应用型大学英语视听说教程提高篇1第六版 课件 u4 Cyber Security

Unit4CyberSecurity目

录CONTENTSEUnit4CyberSecurityPartOneWarm-upPartTwoListening—ListeningSkillFocus听强调信号词PartThreeTestingPartFourSpeaking—SpeakingSkillFocus如何表达偏爱？PartFiveReviewingPartOneWarm-upIViewingDirections:Watchthevideo.WriteTforTrueandFforFalseinthebrackets.Script:PartOneWarm-upIViewing1.()Inthiscourse,you’lllearnhowtosecureyouraccountdataandevaluatecyberthreats.2.()AIcannothelptodetectpatternsandpotentialadversarybehavior.3.()Evenifyou’renotaprogrammerorcomputerperson,thiscoursewillpresentmultilevelthreatexamples,andprovideyouwithallyouneedtoknow.TFTPartOneWarm-upIIDiscussionDirections:Cybersecurityisasubsetofinformationtechnologyassociatedwithsafeguardingcomputersystemsandinformation.Therearemanytypesofcybersecuritythreats,includingtheft,hacking,virus,andmore.Cyberattacksmayresultinstolencreditcardinformation,personaldetails,andothersensitivedata.Workwithyourclassmatestosearchmoreinformationaboutcybersecurity,andshareyouropinionson“theimportanceofraisingtheawarenessofcybersecurity”withthewholeclass.PartOneWarm-upIIDiscussionTheimportanceofraisingawarenessofcybersecuritycannotbeoverstatedintoday’sdigitalage.Herearesomekeypoints:1.ProtectPersonalandFinancialSafetyRaisingcybersecurityawarenesshelpsindividualssafeguardtheirpersonalinformation,suchaspasswords,bankdetails,andprivatedata,fromcyberthreatslikehackingandidentitytheft.Forexample,knowinghowtocreatestrongpasswordsorrecognizephishingemailscanpreventfinanciallossesandprivacybreaches.2.EnsureBusinessandInstitutionalStabilityIntheprofessionalworld,companiesandorganizationsrelyheavilyondigitalsystems.Whenemployeesareawareofcybersecurity,theycanavoidactionsthatmightexposesensitivedata.Thisprotectstheorganization’sreputation,customertrust,andoperationalcontinuity.3.SafeguardNationalandGlobalSecurityCybersecuritythreatscanextendbeyondindividualstoimpactnationalinfrastructure,suchaspowergridsorgovernmentnetworks.Widespreadawarenesshelpsbuilda“collectivedefense”againstcyberattacksthatcoulddisruptpublicservicesoreventriggerinternationalconflicts.PartTwoListeningListeningSkillFocus信号词往往是连接句子与句子、段落与段落的桥梁。说话人在表明观点的时候，往往会因为某些内容特别关键或重要，而使用一些强调信号词，这些信号词暗示下文有特别关键或重要的内容。找准强调信号词有助于我们捕捉听力材料的重点信息，强调信号词有:1.副词类强调信号词absolutely,certainly,clearly,definitely,indeed2.形容词类强调信号词own,very,mere3.短语类强调信号词mostofall,morethananythingelse，payparticularattentionto，aboveall，bytheway比如你听到以下内容:Yourtaskistoanalyzethefeaturesthatinfluenceapieceofwriting.Youshouldpayspecialattentiontothegenreofthewriting.听者的任务是分析影响一篇文章的因素，其中最重要的信息就在强调信号词之后，即特别留意文章的体裁。听强调信号词ListeningforEmphasisSignalWordsPartTwoListeningExercise1Keywordsmultifaceted/ˌmʌltiˈfæsrtɪd/adj.多层面的，包罗万象的unprecedented/ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/adj.前所未有的，史无前例的vehemently/ˈviːəməntli/adv.激烈地，竭尽全力地sovereign/ˈsɒvrɪn/adj.有主权的，完全独立的Script:PartTwoListeningExercise1BackgroundTipsBRICS（金砖国家），是一个国际合作组织，创始成员国包括巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国。2001年，美国高盛公司首席经济师吉姆·奥尼尔首次提出“金砖四国”概念，特指世界新兴市场。巴西、俄罗斯、印度、中国四国英文名称首字母组成缩写词“BRIC”。该词拼写和发音与英语单词“砖”相近。2011年，南非正式加入金砖国家，组织被定名为BRICS。PartTwoListeningIListeningSkillExerciseDirections:Pleasefocusontherelationshipbetweeninnovationandregulationinthepassage,andchoosethecorrectanswers.1.WhichsignalwordinthepassageisusedtohighlightmassiveprojectedgrowthinInternetaccessinBRICScountries?A.Notably.B.Significantly.C.Crucially.D.Importantly.2.Theword“significantly”isusedinthepassagetoemphasizetheroleofpeopleinBRICScountriesas_____________.A.Potentialconsumers.B.Producersofvaluablepersonaldata.C.Developersofdigitalservices.D.Usersofcriticalinfrastructures.ABPartTwoListeningIListeningSkillExerciseDirections:Pleasefocusontherelationshipbetweeninnovationandregulationinthepassage,andchoosethecorrectanswers.3.Theauthorusestheword“crucially”toemphasizethatBRICScountriesholdalargeproportionoftheworld’smostvaluableresource,whichis__________.A.Thepersonaldataoftheircitizens.B.Digitaltechnology.C.Internetaccess.D.Theeconomicopportunity.4.Thephrase“mostimportantly”isusedinthepassagetohighlighttheincreasingdemandofthepopulationinBRICScountriesfor__________.A.Increasedeconomicgrowth.B.Moredigitalservices.C.FasterInternetaccess.D.Thehigherstandardofdataprotection.ADPartTwoListeningIIListeningComprehensionDirections:Choosethecorrectanswersaccordingtothepassage.1.WhatistheprojectedtrendinInternetaccessinBRICScountriesinthenextfiveyears?A.AslightincreaseinInternetaccess.B.MassiveprojectedgrowthinInternetaccess.C.AdeclineinInternetaccess.D.NosignificantchangeinInternetaccess.2.WhyareBRICScountriesparticularlyconcernedaboutdatasovereignty?A.Theyhavethelargestnumberofmaterialsintheworld.B.Theywanttocontroltheglobaldigitalmarket.C.Theyfacemorecyberthreatsthanothercountries.D.Theircitizensproduceasignificantamountofvaluablepersonaldata.BDPartTwoListeningIIListeningComprehensionDirections:Choosethecorrectanswersaccordingtotheconversation.3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemainfocusofBRICScountriesaboutdigitalization?A.ExpandingInternetaccesstoallcitizens.B.Prioritizingpersonaldataregulations.C.Developingdigitalservicesforglobalmarkets.D.Increasingtheproductionofdigitaltechnology.4.WhatistheprimaryreasonforthedevelopmentofdigitalpoliciesinBRICScountries?A.Toincreaseeconomicgrowth.B.Toprotectcriticalinfrastructures.C.Tosafeguardpeople,theirdata,andcriticalinfrastructures.D.Tocompetewithotherglobalpowers.5.WhatisthemaindemandofthepopulationinBRICScountriesregardingpersonaldata?A.Thehigherstandardofdataprotection.B.Moreaccesstodigitalservices.C.IncreasedInternetspeed.D.Thelowercostfordigitaltechnology.BCAPartTwoListeningExercise2Keywordseligibility/ˌelɪdʒəˈbɪləti/n.资格，合格coupon/ˈkuːpɒn/n.赠券，优惠券credentials/krəˈdenʃlz/n.资格，证明fishy/ˈfɪʃi/adj.可疑的verification/ˌverɪfiˈkeɪʃən/n.证实，证明，核实malicious/məˈlɪʃəs/adj.恶意的，恶毒的，怀恨的fraudulent/ˈfrɔːdjələnt/adj.欺诈的，诈骗的legitimate/ɪˈdʒɪtmət/adj.正当的，合理的，合法的intercept/ˌɪntəˈsept/v.拦截，阻截alphanumeric/ˌælfənjuːˈmerik/adj.含有字母和数字的Script:PartTwoListeningExercise2BackgroundTipsmalwareattack(恶意软件攻击)是攻击者通过virus（病毒）、adware（广告软件）等恶意程序入侵设备或网络的行为，可能导致数据泄露、系统瘫痪等严重后果。phishingattack（钓鱼攻击）

是一种网络诈骗手段。攻击者伪装成可信来源（如银行、公司等），诱骗受害者点击恶意链接、下载附件或输入敏感信息（如密码、信用卡号），从而窃取数据或植入恶意软件。man-in-the-middleattack（MITM，中间人攻击）是攻击者在通信双方（如用户与网站、设备与Wi-Fi）之间秘密拦截、篡改或窃取数据的一种网络攻击方式。攻击者像“中间人”一样潜伏在通信链路上，使双方误以为他们在直接交流，但实际上所有信息都可能被监听或操控。passwordattack（密码攻击）是攻击者通过技术或非技术手段，尝试破解、窃取或绕过用户密码，以非法获取系统或账户的访问权限的行为。PartTwoListeningIMindMapDirections:Completethefollowingmindmapaccordingtothevideoyouhavewatched.PartTwoListening1.convenience2.fake3.credentials4.attachments5.intercepts6.commonpasswords7.Firewalls8.attractattackersAnn’sCybersecurityExperienceAnn’sShoppingHabitsTeachingFractionsCyberattackTypesReceiveda2emailclaimingeligibilityforadiscountvoucher.LanguageSupport7:VirtualwallsbetweenAnn’scomputerandtheInternet.Shoppedfrom.MalwareAttacksSavedheremailID,address,andcreditcarddetailsfor1.Wasaskedtofillinaccount3.Theaccountwashacked,andmoneywasstolen.PhishingAttacksMan-in-themiddleAttacksPasswordAttacksExample:Trojan,adware.Cause:Downloadingsuspicious4.Fakeemailsappearingtobefromalegitimatesource.Purpose:Installingmalwareorstealingsensitivedata.Thehacker5communicationbetweenAnn’sdeviceandthewebsiteserver.CommonwithunsecuredWi-Finetworkandmalware.Crackingpasswordsbyusing6oralphabeticalcombinations.Honeypots:Dummycomputersystemsto8.Antivirus+StrongPasswords.PartTwoListeningIIDictationDirections:Watchthevideoagainandfillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhaveheard.Annfrequentlyshoppedon,storingheremailID,address,andcreditcarddetailsonthesiteforconvenience.Oneday,shereceivedanemailclaimingshewaseligiblefora1_____________voucherfromwww..Togetthecouponcode,shewasaskedtoprovideheraccountcredentials,whichshethoughtwasjustfor2_____________.However,thisemailwasfake,andsoon3_____________moneywasstolenfromheraccount.Ann’saccountsufferedunauthorizedaccessbya4_____________.Variouscyberattacksexist,suchas5_____________attacks(trojan,adware,spyware),which6_____________systemsthroughmaliciousattachments.Phishingattacks,liketheoneAnnexperienced,involvefakeemailsfromseeminglylegitimatesourcestostealdata.Man-in-the-middleattacksinterceptcommunicationbetween7________________,oftenthroughunsecuredWi-Fiormalware.Passwordattackscrackpasswordsbyusingcommoncombinations.Topreventfutureattacks,Anntookseveralcybersecuritymeasures.Sheinstalledafirewall,avirtualbarrier8_____________Internettraffictoprotecthernetwork.Shealsoimplementedhoneypots—dummysystemstoattractanddeceiveattackers.Additionally,Annuseduniquealphanumericpasswords,installedantivirussoftware,andavoidedemailsfromunknownsenders.discountverificationalargesumofhackermalwarecorruptdevicesandserversfilteringUnitTopicResearchPartThreeTestingBefore-classDirections:Workwithyourclassmatesandfindouttheskillsandknowledgeyoushouldbeequippedwithtosafeguardyouronlinesafety.INewsPartThreeTestingIn-classDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearanewsreport.Attheendofthenewsreport,youwillhearthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).

1.A.Theincreasingnumberofspamcallsworldwide.B.TheuseofAItoimitatevoicesforfrauds.C.Thetotalnumberofdailyspamcalls.D.Thesecuritymeasuresoftelephonecompanies.2.A.52percent.B.6.5percent.C.70percent.D.25percent.BAScript:INewsPartThreeTestingIn-classDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearanewsreport.Attheendofthenewsreport,youwillhearthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).

3.A.Completelybanphonecommunication.B.Investinexpensivesecuritysystems.C.Includevoiceforgeryinemployeecybersecuritytraining.D.Limitemployeephoneusage.CIILongConversationPartThreeTestingIn-classBDDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearalongconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Script:

1.A.Abankingtelephonefraud.B.Aphishingemailtargetingcollegestudents.C.Asocialmediahackingscheme.D.Ascholarshipapplicationscam.2.A.Byusingcomplextechnicallanguage.B.Bycreatingfakeuniversitywebsites.C.Bycallingstudentswithconcealedtelephonenumbers.D.Byusingofficiallogosandprofessionallanguage.IILongConversationPartThreeTestingIn-classACDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearalongconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).

3.A.Enablingtwo-factorauthentication.B.Changingpasswordsmonthly.C.UsingpublicWi-Fifreely.D.Sharingpasswordswithfriends.4.A.Blockallemailsfromforeignwebsites.B.Prohibitstudentsfromusingemails.C.Runcybersecurityworkshops.D.Providefreeantivirussoftware.IIIPassagePartThreeTestingIn-classACDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearashortpassage.Attheendofthepassage,youwillhearthreequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Script:

1.A.Phishingemails.B.Physicalbreak-in.C.Directnetworkinfiltration.D.Malwareinstallation.2.A.Customerdatawasstolenbyaphishingemail.B.Thecompanywentbankruptinasingleday.C.Nocustomerinformationwascompromised.D.Thehackerssuccessfullyaccessedallsystems.IIIPassagePartThreeTestingIn-classDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearashortpassage.Attheendofthepassage,youwillhearthreequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).A

3.A.Tohiremoresecurityguardsandpurchasenewcomputers.B.Tointroducemulti-factorauthenticationforallemployeeaccounts.C.Toconductregularsecurityauditsintheirsystems.D.Toimplementcontinuousemployeetrainingprograms.RetellingPartThreeTestingAfter-classDirections:Trytoretellthepassageyoujustheard.KeyExpressionssmallonlineretailcompany,hacker,phishingemail,logincredentials,robust,fallvictimto,deploy,compromisedaccount,exfiltrate,securityauditTipsIn2019,asmallonlineretailcompanyfaced…whenhackers…Theattackbeganwith…Withinhours…Fortunately,thecompanyrecentlyimplementeda…Theemployee…recognizedthemistakeandreported…totheITDepartment.TheITteamactedswiftly…Thecompany’sproactivemeasurespaidoff.ISpeakingSkillIntroductionPartFourSpeakingSpeakingSkillFocus如何表达偏爱？HowtoExpressPreference?在日常生活、学习以及工作中，我们对某些事物总会有偏爱。那么，我们应该如何既清晰又礼貌地表达自己的偏爱呢？例如：A:Whichwouldyoupreferfordinner,pastaorpizza?B:I’dlikepasta,please.IIUsefulExpressionsPartFourSpeakingSpeakingSkillFocusPreferenceTopic-relatedSentencesSuggestedRepliesDoyouprefertotravelaloneorwithyourfriends?Iprefertotravelwithmyfriends.

Iwouldliketotravelwithmyfriendsratherthantravelalone.

Iwouldrathertravelalone.Whichsweaterdoyouprefer,woolorcotton?Ilikethewoolonebetter.

Idon’tcare.

Eitherisfine.Whichwouldyouprefer,applesorbananas?I’dlikeapples,please.

I’dratherhaveapples,please.

I’dpreferapples,please.Doyouhaveanyseatpreference?Windoworaisle?I’dliketohaveawindowseat.IInterpretationPartFourSpeakingSpeakingExercise1.EnglishtoChineseDirections:TrytointerpretthepassageyoujustheardintoChinese.Script:人工智能在各行业的日益融合深刻重塑了网络安全实践。随着网络威胁的复杂化，传统安全手段愈发显得不足，这使得采用AI驱动的解决方案变得至关重要。这种融合不仅是技术上的进步，更是应对复杂数字风险的关键举措。在AI持续改变内容生产与消费模式的同时，其在网络安全领域的应用也变得不可或缺。与此同时，中国近年来强化了网络安全法律体系建设，实施了国家网络空间安全战略，并颁布了《数据安全法》《个人信息保护法》等关键法规。通过技术创新与法律监管相结合，中国正以系统性方式守护人工智能时代的数据隐私与安全。IInterpretationPartFourSpeakingSpeakingExercise2.ChinesetoEnglishDirections:TrytointerpretthepassageyoujustheardintoEnglish.Script:Withthedevelopmentoftechnologyandthechangesinpeople’slifestyles,theInternethasbecomeanindispensablepartofmodernsociety.PeopleusetheInternetforcommunication,work,shopping,entertainment,etc.,andtheInternethasgreatlytransformedourwayoflife.Thepopularityofsocialmediahasmadethedisseminationofinformationmorerapid,andtheconnectionsbetweenpeoplehavebecomecloser.Meanwhile,theInternethasalsobroughtmanynewchallenges,suchasprivacyissuesandnetworksecurityproblems.Therefore,weneedtopaymoreattentiontoandprotectourownnetworksecurity,andatthesametime,makerationaluseoftheconveniencesbroughtbytheInternet.IISpeechPartFourSpeakingSpeakingExerciseDirections:Thevideohighlightshowartificialintelligence(AI)isrevolutionizingeducationthroughpersonalizedlearning,adaptiveassessment,intelligenttutoring,andautomatedgrading.Theseinnovationsdemonstratehowtechnologycanenhancetraditionalteachingmethods.Readanddiscussthefollowingquestionsandtopicswithyourclassmates:1.Inyourview,whatotherplausiblebutunderdiscussedscenarioscouldfallunderthedefinitionofcyberwarfare?Howmightinternationallawsbedesignedtoaddressaccountabilityinsuchscenarios(e.g.,targetingprogrammers,commanders,orengineers)?2.Thevideosuggeststwopathstoaddresscyberwarfare:prioritizingpeaceorcreatingnewlaws.Whichpathdoyouprefer,andwhy?Prepareashortspeech(1minute-2minutes),consideringethical,practical,andgeopoliticalfactors.Script:AShortVideoAboutChinaPartFourSpeakingCulturalLinkDirections:Throughwatchingthisvideo,youcanlearnthatChinahasimplementednewrulestoprotectchildrenandyoungpeopleonline,aimingtocreateahealthyonlineenvironmentandsafeguardtheirlegitimaterights.Theserules,thefirstspecializedonesforminors’InternetprotectioninChina,covervariousaspectslikeregulatingcontents,protectingpersonalinformation,andpreventingInternetaddiction,withclearlegalconsequencesforviolations.Script:PartFiveReviewingSelf-reviewHaveyougraspedkeyvocabulariesandphrasesrelevanttocybersecurity?

Absolutely

Moderately

HardlyLanguagePointsTheListeningSkillHaveyouacquiredthelisteningskilloflisteningforemphasissignalwords?

Absolutely

Moderately

HardlyTheSpeakingSkillHaveyouacquiredthespeakingskillofexpressingpreference?

Absolutely

Moderately

HardlySkillsPartFiveReviewingSelf-reviewHaveyoucomprehendedthesignificanceofcybersecurityandacquiredthestrategiestostrengthenit?

Absolutely

Moderately

HardlyLiteracyPartOneWarm-upIViewingHelloworld,mynameisDavidMalanandthisisCS50IntroductiontoCybersecurityfortechnicalandnon-technicalaudiencesalike.Inthiscourse,you'lllearnhowtosecureyouraccount,data,systems,andsoftwareagainsttoday'sthreatsandhowtorecognizeandevaluatetomorrow'saswell,bothathomeandatwork.You’lllearnhowtopreserveyourownprivacy.You’lllearnhowtousecybersecuritynotinabsoluteterms,butrelative,afunctionofrisksandrewardsforanadversary,andcostsandbenefitsforyou.Andyou'lllearntorecognizecybersecurityisatrade-offwithusabilityitself.Intheworldofcybersecurity,IdaresayyouandIhavetobeperfect.Allofourdoors,allofourwindows,virtuallyspeaking,havetobelocked.Butanadversaryhastofindjustonemistakethatwe'vemade—asingledoororwindowajar.Soperhapsweshouldbefocusednotonlyonprevention,butondetectionespecially.Throughauditing,monitoring,sothatevenifanadversarygetsin,wecanatleastdetectasmuchquicklyandminimizethedownsidesforusandinturn,theupsidesforthem.Perhapsnowadays,toolslikeartificialintelligenceorAIcanevenhelpwiththat,detectingpatternsandpotentialadversaries’behaviorthatwemightnotevennoticeourselves,andperhapsifweraisethebarhighenoughfortheadversary,increasingtheircost,theirrisk,decreasingtheirpotentialreward,they’llsimplyloseinterestinusasatarget.Ofcourse,iftheyhavemoreresourcesthanus,theymightverywellwinanyway.Butwilltheybeeveninterestedinus?Whichofthesethreatsshouldweactuallyworryabout?Throughoutthiscourse,we’llpresentbothhigh-levelandlow-levelexamplesofthreats,andprovideyouwithallyouneedknowtechnicallytounderstandboth.evenifyou'renotaprogrammerorcomputerpersonyourself.Throughthoseexamples,we’llintroduceyoutocertainfirstprinciples,howcomputersthemselvesworksoyoucanunderstandanddeduceevenafterthecourseends,howotherthreatsthattheworldmightnothaveevenseenyetactuallywork.ThisisCS50IntroductiontoCybersecurity.PartTwoListeningExercise1HalfoftheBRICSpopulationisalreadyconnectedtotheInternet,generatinganastonishinglylargeamountofdata.Theseadvancementsarefundamentallyrevolutionizingouronlineandofflinelivesand,whiletheyaregeneratingnewmultifacetedthreats,arealsopresentingunprecedentedopportunities.Notably,overthenextfiveyears,massiveprojectedgrowthinInternetaccessisexpectedintheBRICScountries,particularlyinChina,India,andBrazil.Inthiscontext,itisessentialtoclarifywhyBRICSnationsaresointenselyfocusedonembracingdigitalization.The3.2billionpeoplelivinginBRICScountriesarenotmerelypotentialconsumersordevelopersofdigitalservices.Significantly,theyaretheproducersofwhatisnowwidelyregardedastheworld’smostvaluableasset:personaldata.Fromthisperspective,itbecomesstrikinglyclearwhytheIndiangovernmentadvocatesforsovereigncontrolofdata,whyRussiahasrecentlyanddecisivelyadopteddigitalsovereigntylegislation,andwhyallBRICScountriesareprioritizingpersonaldataregulations.Crucially,BRICSnations—hometo42percentoftheglobalpopulation—alsohold42percentoftheworld’smostvaluableresource:thepersonaldataoftheircitizens.Thus,thedevelopmentofdigitalpolicies,especiallythoserelatedtocybersecurityanddataprotection,hasbecomeastrategicimperativeforeconomicandsocialdevelopment,aswellasforsafeguardingpeople,theirdata,andthecriticalinfrastructurestheyrelyondaily.Mostimportantly,themultibillion-strongpopulationofBRICScountriesisincreasinglydemandinghigherstandardsofdataprotection.Thisunderscorestheurgentneedtoensurethatthevastquantitiesofpersonaldatacollectedthroughdigitaltechnologiesareusednotjustforprofit,buttoimprovepeople’slives.PartTwoListeningExercise2MissAnn,sheoftenshopsfrom.ShehasherinformationlikeemailID,addressandcreditcarddetailssavedonthewebsitetoenableafasterandhassle-freeshoppingexperience.Therequiredinformationisstoredinaserver.OnedayAnnreceivedanemailwhichstatedhereligibilityforspecialdiscountvoucherfrom.Inordertoreceivethecouponcode,shewasaskedtofillinheraccountcredentials.Thisdidn’tseemfishytoheratthetime,asshethoughtitwasjustanaccountverificationstep.Littledidsherealizethedangershewouldbefacing.Shewasknockedoffherfeetwhenasubstantialamountofmoneywaswipedoffheraccount.Howdoyouthinkthishappened?Well,yes,theemailshereceivedwasfake.Ann’saccountwitnessedunauthorizedaccessfromathirdparty.Thistypeofattackisknownasacyberattackandthepersonwhocarriesitoutiscalledahacker.Solet’stakealookatthevariouscyberattacksthatAnncouldhavebeenexposedto.OneofthemostcommontypesofcyberattacksisamalwareattacklikeTrojan,adwareandspyware,tonameafew.HadAnndownloadedanysuspiciousattachmentsonline,hersystemcouldhavegottencorruptedbycertainmaliciousvirusesembeddedwithintheattachments.Nextisaphishingattack,thetypeofcyberattackwhichAnnexperienced.Here,thehackerusuallysendsfraudulentemailswhichappeartobecomingfromalegitimatesource.Thisisdonetoinstallmalwareortostealsensitivedatalikecreditcardinformationandlogincredentials.Anothertypeofattackistheman-in-the-middleattack.Here,thehackergainsaccesstotheinformationpathbetweenAnn’sdeviceandthewebsite’sserver.2-1PartTwoListeningExercise2Thehacker’scomputertakesoverAnn’sIPaddress.Bydoingso,thecommunicationlinebetweenAnnandthewebsiteissecretlyintercepted.ThiscommonlyhappenswithunsecuredWi-Finetworksandalsothroughmalware.Passwordattackisoneoftheeasiestwaystohackasystem.HereAnn’spasswordcouldhavebeencrackedbyusingeithercommonpasswordsortryingallpossiblealphabeticalcombinations.Topreventfuturecyberattacks,Annsoughttoimplementafewcybersecuritypractices.First,sheinstalledafirewall.Asthenamesuggests,itisavirtualwallbetweenAnn’scomputerandtheInternet.Firewallsfiltertheincomingandoutgoingtrafficfromyourdevicetosafeguardyournetwork,andtheycaneitherbesoftwareapplicationsorhardwarereinforcements.Secondly,Annimplementedhoneypots,justlikehowflowersattractbees,dummycomputersystemscalledhoneypotsareusedtoattractattackers.Thesesystemsaremadetolookvulnerableinordertodeceiveattackers,andthisinturndefendstherealsystem.Inadditiontothese,shealsodecidedtouseuniquealphanumericpasswords,antivirussoftwareandstartedavoidingmailsfromunknownsenders.ThatwasAnn’sstory.2-2PartThreeTestingINewsInrecentyears,robocallingfraudsintheUShavebecomeincreasinglywidespreadanddisturbing.Now,withthedevelopmentofgenerativeartificialintelligence,fraudstersuseartificialintelligencetechnologytoimitatethevoicesofacquaintancestocarryoutreal-timecallfraud,whichistoughtoguardagainst,CNBCreportedrecently.AccordingtotheGlobalCallThreatReportforQ22023releasedrecentlybyHiya,atelephonevoicesecuritycompany,Hiyafound6.5billionspamcalls(includingfraudandnuisancecalls)worldwideinthesecondquarter,whichisequivalenttoabout70millionspamcallsperday.IntheUS,1in4callsarereportedasspam.Atpresent,thereisnodataonhowmanyspamcallsaregeneratedbyAI,butbecauseAIcanmimicthevoiceofarealpersonandhaverealtimeconversations,itisbecomingincreasinglyhardtoidentifysomescamcalls.AccordingtocybersecurityfirmMcAfee,52percentofAmericanshavesharedtheirvoiceonline,providingfodderforscammerstocopy.Inordertoavoidbeingscammed,enterprisesandindividualsshouldstrengthenanti-fraudeducation.Forbusinesses,voiceforgeryshouldbeincludedaspartofemployeecybersecuritytraining.Asforindividuals,becautiousaboutsharingpersonalvoicemessagesonline.（202）Questi