【单元精练】2022-2023学年上学期高一英语期中考试-2022-2023学年高一英语必修第一册单元重难点易错题精练（北师大2019）

2022-2023学年上学期高一英语期中考试（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1．本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。2．回答第Ⅰ卷时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。写在本试卷上无效。3．回答第Ⅱ卷时，将答案写在答题卡上。写在本试卷上无效。4．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力（共30分，略）第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AAgoodhikingtripshouldbeplannedoutinadvance.Whetheritisahikeonamountaintrail(路线)orthroughthewoods,onenjoyablehikingtripcaneasilyturnintoadangeroussituationifsafetyisnotconsideredwell.NorthMountainStateParkadviseshikersconsiderthefollowingtipsbeforehittinganytrails:Makeacopyofyourplantogivetoafamilymemberorafriend.Makesurethatsomeoneclosetoyouknowswhereyouareandhowlongyouwillbegone.Preparefordifferenttypesofweatherconditions.Checktheweatherbeforeyouleave;takealongsunglassesandextraclothing(e.g.,ahatand/orajacketforadayhike).Packplentyoffoodandwater.Considerhowlongyourhikewillbeandpackaccordingly.Packbasicandnecessarysupplies.Bringafirst-aidkit(急救箱),aflashlight.apocketknife,amapofthearea,andacompass.Youmayneedothersupplies,suchasmatches,dependingonthelengthofyourhike.Findoutwhattimethesunsets.Mostlocalnewspapersprovidethisinformation.Mostpeoplebecomelostafternightfall,soitisimportanttoknowthisinformation.Stayonproperlymarkedtrails.Stayonestablishedtrailstoreducethechancesofbecominglost.Stayingonestablishedtrailsalsolowerstheriskofdoinghamtoendangeredplants.Carryawhistle(哨子).Usingaloudwhistleisagoodwaytocallattentiontoyourlocationifyougetlost.Keepaneyeoutforwildlife.Donotgetclosetoanimalsinthewild,eveniftheyseemfriendly.1．Ifhikersdon’tnoticewhattimethesunsets,theymight______.A．havedifficultyfindingsupplies B．needextraclothingC．beattackedbywildanimals D．becomelostinwoods2．Accordingtothetext,hikersareadvised______.A．tobringfriendlyanimalshome B．touseloudwhistlesC．topacklittlefoodandwater D．totakenewtrails3．Thepurposeofthetextisto______.A．attractpeople’sinterestinthepark B．introducetheenjoyablehikingtrailsC．explainhowtobesafewhenhiking D．introducevariouskindsofparkstovisitorsBTeenagelifeisquitedramaticbutthatdoesn’tmeanyoucannotenjoyyourlifeintheseyears.Evenwithyourdailytroubles,yourlifeisnotveryhardifyouknowhowtodealwiththem.Iknowexactlyhowyoufeel.Teenagelifecanbehard.Youarenotakidanymore,becauseyouaresmartenoughtoconsideryoursurroundings.However,youarestillnotanadultbecausetherearestilllotsofexperiencesthatyouneedtohaveandlessonsthatyouneedtolearnfromtheseexperiences.Aboveall,thehormonal(荷尔蒙的)imbalanceinyourbodycanreallymessyouup.Ihavebeenthere.Iwasinitforsixyearsexploringwhatlifeisabout!Asateenager,Ihadamajorproblemcompletingmyroutinetasksontime.Andatthattime,allthatIneededtodowastofinishmyhomework,studyfortheupcomingtestsandcleanmyroom.Now,Ihavemuchmorethingstodo:cooking,cleaningandworkingwhilekeepingabalancebetweenallmyrelationshipsrelatedtowork,familyandfriends.Thatreallyisalotofwork.So,Iwilljustgiveyouonegoldentip,“Neverleavethattilltomorrowwhichyoucandotoday.”LifebecomesmucheasiernowbecauseIfinishallmyworkontimeandIhaveenoughtimetoletmyhairdown.Halftheproblemsofateenagerappearbecausewehatedoingthings.We’drathergoandhavefunthansitdownandtakeonourresponsibilities.Thatiswhyyouhavesomuchtroubleinyourlife;yourparentswon’tletyougooutwithfriendsbecauseyouhaven’tcleanedyourroomoryourteacherisalwayscriticizingyoubecauseyouhaven’tfinishedyourhomework.4．Whoarethetargetreadersofthispassage?A．Parents B．ScientistsC．Teachers D．Teenagers.5．Whatplaysakeyroleinmakingteenagelifehardaccordingtothewriter?A．Thelackoflifeexperience. B．Thephysicalchanges.C．Thefailureofconcentration. D．Theunfamiliarsurroundings.6．Howdidthewriterfeelaboutherteenagelife?A．Itwasenjoyable. B．Itwassimple.C．Itwasboring. D．Itwasdifficult.7．Whatdoesthewriteradviseteenagerstodo?A．Takeonresponsibilities. B．Goandhavefun.C．Finishtheirhomework. D．Giveuptheirfriends.CNaturalselectionistheprocessbywhichonetypeofanimalwithinaspeciesgrowsordevelopswellbecauseofcertainfeaturesthatmakeitmorelikely(可能的)tolivethanothersinitsgroup.Thehistoryofthepepperedmoth(灰蛾)isanexampleofthenaturalselectionprocess.Innineteenth-centuryEngland,certaintypesofpepperedmothswereabletobetterblend(融合)intotheirsurroundings.Duringthattimeperiod,greatchangeswerehappeninginGreatBritain.TheIndustrialRevolutionwaspartofthischange,andwithitcameairpollution.Naturalselectionoftentakeshundredsoreventhousandsofyearstohappen.Forthepepperedmoth,thisprocesshappenedcomparatively(相对地)quickly.AtthebeginningoftheIndustrialAge,mostpepperedmothsinEnglandwerelight-coloredandcoveredwithblackmarkings,althoughafewmothshaddark-coloredwings.Becausethelight-coloredmothsblendedintothelight-coloredbarkonthetrees,theycouldnotbeeasilyseenbybirdsthatwouldeatthem.Astheairgrewmorepolluted,however,treetrunksbecamecoveredwithsoot(煤烟)andbecamedarker.Thelight-coloredmothsbecameeasyforbirdstoseeagainstthedarktreetrunks.Sincethedark-coloredmothsnowhadtheadvantage,theirnumbersgrew.Within50years,thepepperedmothwentfrombeingmostlylight-coloredtobeingmostlydark-colored.Inthetwentiethcentury,theairclearedup,andthepepperedmothpopulationchangedagain.Astreetrunkslightenedbecauseoflesssootintheair,light-coloredmothsonceagainhadanadvantage.Theirnumbersincreasedassootlevelsdropped.Dependingontheirenvironment,thecolorationofthemothshelpedthemtobe“naturallyselected”tosurvive(生存).8．Whatdoweknowaboutthepepperedmoth’snaturalselectionprocess?A．Itwasagoodexampleofenvironmentalprotection.B．ThesootlevelsinEnglanddidnotaffectit.C．Thistypeofcolorchangewastypicalformoths.D．Thelengthoftimewasunusual.9．Whatcanwelearnfromthethirdparagraph?A．Bothkindsofmothspreferredthedark-coloredtrees.B．Birdsfailedtoseelight-coloredmoths.C．Thereweremorelight-coloredmothsthandark-coloredmothsinthebeginning.D．Thecolorofmothswasunimportant.10．WhichwouldmostlikelyhappenifsootdarkenedEngland’streesagain?A．Birdswouldeatfewermoths.B．Light-coloredmothswoulddisturbpeople’slife.C．Mothswouldnotbeabletostayalive.D．Thepopulationofdark-coloredmothswouldincrease.11．WecaninferfromthetextthatinEngland________.A．thesurroundingenvironmentmayaffectsomepepperedmoths’survivalB．birdspreferredtoeatdark-coloredmothsthantolight-coloredonesC．differenttypesofpepperedmothslikeddifferentkindsoftreetrunkD．birdsweredangerouslyaffectedbythesootlevelsDOnNovember18,theworld’sfirstself-driving,electriccontainer(电动集装箱)shipmadeitsfirsttriptoOslo,Norway.Theship,calledYaraBirkeland,isownedbyYara,acompanythatmakesfertilizer(化肥).Thecompanywantedtodevelopashipthatwouldn’tpollutetheearthandwascompletelyself-driving.Thecompanysaysthatinthefutureeverything,includingloading(装载)andunloadingtheship,willbedonebymachines.TheYaraBirkelandcancarry120largecontainerslikethosepulledbytrucks.Buttheshipisfullypoweredbyelectricity.Theelectricityismadebywaterenergy,sothere’snopollutionatall.TheYaraBirkelandwon’tusuallybegoingtoOsloandwillonlytravelfromYarn’sfactorytotheportinBrevik.Inthefuture,asanautonomousship,theYaraBirkelandisexpectedtooperatewithoutanyhumans.Yaraplanstospendthenexttwoyearstrainingandtestingtheship.TheYarnBirkelandwillhavemanychallenges.Itwillbemovinginanarrowplace.Itwillhavetolearntodealwiththechangesofthewater.Theshipwillneedtopassundertwobridgesandavoidalltheothertrafficonthebusywater.Finally,itwillhavetostopatoneofthebusiestportsinNorway.Thecompanyhopestosolvemostoftheseproblemsinthenexttwoyears.Yarn’sleader,SveinToreHolsether,thinksthatinthreetofiveyears,theshipmightnotevenneedtohavecontrolsthatahumancoulduse.12．WhatistheadvantageoftheYaraBirkeland?A．Itrunsfasterthancommonships. B．Fertilizercanbemadeonit.C．Itcancarrythebiggestloadofproducts. D．Itisenvironmentallyfriendly.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“autonomous”inparagraph5mostprobablymean?A．Self-driving. B．Fast-running. C．Large. D．Powerful.14．WhatchallengewilltheYaraBirkelandmeet?A．Itwillloseitsway. B．Itwilltravelthroughheavytraffic.C．Itwillmeetwithpollutedwater. D．Itwilluseupelectricityhalfway.15．Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．YaraIsMakingaChange B．ContainerShipsArePopularC．AnElectricContainerShipSetsoff D．ElectricityIsWidelyUsedinShips第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Philadelphiaisacityknownformanythings.ItiswheretheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedin1776,anditwasalsothefirstcapitaloftheUnitedStates.___16___Itishometonearly3,000mural(壁画)paintedonthesideofhomesandbuildingsaroundthecity.That’smoremuralsthananyothercityonEarth.__17__Morethan20yearsago,aNewJerseyartistnamedJaneGoldenstartedaprogrampairingtroubledyouthwithartiststopaintmuralsonafewbuildingsaroundthecity.___18___Theteenagersinvolvedhelpedtocreatemagnificentpiecesofart,andtherewereother,evenmoreimportantbenefits.Theyoungpeopleknewhowtocooperateandgetalongwithmanydifferentkindsofpeopleduringthepainting.Theybecameresponsible,becausetheyneededtofollowascheduletomakesurethemuralswerecompleted.___19___ItishardforanyonetoseethespectaculardesignsandnotfeelasenseofhonourtobeapartofPhiladelphia.TakeawalkaroundsomeofthepoorestneighborhoodsinPhiladelphiaandyouwillfindbeautifulworksofartonthesideandfrontsofbuildings.Ofcoursethemuralsarenotjustinpoorneighborhoods,butricheronesaswell.Specialbusestaketouriststodifferentpartsofthecitytoseethevariousmurals,whichshowthediverseethnicgroupsthatcallPhiladelphiahome.___20___ItisalsoamodelforothercitiesthroughoutAmericaseekingtohelptroubledyouth.A．Howdidthiscometobe?B．ButonefactaboutPhiladelphiaisnotsowell-known.C．Theyalsolearnedtotakeprideintheircommunity.D．WhathappenedtothemuralsonEarth?E．Fromthisproject,somethingmagicalhappened.F．Theprogramencouragedtroubledyouthtopainttogetherwiththeirteachers.G．Asaresultofitssuccess,themuralsprogramhasnowbecomethenation’slargestpublicartprogram.第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。I’veheardsuchastory.OnaFriday____21____,apooryoungartiststoodatthegateofthesubwaystation,playinghisviolin.Themusicwas____22____,andmanypeoplewhohurriedtogohome____23____andputsomemoneyintothehatoftheyoungman.Thenextnight,theyoungartisttookoutalargepieceof____24____andlaiditontheground.Thenhebegan____25____.Themusicsoundedmorepleasant.Somepeoplegatheredandtheyfoundthe____26____onthatpaper,”Lastnight,agentlemanputa(n)____27____thingintomyhat.Pleasecometogetitback.“Whenthepeoplesawthat,theyfeltverycuriousand____28____whatitcouldbe.Afterabouthalfanhour,aman____29____thereinahurryandsaid,”Itcan’tbetrue!You...you...“Theyoungviolinistasked,”Didyou_____30_____something?“”Alotteryticket(彩票),“themananswered_____31_____.Theviolinisttookoutalotteryticket.“Isit?”heasked.Themanwastoo_____32_____tosayaword.He_____33_____alotteryticketafewdaysago.Theawards(奖)openedyesterdayandhewon$500,000.Soluckyandexciteddidhefeelthathe_____34_____50dollarsandputitintothehatwhenhearingthemusic.However,thelotteryticketwasalsothrownintothehatwithoutbeing_____35_____.Aftertheviolinistfinishedhisperformance,hefoundthelotteryticketinhishat.Thinkingthattheownerwouldprobablyreturntolookforit,hecamebacktowherehewasgiventhelotteryticket.Someoneaskedtheviolinistwhyhereturnedthelotterytickettotheman.Hesaid,”AlthoughIdon’thavemuchmoney,Ilivehappily;butifIlosehonesty,Iwon’tbehappyforever."21．A．morning B．afternoon C．noon D．night22．A．quiet B．beautiful C．shocking D．interesting23．A．sloweddown B．spedup C．passedby D．wentaway24．A．paper B．glass C．plastic D．cloth25．A．working B．sliding C．singing D．playing26．A．poems B．articles C．words D．texts27．A．important B．fantastic C．dangerous D．lovely28．A．talked B．cared C．expected D．guessed29．A．came B．rushed C．walked D．left30．A．damage B．discover C．forget D．lose31．A．proudly B．worriedly C．seriously D．carefully32．A．tired B．disappointed C．excited D．surprised33．A．bought B．made C．drew D．sold34．A．handedout B．tookout C．liftedup D．pickedup35．A．destroyed B．noticed C．guided D．caught第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分,满分15分）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Withsmilingeyes,aquickwitandagoodsenseofhumor,JiaLinghaslongbeenawell-knownfemalecomedianforher____36____(extreme)funnyperformances.Butrecently,shehasgainedanothertitle.JiastarredinanddirectedthefilmHi,Mom,____37____atime-travelstoryistold.Thefilm____38____(consider)astheleadingdarkhorseamongthemoviesreleased(上映)duringtheseven-daySpringFestivalholidayisinmemory____39____herlatemotherLiHuanying,whoencouragedJiatopursueherartisticdreams.ByFeb23,2021,it____40____(earn)morethan4billionyuan,enablingJiatobecomethetopboxofficegrossingfemalefilmdirectorinChina.Nowsheisonthepathtobecominganinternationalnameinthefilmmakingindustry.SowhatisthesecretbehindJia’ssuccess?Onefactormaybeherpassionforcomedy.Jia____41____(admit)toBeijing’sCentralAcademyofDramain2001.Inthelast20years,shehasperformedcrosstalk(相声)in____42____(vary)competitionsandshows.Shehasalsoplayedcomedic____43____(role)inmanycomediesonthebigscreen.Besides,theapproachto____44____(make)thefilmalsomakesJiaLing’sworkstandout.We’llwaitandseewhetherJiawillbecomeoneofChina’s_____45_____(popular)directors.第四部分写作（共两节,满分40分）第一节（满分15分）46．假如你是李华，你的美国笔友Jack给你发邮件说，他最近上课经常走神，无法专心听讲，为此很焦虑。请你给他回一封邮件安慰他，并给他提建议。内容包括：1.得知Jack很焦虑，安慰他；2.你的建议；3.祝愿。注意：1.词数80字左右；2.头尾已经给出，不计入词数；3.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。DearJack,I’msogladtohearfromyou.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourstruly,LiHua第二节（满分25分）47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。IOweYouThanksMrs.Crawley,alargewoman,oftenworkedintonightatahotelbeauty-shop.Shewaswalkingalonewithalargeheavyback-packatabouteleveno’clockonenightwhenaboynamedJackranupbehindherandtriedtosnatch(抢夺)herpack.Thepack’sstrap(带子)broke.Theboy’sweightandtheweightofthepackcombinedcasedhimtolosehisbalance,soJackfellonhisbackonthesidewalk.Mrs.Crawleysimplyturnedaroundandpickedtheboyupbyhisshirtfront.ThewomandidnotreleaseJack.“I’mverysorry,lady,I’msorry,”hewhisperedinanembarrassed(尴尬的)voice.Mrs.Crawleysaid,lookingathisface,“NowIgotagreatmindtowashyourface.It’sdirty!Didyouhavenobodyhometotellyoutowashyourface?”“No,Ma’am,”saidJack.“Thenitwillgetwashedthisevening,”saidMrs.CrawleystartingupthestreetdraggingJackbehindher.“Yououghttobemyson.Iwouldteachyourightfromwrong.LeastIcandorightnowistowashyourface.Areyouhungry?”“Yes,Ma’am,”saidthebeingdraggedboy.Whengettingtoherdoor,Mrs.CrawleydraggeJackinside.“Yougotothatsinkandwashyourface,andI’mgoingtofixussomethingtoeat.You’rehungry—orbeenhungry—totrytosnatchmypack.”saidthewoman,turningJackloose.Hewenttothesink.“Iwantedapairofbluesuedeshoes,”saidJack.“Well,youdidn’thavetosnatchmypacktogetyoursuedeshoes,”saidMrs.Crawley.“Youcouldhaveaskedme.”“Ma’am?”Thewaterdrippingfromhisface,Jacklookedather.Therewasalongpause.Averylongpause.Thensupperwasready,withabiteofcakescookedforeach.Mrs.Crawleysetthetable.注意：1.续写词数应为150左右;2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。ShedidnotaskJackanythingthatwouldembarrasshimastheyate.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________“Shoesgotinthatwaywillmakeyouuncomfortable,”continuedMs.Crawley,readytogetherrest.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________/__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案：1．D2．B3．C【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要给徒步旅行者提供了一些保障安全的建议。1．细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Findoutwhattimethesunsets.Mostlocalnewspapersprovidethisinformation.Mostpeoplebecomelostafternightfall,soitisimportanttoknowthisinformation.(弄清楚太阳什么时候下山。大多数当地报纸都提供这方面的信息。大多数人在夜幕降临后会迷路，所以了解这个信息很重要)”可知，如果徒步旅行者没有注意到日落的时间，他们可能会在树林里迷路。故选D。2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Carryawhistle(哨子).Usingaloudwhistleisagoodwaytocallattentiontoyourlocationifyougetlost.(带一个哨子。如果你迷路了，大声吹口哨是一种让人注意到你所在位置的好方法)”可知，徒步旅行者被建议使用响亮的口哨。故选B。3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Agoodhikingtripshouldbeplannedoutinadvance.Whetheritisahikeonamountaintrail(路线)orthroughthewoods,onenjoyablehikingtripcaneasilyturnintoadangeroussituationifsafetyisnotconsideredwell.NorthMountainStateParkadviseshikersconsiderthefollowingtipsbeforehittinganytrails(一次好的徒步旅行应该提前计划好。无论是在山路上还是穿过树林的徒步旅行，如果不考虑安全问题，一次愉快的徒步旅行很容易变成危险的情况。北山州立公园建议徒步旅行者在踏上任何小径之前考虑以下建议)”可推知，这篇文章的目的是解释如何在徒步旅行时安全。故选C。4．D5．B6．D7．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。作者通过自己的经历告诉我们，如果你懂得如何处理日常烦恼，你的青少年生活就没有那么难了。4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Teenagelifeisquitedramaticbutthatdoesn’tmeanyoucannotenjoyyourlifeintheseyears.Evenwithyourdailytroubles,yourlifeisnotveryhardifyouknowhowtodealwiththem.(青少年的生活充满戏剧性，但这并不意味着你不能享受这几年的生活。即使你每天都有烦恼，如果你知道如何处理它们，你的生活也不会很艰难)”可知，本文为青少年处理日常生活提出建议，故文章的目标读者是青少年。故选D。5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Aboveall,thehormonal(荷尔蒙的)imbalanceinyourbodycanreallymessyouup.Ihavebeenthere.Iwasinitforsixyearsexploringwhatlifeisabout!(最重要的是，你体内的荷尔蒙失衡真的会让你一团糟。我也经历过。我花了六年时间探索生活的真谛！)”可知，在所有的影响因素中，身体里的荷尔蒙不平衡会使得青少年的生活变得一团糟，所以身体上的变化让青少年的生活变得艰难。故选B。6．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Ihavebeenthere.Iwasinitforsixyearsexploringwhatlifeisabout!(我也经历过。我花了六年时间探索生活的真谛！)”和第三段中“Asateenager,Ihadamajorproblemcompletingmyroutinetasksontime.(十几岁的时候，我在按时完成日常任务方面遇到了很大的问题)”可以推断，作者的青少年生活是有很多问题，即是困难的。故选D。7．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“LifebecomesmucheasiernowbecauseIfinishallmyworkontimeandIhaveenoughtimetoletmyhairdown.Halftheproblemsofateenagerappearbecausewehatedoingthings.We’drathergoandhavefunthansitdownandtakeonourresponsibilities.(现在生活变得轻松多了，因为我按时完成了所有的工作，有足够的时间放松。青少年有一半的问题是因为我们讨厌做事。我们宁愿去玩，也不愿坐下来承担责任)”可知，作者建议青少年承担自己该有的责任，生活就没有那么难了。故选A。8．D9．B10．D11．A【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了以灰蛾为例，解释了什么是自然选择。8．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Naturalselectionoftentakeshundredsoreventhousandsofyearstohappen.Forthepepperedmoth,thisprocesshappenedcomparatively(相对地)quickly.(自然选择通常需要数百年甚至数千年才能发生。对于灰蛾来说，这个过程发生得相对较快。)”可知，通常而言自然选择是需要数百年甚至数千年才能发生，然而灰蛾自然选择的过程发生得较快。即灰蛾自然选择时间的长度是不同寻常。故选D。9．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Becausethelight-coloredmothsblendedintothelight-coloredbarkonthetrees,theycouldnotbeeasilyseenbybirdsthatwouldeatthem.(因为浅色的蛾子和树上浅色的树皮混在一起，所以它们不容易被吃它们的鸟类发现。)”可知，鸟类看不到浅色的飞蛾。故选B。10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Astheairgrewmorepolluted,however,treetrunksbecamecoveredwithsoot(煤烟)andbecamedarker.Thelight-coloredmothsbecameeasyforbirdstoseeagainstthedarktreetrunks.Sincethedark-coloredmothsnowhadtheadvantage,theirnumbersgrew.(然而，随着空气污染越来越严重，树干被煤烟覆盖，颜色也越来越深。在深色树干的衬托下，浅色的飞蛾很容易被鸟儿看到。由于深色蛾子现在占了优势，它们的数量增加了。)”可知，如果烟尘再次使英国的树木变黑，深色蛾子会占优势，它们的数量会增加。故选D。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Inthetwentiethcentury,theairclearedup,andthepepperedmothpopulationchangedagain.Astreetrunkslightenedbecauseoflesssootintheair,light-coloredmothsonceagainhadanadvantage.Theirnumbersincreasedassootlevelsdropped.Dependingontheirenvironment,thecolorationofthemothshelpedthemtobe“naturallyselected”tosurvive(生存).(到了20世纪，空气变好了，胡椒蛾的数量又发生了变化。由于空气中烟尘的减少，树干变轻了，浅色的蛾子再一次有了优势。随着烟尘水平的下降，它们的数量增加。根据它们所处的环境，飞蛾的颜色帮助它们“自然选择”生存下来)”可知，周围环境可能会影响一些斑蛾的生存。故选A。12．D13．A14．B15．C【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了世界上第一艘首次航行到奥斯陆的自动驾驶的电动集装箱货船的相关情况。12．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Theelectricityismadebywaterenergy,sothere’snopollutionatall.(电力是由水能产生的，所以完全没有污染。)”可知，这艘船的优点是不会造成环境污染。故选D。13．词句猜测题。根据第二段中出现的“Thecompanywantedtodevelopashipthatwouldn’tpollutetheearthandwascompletelyself-driving.(该公司想开发一种不会污染地球并且完全自动驾驶的船。)”以及该词后面内容“YaraBirkelandisexpectedtooperatewithoutanyhumans.(YaraBirkeland预计将在无人的情况下进行操作)”可知，这艘船是自动驾驶的，画线词意为“自动驾驶”。故选A。14．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“TheYarnBirkelandwillhavemanychallenges.(YarnBirkeland将面临诸多挑战。)”以及“Theshipwillneedtopassundertwobridgesandavoidalltheothertrafficonthebusywater.(这艘船将需要从两座桥下通过，并避开繁忙水域上的所有其他交通工具。)”可知，这艘船将面临的挑战之一是要在繁忙的水域中行驶。故选B。15．主旨大意题。本文开头介绍了世界上第一艘电动集装箱货船下水进行首次航行，然后在下文对这艘船的情况以及即将面临的挑战进行了介绍。C选项“AnElectricContainerShipSetsoff(一艘电动集装箱船起航)”，符合文章主旨。故选C。16．B17．A18．E19．C20．G【导语】这是一篇说明文，费城鲜为人知的一面是它拥有比世界上任一个城市都多的壁画，文章解释了其原因。16．上文“ItiswheretheDeclarationofIndependencewassignedin1776,anditwasalsothefirstcapitaloftheUnitedStates.(它是1776年《独立宣言》签署的地方，也是美国的第一个首都)”提到了关于费城广为人知的两件事，下文“Itishometonearly3,000mural(壁画)paintedonthesideofhomesandbuildingsaroundthecity.(这里有近3000幅壁画，画在城市周围的房屋和建筑的侧面)”提到关于费城鲜为人知的一面，故B项“但关于费城的一个事实并不为人所知”符合语境，与上文形成转折关系，并引起下文，故选B项。17．上文“That’smoremuralsthananyothercityonEarth.(那里的壁画比地球上任何一个城市都多)”提到费城的壁画比世界上任何一个城市都多，下文讲述了其原因，故A项“这是怎么发生的？”承上启下，故选A项。18．上文“Morethan20yearsago,aNewJerseyartistnamedJaneGoldenstartedaprogrampairingtroubledyouthwithartiststopaintmuralsonafewbuildingsaroundthecity.(20多年前，一位名叫JaneGolden的新泽西艺术家发起了一个项目，让问题青年和艺术家们在城市周围的几座建筑上画壁画)”提到20年前一位艺术家发起一个画壁画的项目，下文“Theteenagersinvolvedhelpedtocreatemagnificentpiecesofart,andtherewereother,evenmoreimportantbenefits.(参与其中的青少年帮助创造了宏伟的艺术作品，还有其他更重要的好处)”是讲述这个项目带来的改变，E项“从这个项目中，神奇的事情发生了”符合语境，E项中的“thisproject”呼应上文的aprogram，故选E项。19．上文“Theybecameresponsible,becausetheyneededtofollowascheduletomakesurethemuralswerecompleted.(他们开始负责，因为他们需要遵循一个时间表，以确保壁画的完成)”是讲述这个项目带给年轻人的改变，结合下文“ItishardforanyonetoseethespectaculardesignsandnotfeelasenseofhonourtobeapartofPhiladelphia.(看到这些壮观的设计，任何人都很难不为自己是费城的一份子而感到荣幸)”可知，空处与上文并列，应是讲述这个项目也让年轻人为自己身为费城的一员感到骄傲，C项“他们还学会了为自己的社区感到骄傲”符合语境，故选C项。20．空处总结上文，根据下一句“ItisalsoamodelforothercitiesthroughoutAmericaseekingtohelptroubledyouth.(它也是美国其他城市寻求帮助问题青年的典范)”中的关键词“also”可知，空处也是讲述这个项目最后带来的结果，G项“由于它的成功，壁画项目现在已经成为美国最大的公共艺术项目”符合语境。故选G项。21．D22．B23．A24．A25．D26．C27．A28．D29．B30．D31．B32．C33．A34．B35．B【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是一个人不小心将中奖的彩票放进了路边卖艺的艺术家的帽子里，艺术家很诚实，第二天回到同样的地方，等到了彩票的主人回来取回它。21．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个星期五的晚上，一位贫穷的年轻艺术家站在地铁站门口，拉着小提琴。A.morning早上；B.afternoon下午；C.noon中午；D.night晚上。根据下文“Lastnight,agentlemanputa(n)____7____thingintomyhat”可知，艺术家是在晚上拉小提琴。故选D。22．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：音乐很美妙，许多匆忙回家的人放慢了脚步，把一些钱放进了年轻人的帽子里。A.quiet安静的；B.beautiful美妙的；C.shocking令人震惊的；D.interesting有趣的。根据下文“Themusicsoundedmorepleasant”可知，那个年轻人拉小提琴拉得很好，所以音乐是美妙的。故选B。23．考查动词短语辨析。句意：音乐很美妙，许多匆忙回家的人放慢了脚步，把一些钱放进了年轻人的帽子里。A.sloweddown慢下来；B.spedup加速；C.passedby经过；D.wentaway离开。根据下文“putsomemoneyintothehatoftheyoungman”可知，匆忙回家的人要放慢脚步才能往年轻人的帽子里放钱，因此空格处是“慢下来”。故选A。24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：第二天晚上，这位年轻的艺术家拿出一张大纸放在地上。A.paper纸；B.glass玻璃；C.plastic塑料；D.cloth布料。根据下文“onthatpaper”可知，年轻的艺术家拿出一张大纸放在地上。故选A。25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后他开始演奏。A.working工作；B.sliding滑行；C.singing唱歌；D.playing演奏。根据下文“Themusicsoundedmorepleasant”可知，他把纸放在地上后又开始演奏。故选D。26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一些人聚集在一起，他们发现了那张纸上的文字。A.poems诗歌；B.articles文章；C.words字；D.texts课文。根据下文“Lastnight,agentlemanputa(n)____7____thingintomyhat.Pleasecometogetitback”可知，人们发现了那张纸上写的字，因此空格处是“words”。故选C。27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：昨晚，一位先生把一件重要的东西放进我的帽子里。A.important重要的；B.fantastic极好的；C.dangerous危险的；D.lovely可爱的。根据下文“alotteryticketafewdaysago.Theawards(奖)openedyesterdayandhewon$500,000”可知，那张彩票能兑奖50万，所以对主人当然重要。故选A。28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：当人们看到这一点时，他们感到非常好奇，并猜测那个重要的东西可能是什么。A.talked谈话；B.cared在意；C.expected期待；D.guessed猜测。根据上文“theyfeltverycurious”可知，人们很好奇，所以是猜测那个重要的东西可能是什么。故选D。29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：大约半个小时后，一名男子匆忙赶到那里。A.came来；B.rushed冲；C.walked走路；D.left离开。根据下文“inahurry”可知，那个男子是匆忙赶到那里，因此空格处是“冲”。故选B。30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：你丢了什么东西吗？A.damage破坏；B.discover发现；C.forget忘记；D.lose丢失。根据上文“Lastnight,agentlemanputa(n)____7____thingintomyhat”可知，那个男子是丢了东西。故选D。31．考查副词词义辨析。句意：“一张彩票，”那人忧心忡忡地回答。A.proudly骄傲地；B.worriedly担忧地；C.seriously认真地；D.carefully小心地。根据上文“agentlemanputa(n)____7____thingintomyhat”及后面“alotteryticketafewdaysago.Theawards(奖)openedyesterdayandhewon$500,000”可知，那个男子丢了一张可以兑50万的彩票，当然是很担心拿不回来。故选B。32．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：那人激动得一句话也说不出来。A.tired累的；B.disappointed失望的；C.excited激动的；D.surprised惊讶的。根据上文“Theviolinisttoo