跨文化商务沟通（英文版第6版）课件 第1章 跨文化沟通的本质

Chapter1TheNatureofInterculturalCommunication2Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.1-3TopicsGlobalization/glocalization/grobalizationCultureEnculturation/AcculturationEthnocentrismNorms,rules,roles,andnetworksSubculturesandsubgroupsCommunicationbarriersMultinationalmanagementorientationsCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.1-4ExampleofMiscommunicationTelexsenttoafactorymanagerofaU.S.subsidyinLima,Peru:“Pleasesendaheadcountofthepeopleinyourfactoryandinyouroffice,brokendownbysex.Informationurgent.”Thelocalmanager,aPeruvian,replied:“Here’syourheadcount:wehave30inthefactory,15intheoffice,5inthehospitalonsickleave,nonebrokendownbysex.Ifyoumustknow,ourproblemhereiswithalcohol.”(Axtell,1994)Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.5CommunicationandCultureCommunicationandcultureareinseparable.Cultureisacodewelearnandshare.LearningandsharingrequirecommunicationCommunicationrequirescodingandsymbolsthatarelearnedandshared.(Smith,1966)Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.6DefinitionsInternationalcommunication-communicationbetweengovernmentsoramongnationsIntraculturalcommunication-communicationbetweenmembersofthesamecultureGlobalbusinesscommunication-communicationbetweenbusinessesfromdifferentcountriesCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.7Interculturalbusinesscommunication–interpersonalcommunicationwithinandbetweenbusinessesthatinvolvepeoplefrommorethanonecultureMeltingpot-socioculturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferingbackgroundsandnationalities;implieslosingethnicdifferencesandformingonelargesociety(macroculture)Diffusion-theprocessbywhichtwocultureslearnandadaptmaterialsandadoptpracticesofeachotherCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.8Worldculture-theideathatastraditionalbarriersamongpeopleofdifferingculturesbreakdown,oneculturewillemergeGlobalization-theabilityofafirmtotakeaproductandmarketitintheentirecivilizedworldU.S.Census201064% WhiteAmericans16% HispanicAmericans14% AfricanAmericans5% AsianAmericans.9% Amer.Indians&AlaskanNatives.2% NativeHawaiians&Pacific Islanders.9% OthersCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.9Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.10Globalization,Glocalization,andGrobalizationGlobalization—theworldwidediffusionofpracticesGlocalization—theinterpenetrationoftheglobalandlocalGrobalization—focusesontheimperialisticambitionsofnations,corporations,andorganizationstoimposethemselvesonothersCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.11DimensionsofCultureLanguages(codes/modes)VerbalNonverbalPhysical PsychologicalEnvironmentHumanBehaviorContent Processes NaturalManMade KnowledgeBeliefEncoding SystemsDecoding Thought FromBorden,1991,171Copyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.12DescribetheU.S.oranotherCultureUsingBordenLanguageVerbalNonverbalPsychologicalContentKnowledgeBeliefSystemsProcessesEncodingThoughtDecodingThoughtPhysicalEnvironmentCulturalactivitiesCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.13Perceptions&StereotypesPerceptionsarelearnedthroughthedimensionsofculture.Cultureislearnedthroughperception.Stereotypesareperceptionsaboutcertaingroupsofpeopleornationalities,oftenbaseduponlimitedknowledgeand/orexposureCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.14StereotypesofU.S.PersonsInformalrelationshipsRatherformalinbusinessattire(suitsformen;dressesorsuitsforwomen)WorkaholicsEmbarrassforeignbusinesspeopleOverlyconcernedwithtime,money,andappointmentsCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.15Makedecisionsonhard,objectivefactsConsidercontractsandthewrittenwordasveryimportantBeawareofthestatusdifferenceswithintheorganization;however,generallynodisplayofsuperiorityorinferiorityismadewhichmakesrank-consciousforeignersuneasyAreverymobileConveysuperiorityintheiractionsCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.16StereotypesofSelectedCultures(JapaneseandU.S.Students) Japanese

AmericansEnglish gentlemanly, formal,proper, polite polite,intelligentIrish cold,patient, drinkers,jovial, religious hot-tempered,loudChinese diligent,serious quiet,small, ingenious,laboring industrious,smartMexicans cheerful,passionate lazy,poor,loud, spicy-foodeaters dirty,uneducatedRussians cold,dark,closed, cold,respectauthority, secret,selfish hard-workingIsraelis religious,faithful, religious,quarrelsome, warlike,Jewish wealthy,greedyCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.17TermsEnculturation-socializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursocietyFrontstageculture-culturalinformationthatyouarewillingtosharewithoutsidersBackstageculture-culturalinformationconcealedfromoutsidersAcculturation-processofadjustingandadaptingtoanewanddifferentcultureCulturalsynergy-twoculturesmergetoformastrongeroverridingcultureMulticultural-peoplewhocanmovebetweentwoormoreculturesverycomfortablyEthnocentrism-thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundiscorrectMindsets

-waysofbeingthatallowustosee,perceive,andreasonthroughourownfilterCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.18DimensionsofAcculturationIntegration-personsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegritySeparation-individualskeeptheircultureandstayindependentofthenewcultureAssimilation-personsareabsorbedintotheirnewcultureandwithdrawfromtheiroldcultureDeculturation-individualslosetheiroriginalcultureanddonotacceptthenewcultureCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.19Norms,Rules,Roles,andNetworks(Situationalfactorsthatinfluenceencodinganddecodingofverbalandnonverbalmessages)Norms-culturallyingrainedprinciplesofcorrectandincorrectbehaviorswhich,ifbroken,carryaformofovertorcovertpenaltyRules-formedtoclarifycloudyareasofnormsRoles-includebehavioralexpectationsofapositionwithinacultureandareaffectedbynormsandrulesNetworks-formedwithpersonaltiesandinvolveanexchangeofassistanceCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.20SubculturesandSubgroupsSubcultures(ormicrocultures)-groupspossessingtraitsthatsetthemapartfromotherswithinthemacroculture.U.S.examples:seniorcitizens,Catholics,disabledpersons,AsianAmericansSubgroups-groupswithwhichthemacroculturedoesnotagreeandhasproblemscommunicating.U.S.examples:youthgangs,prostitutes,embezzlersCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.21CulturalIntelligenceInvolveslinguisticintelligence,spatialintelligence,intrapersonalintelligence,andinterpersonalintelligenceInvolvestheabilitytointeractsuccessfullywithindividualsfromotherculturesCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.22CommunicationBarriersPhysical-time,environmentCultural

-social,ethnic,religion,socialPerceptual-viewingfromyourownmindsetMotivational-mentalinertiaoflistenerExperiential-dissimilarexperiencesorlifehappeningsCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.23Linguistic-unusualvocabularyEmotional-personalfeelings,likesordislikesNonverbal-howsomethingissaidorhowthepersonbehavesorgesturesCompetition-listener'shavingtheabilitytodootherthingsCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.24CulturalIcebergAbovethewaterline—whatwecansee;behaviorsthatarevisibleBelowthewaterline—whatwecannotsee;behaviorsthatarenotvisibleorthatdonotmakesensetousCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.25DomesticandGlobalMindsetsDomesticMindsetFunctionalexpertisePrioritizationStructureIndividualresponsibilityNosurprises TrainedagainstsurprisesGlobalMindsetBigger,broaderpictureBalanceofcontradictionsProcessTeamworkanddiversity ViewchangeasopportunityOpennesstosurprisesCopyright©2014PearsonEducation,Inc.26Multinational

ManagementOrientationsEthnocentricManagement-Allworkerstreatedthesame;noallowanceforculturaldifferencesintheworkforcePolycentricManagement-ConsiderstheculturalneedsofcountrywherethefirmislocatedRegiocentricManagement-ConsiderstheregionratherthanthecountryinwhichthefirmislocatedGeocentricManagement