeepcavesseveralmileslong.

28.

A)Lightisnotanessentialelementtoit.

B)Lifecanforminveryhottemperatures.

C)Everyfonnoflifeundergoesevolution.

D)Oxygenisnotneededforsomelifeforms.

PassageTwo

Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

29.

A)Whethertheyshouldtakethechildhome.

B)WhatDr.Mayer'sinstructionsexactlywere.

C)Whoshouldtakecareofthechildathome.

D)Whenthechildwouldcompletelyrecover.

30.

A)Sheencouragesthemtoaskquestionswhenindoubt.

B)Shemakesthemwritedownallherinstructions.

C)Shehasthemactoutwhattheyaretodoathome.

D)Sheasksthemtorepeatwhattheyarcsupposedtodo.

31.

A)Itlacksthestabilityoftheprintedword.

B)Itcontainsmanygrammaticalerrors.

C)Itisheavilydependentonthecontext.

D)Itfacilitatesinterpe

PassageThree

Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

32.

A)Jobsecurity.

B)Goodlabourrelations.

C)Challengingwork.

D)Attractivewagesandbenefits.

33.

A)Manytediousjobscontinuetobedonemanually.

B)Moreandmoreunskilledworkerswilllosejobs.

C)Computerswillchangethenatureofmanyjobs.

D)Boringjobswillgraduallybemadeenjoyable.

34.

A)Offerthemchancesofpromotion.

B)Improvetheirworkingconditions.

C)Encouragethemtocompetewitheachother.

D)Givethemresponsibilitiesaspartofateam.

35.

A)Theywillnotbringrealbenefitstothestaff.

B)Theyconcernasmallnumberofpeopleonly.

C)Theyarearbitrarilysetbytheadministrators.来源:www.exam

D)Theyarebeyondthecontrolofordinaryworkers.

SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,

youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredto

fillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44

to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyou

havejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadfbrthethird

time,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.

注意：此部分试题在答题卡2上。

Inthehumanities,authorswritetoinformyouinmanyways.Thesemethodscanbe(36)intothree

typesofinformationalwriting:factual,descriptive,andprocess.

Factualwritingprovides(37)informationonanauthor,composer,orartistoronatypeofmusic,

literature,orart.Examplesoffactualwritingincludenotesonabookjacketor(38)coverandlonger

pieces,suchasanarticledescribingastyleofmusicwhichyoumightreadinamusic(39)course.This

kindofwritingprovidesa(40)fbryourstudyofthehumanities.

Asitsname(41),descriptivewritingsimplydescribes,orprovidesan(42)of,apieceof

music,art,orliterature.Forexample,descriptivewritingmightlistthecolorsanartistusedinapaintingorthe(43)

acomposerincludedinamusicalcomposition,soastomakepicturesorsoundsinthereader'smindby

callingupspecificdetailsofthework.(44).

Processwritingexplainsaseriesofactionsthatbringaboutaresult.(45).Thiskindofwritingis

oftenfoundinart,whereunderstandinghowanarthascreatedacertaineffectisimportant.(46).

PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Xouarerequiredtoselectonewordfbreach

blankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybefore

makingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterfor

eachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.maynotuseanyofthewordsinthebank

morethanonce.

Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Infamilieswithtwoworkingparents,fathersmayhavemoreimpactonachild'slanguagedevelopmentthan

mothers,anewstudysuggests.

Researchers4792familiesform11childcarecentersbeforetheirchildrenwereayearold,

interviewingeachtoestablishincome,levelofeducationandchildcarearrangements.Overall,itwasagroupof

well-classfamilies,withmarriedparentsbothlivinginthehome.

Whenthechildrenwere2,researchersvideotapedthemathomeinfree-playsessionswithbothparents,

48alloftheirspeech.ThestudywillappearintheNovemberissueofTheJournalofAppliedDevelopmental

Psychology.

Thescientistsmeasuredthe49numberofutterance(话语)oftheparents,thenumberofdifferent

wordstheyused,thecomplexityoftheirsentencesandother50oftheirspeech.Onaverage,fathersspoke

lessthanmothersdid,buttheydidnotdifferinthelengthofutterancesorproportionofquestionsasked.

Finally,theresearchers51thechildren'sspeechatage3,usingastandardizedlanguagetest.Theonly

predictorsofhighscoresonthetestwerethemother'slevelofeducation,the52ofchildcareandthe

numberofdifferentwordsthefatherused.

Theresearchersare53whythefather'sspeech,andnotthemother's,hadaneffect.

“It'swell54thatthemotherslanguagedoeshaveanimpact,"saidNadyaPancsofar,theleadauthor

ofthestudy.Itcouldbethatthehigh-functioningmothersinthestudyhad55hadastronginfluenceon

theirchildren'sspeechdevelopment,Ms.Pancsofarsaid,“oritmaybethatmothersare56inawaywe

didnTtmeasureinthesludy.”

注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。

A)alreadyB)analyzedC)aspectsD)charactersE)contributingF)describingG)establishedH)quality

I)quotedJ)recordingK)recruitedL)total

M)unconsciousN)unsureO)yet

SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Ybushoulddecideonthebest

choiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Throughoutthislong,tenseelection,everyonehasfocusedonthepresidentialcandidatesandhowthey'll

changeAmerica.Rightlyso,butselfishly,TmmorefascinatedbyMichelleObamaandwhatshemightbeableto

do,notjustforthiscountry,butformeasanAfrican-Americanwoman.AsthepotentialFirstLady,shewould

havetheworld'sattention.Andthatmeansthatforthefirsttimepeoplewillhaveachancetogetupcloseand

personalwiththetypeofAfrican-Americanwomantheysorarelysee.

Usually,thelivesofblackwomengolargelyunexamined.Theprevailingtheoryseemstobethatwe'reall

hot-temperedsinglemotherswhocan'tkeepaman.Evenintheworldofmake-believe,blackwomenstillcan't

escapethestereotypeofbeingeye-rolling,oversexedfemalesraisedbyournever-married,alcoholic(酗酒的)

mothers.

Theseimageshavehelpeddefinethewayallwomenareviewed,includingMichelleObama.Beforesheever

getsthechancetocommittoacause,charityorfoundationasFirstLady,hermosturgentandperhapsmost

complicateddutymaybesimpletobeherself.

Itwon'tbeeasy.Becausefewmainstreampublicationshavedonein-depthfeaturesonregular

African-Americanwomen,littleisknownaboutwhoweare,whatwethinkandwhatwefaceonaregularbasis.

Forbetterorworse,Michellewillrepresentusall.

Justasshewillhavehercritics,shewillalsohavemillionsoffanswhousuallyhavelittleinterestintheFirst

Lady.ManyAfrican-Americanblogshavewrittenaboutwhatthey'dliketoseeMichellebringtotheWhite

House-mainlyshowingtheworldthatablackwomancansupporthermanandraiseastrongblackfamily.

Michellewillhavetoworktopleaseeveryone—animpossibletask.ButformanyAfrican-Americanwomenlike

me,justalittleofherpoise(沉着)，confidenceandintelligencewillgoalongwayinchanginganimagethat's

beenaroundforfartoolong.

57.WhydoesMichelleObamaholdastrongfascinationfortheauthor?

A)SheservesasarolemodelforAfricanwomen.

B)ShepossessesmanyadmirablequalitiesbecomingaFirstLady.

C)ShewillpresenttotheworldanewimageofAfrican-Americanwomen.

D)ShewillpaycloserattentiontotheinterestsofAfrican-Americanwomen.

58.WhatisthecommonstereotypeofAfrican-Americanwomenaccordingtotheauthor?

A)Theyarevictimsofviolence.

B)Theyareofaninferiorviolence.

C)Theyusequitealotofbodylanguage.

D)Theyliveoncharityandsocialwelfare.来源：www.exam

59.WhatdomanyAfrican-Americanswriteaboutintheirblogs?

A)WhetherMichellecanliveuptothehighexpectationsofherfans.

B)HowMichelleshouldbehaveasapublicfigure.

C)HowproudtheyarctohaveablackwomanintheWhiteHouse.

D)WhatMichelleshoulddoaswifeandmotherintheWhiteHouse.

60.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutMichelleObamaasaFirstLady?

A)Howevermanyfansshehas,sheshouldremainmodest,

B)Sheshouldn'tdisappointtheAfrican-Americancommunity.

C)Howeverhardshetries,shecan'texpecttopleaseeverybody.

D)ShewillgiveprioritytoAfrican-Americanwomen'sconcerns.

61.WhatdomanyAfrican-AmericanwomenhopeMichelleObamawilldo?

A)Helpchangetheprevailingviewaboutblackwomen.

B)HelpherhusbandinthetaskofchangingAmerica.

C)OutshinepreviousFirstLady.

D)Fullydisplayherfinequalities.

\PassageTwo

Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whennextyeafscropofhigh-schoolgraduatesarriveatOxfordUniversityinthefallof2009,they'llbe

joinedbyanewface;AndrewHamilton,the55-year-oldprovost(教务长)ofYale,who'llbecomeOxford's

vice-chancellor-apositionequivalenttouniversitypresidentinAmerica.

Hamiltonisn'ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.SchoolsinFrance,Egypt,Singapore,etc,havealso

recentlymadetop-levelhiresfromabroad.Highereducationhasbecomeabigandcompetitivebusinessnowadays,

andlikesomanybusinesses,it'sgoneglobalYetthetalentflowisn'tuniversal.High-levelpersonneltendtohead

inonlyonedirection:outwardfromAmerica.

ThechiefreasonisthatAmericanschoolsdon'ttendtoseriouslyconsiderlookingabroad.Forexample,when

theboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleaderfamiliarwiththestate

government,amajorsourceoftheuniversity'sbudget.44Wedidn'tdoanyglobalconsiderationsaysPatricia

Hayes,theboard'schair.TheboardultimatelypickedBruceBenson,a69-year-oldColoradobusinessmanand

politicalactivist(活动家)whoislikelytodowellinthemaintaskofmodernuniversitypresidents:fund-raising.

Fund-raisingisadistinctivelyAmericanthing,sinceU.S.schoolsrelyheavilyondonations.Thefund-raising

abilityislargelyaproductofexperienceandnecessity.

ManyEuropeanuniversities,meanwhile,arestillmostlydependentongovernmentfunding.Butgovernment

supporthasfailedtokeeppacewithrisingstudentnumber.Thedeclineingovernmentsupporthasmade

funding-raisinganincreasingnecessaryabilityamongadministratorsandhashiringcommitteeshungryfor

Americans.

Inthepastfewyears,prominentschoolsaroundtheworldhavejoinedthetrend.In2003,whenCambridge

UniversityappointedAlisonRichard,anotherformerYaleprovost,asitsvice-chancellor,theuniversitypublicly

stressedthatinherpreviousjobshehadoverseen“amajorstrengtheningofYale'sfinancialposition?*

Ofcourse,fund-raisingisn'ttheonlyskilloutsidersoffer.Theglobalizationofeducationmeansmore

universitieswillbeseekingheadswithinternationalexperienceofsonickindofpromoteinternationalprograms

andattractaglobalstudentbody.Foreignerscanofferafreshperspectiveonestablishedpractices.

62.Whatisthecurrenttrendinhighereducationdiscussedinthepassage?

A)InstitutionsworldwidearehiringadministratorsfromtheU.S.

B)Alotofpoliticalactivistsarebeingrecruitedasadministrators.

C)Americanuniversitiesareenrollingmoreinternationalstudents.

D)Universitypresidentsarepayingmoreattentiontofunding-raising.

63.WhatisthechiefconsiderationofAmericanuniversitieswhenhiringtop-leveladministrators?

A)Thepoliticalcorrectness.

B)Theirabilitytoraisefunds.

C)Theirfameinacademiccircles.

D)Theiradministrativeexperience.

64.WhatdowelearnaboutEuropeanuniversitiesfromthepassage?

A)Thetuitionstheychargehavebeenrisingconsiderably.

B)Tliciroperationisunder