《英语科技写作与沟通技巧》课件

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Lecture1Mar12,20162026/8/311Howmuchdoyouknowaboutacademicwriting?Findoutbydoingthisfunquiz.1.

Themaindifferencebetweenacademicwritingandnormalwritingisthatacademicwriting:

(a)useslongerwords(b)triestobepreciseandunbiased(c)ishardertounderstandAcademicWritingQuiz12Thedifferencebetweenaprojectandanessayis:(a)essaysarelonger(b)projectsarelonger(c)studentschooseprojects’topics3Teacherscomplainmostaboutstudents:(a)notansweringthequestiongiven(b)notwritingenough(c)notreferencingproperly2026/8/3134Thebesttimetowriteanintroductionisoften:(a)first(b)last(c)afterwritingthemainbody5Plagiarismis:adangerousdiseaseanacademicoffence(c)anacademicwebsite2026/8/3146Makingcarefulnotesisessentialfor:(a)writingessays(b)revisingforexams(c)allacademicwork7Anin-textcitationlookslike:(a)(Manton,2008)(b)(RichardManton,2008)(c)(Manton,R.2008)2026/8/3158Paraphrasingatextmeans:(a)makingitshorter(b)changingalotofthevocabulary(c)addingmoredetail9Paragraphsalwayscontain:(a)sixormoresentences(b)anexample(c)atopicsentence2026/8/31610Thepurposeofanintroductionis:(a)togiveyouraimsandmethods(b)toexcitethereader(c)tosummariseyourideas11Proofreadingmeans:(a)gettingafriendtocheckyourwork(b)checkingforminorerrors(c)Rewriting2026/8/31712Teachersexpectstudentstoadoptacriticalapproachtotheirsources:sometimesonlyforMaster’sworkalways2026/8/318AcademicwritingTranslationstrategiesCourseContentUnit1:TheWritingFoundationsUnit2:WritingStagesUnit3:ElementsofWritingIUnit4:ElementsofWritingIIUnit5:WritingModels2026/8/319Attendance(20%)Classperformance(20%)Finalpaper(60%)

Topic:major/work-relatedForm:asurveyreportwithnolessthan1500wordsAssessment2026/8/3110WritingFoundationsTopic1:BackgroundtoWritingTopic2:AvoidingPlagiarismTopic3:SummarisingandParaphrasing

2026/8/3111Topic1:BackgroundtoWriting

2026/8/3112Thepurposeofacademicwriting•toansweraquestionthewriterhasbeengivenorchosen•toreport

apieceofresearchthewriterhasconducted•tosynthesizeresearchdonebyothersonatopic

2026/8/3113CommontypesofacademicwritingNotesReportProjectEssayDissertation/ThesisPaperApieceofresearch,eitherindividualorgroupwork,withthetopicchosenbythestudent(s).Thelongestpieceofwritingnormallydonebyastudent(20,000+words)oftenforahigherdegree,onatopicchosenbythestudent.Ageneraltermforanyacademicessay,reportorarticle.Astudyofsomethingthathashappened(e.g.asurveyastudenthasconducted).Themostcommontypeofwrittenwork,withthetitlegivenbytheteacher,normally1,000–5,000words.Awrittenrecordofthemainpointsofatextorlecture,forastudent’spersonaluse.2026/8/3114

ShortessaysIntroduction

Main

BodyConclusionTheformatoflongandshortwritingtasks

LongeressaysIntroductionMainBodyConclusionLiterature

reviewCasestudiesDiscussionReferencesAppendices2026/8/3115DissertationsandjournalarticlesAbstractListofcontentsListoftablesIntroductionMainbodyLiteraturereviewCasestudyFindingsDiscussion

ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesAppendices2026/8/3116Findthewordsinthelistsabovethatmatchthefollowingdefinitions:Ashortsummaryof100-200wordswhichexplainsthepaper’spurposeandmainfindings.Alistofallthesourcesthewriterhasmentionedinthetext.Asection,attheend,whereadditionalinformationisincluded.

abstractreferencesappendix2026/8/3117Ashortsectionwherepeoplewhohavehelpedthewriterarethanked.Partofthemainbodyinwhichtheviewsofotherwritersonthetopicarediscussed.Asectionwhereoneparticularexampleisdescribedindetail.

literaturereviewacknowledgementscasestudy2026/8/3118TheformatofacademicwritingReadthetextbelowandidentifythefeaturesunderlined,usingthewordsinthebox.sentenceheadingsub-titleparagraphtitlephrase(a)TheEffectivenessofMicrocredit(b)AnevaluationofprogramsinIndiaandthePhilippines(c)Introductiontitlesub-titleheading2026/8/3119

Inthelasttenyears,considerableclaimshavebeenmadeaboutthevalueofmicrocredit(alsoknownasmicrofinance),theprovisionofunsecuredsmallloanstothepoorindevelopingcountries.Butithasprovedsurprisinglydifficulttoaccuratelymeasuretheeffectivenessoftheseloans,withoutinterferencefromothernon-commercialfactors.phrasesentence2026/8/3120Tworecentstudieshaveattemptedtocomparetheeffectsonrandomlychosengroupsofpeoplewithaccesstomicrocredit,comparedtothosewithout.Thefirst(Bannerjeeetal.,2009),basedatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),lookedatslumdwellersinthecityofHyderabadinIndia,whilethesecond(KarlanandZinman,2009)comparedborrowersandnon-borrowersinthePhilippines.Overall,neitherstudyfoundevidencethatmicrocredithadanyeffectinreducingpoverty,althoughitmayhavesomeotherpositiveaspectssuchasreducingtheconsumptionofalcoholortobacco.paragraph2026/8/3121Topic2:AvoidingPlagiarism

2026/8/3122Whatisplagiarism?

Basically,plagiarismmeanstakingideasorwordsfromasource(e.g.abookorjournal)withoutgivingcredit(acknowledgement)totheauthor.Inacademicwork,ideasandwordsareseenasprivatepropertybelongingtothepersonwhofirstthoughtorwrotethem.Ifyouborroworrefertotheworkofanotherperson,youmustshowthatyouhavedonethisbyprovidingthecorrectacknowledgement.2026/8/3123

SummaryandcitationRodgers(2007)arguesthatfamily-ownedbusinessessurviverecessionsbetter.QuotationandcitationAsRodgersmaintains:‘Thereisstrongevidencefortheresilienceoffamilybusinessesinrecessionarytimes’(Rodgers,2007:23).2026/8/3124Thesecitationsarelinkedtoalistofreferencesattheendofthemaintext,whichincludethefollowingdetails:AuthorDateTitlePlaceofpublicationPublisherRodgers,F.(2007)TheFamilyBusiness:Are-assessmentOxfordCritchlow2026/8/3125Degreesofplagiarism

Workingwithapartner,considerthefollowingacademicsituationsanddecideiftheyareplagiarism.SituationPlagiarism?Yes/No1234YYYNCopyingaparagraph,butchangingafewwordsandgivingacitation.Cuttingandpastingashortarticlefromawebsite,withnocitation.Takingtwoparagraphsfromaclassmate’sessay,withoutcitation.Takingagraphfromatextbook,givingthesource.2026/8/3126275678910YYYNNY/NTakingaquotationfromasource,givingacitationbutnotusingquotationmarks.Usinganideathatyouthinkofasgeneralknowledge(e.g.theGreatDepressionwascausedbyrestrictionsonfreetrade),withoutcitation.Usingaparagraphfromanessayyouwroteandhadmarkedtheprevioussemester,withoutcitation.Usingtheresultsofyourownresearch(e.g.fromasurvey),withoutcitation.Discussinganessaytopicwithagroupofclassmatesandusingsomeoftheirideasinyourownwork.Givingacitationforsomeinformationbutmisspellingtheauthor’sname.2026/8/31Howtoavoidplagiarism?2026/8/3128Avoidingplagiarismbysummarisingandparaphrasing

Quotationsshouldnotbeoverused,soyoumustlearntoparaphraseandsummariseinordertoincludeotherwriters’ideasinyourwork.•Paraphrasinginvolvesrewritingatextsothatthelanguageissubstantiallydifferentwhilethecontentstaysthesame.•Summarisingmeansreducingthelengthofatextbutretainingthemainpoints.2026/8/3129Avoidingplagiarismbydevelopinggoodstudyhabits

Positivehabits

Planyourworkcarefullysoyoudon’thavetowritetheessayatthelastminute.Takecaretomakenotesinyourownwords,notcopyingfromthesource.Keeparecordofallthesourcesyouuse(e.g.author,date,title,pagenumbers,publisher).Makesureallyourin-textcitationsareincludedinthelistofreferences.2026/8/3130Topic3:SummarisingandParaphrasing2026/8/3131Whatmakesagoodsummary?Writeasummaryofoneofthetopicsbelowinnomorethan20words.(a)Acompanyyouareworkingfor(b)Atownorcityyouknowwell(c)AproductyouhaverecentlyboughtAgoodsummary:selectionofmostimportantaspects/cleardescription/accuracy2026/8/3132

Summarisingisaflexibletool.Youcanuseittogiveaone-sentenceoutlineofanarticle,ortoprovidemuchmoredetail,dependingonyourneeds.Generally,asummaryfocusesonthemainideasandexcludesexamplesorsupportinginformation.2026/8/3133StagesofsummarisingReadtheoriginaltextcarefullyandcheckanynewordifficultvocabulary.Markthekeypointsbyunderliningorhighlighting.Makenotesofthekeypoints,paraphrasingwherepossible.Writethesummaryfromyournotes,reorganisingthestructureifneeded.Checkthesummarytoensureitisaccurateandnothingimportanthasbeenchangedorlost.2026/8/3134PracticeADISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGYThisphrasewasfirstusedbyJosephBowerandClaytonChristensen,oftheHarvardBusinessSchool,in1995.Theyemployedittodescribeanewtechnologythatappealstoaminoritysectionofthemarket,butalargeenoughminoritytoallowthetechnologytotakerootanddevelop.Companiesthatcontinuetousetheoldertechnologyruntheriskofbeingleftbehindiftheydonotadopttheinnovationattherightmoment.Aclearexampleinthemid-1990swasthedigitalcamera.Thefirstmodelshadlowerpicturequalitythanfilmcamerasandwereexpensive.Buttheirimportantadvantagesweretheabilityofthephotographertoseetheresultsimmediately,andbeingabletodownloadtheimagestoacomputerforstorage,printingoremailing.Sincethen,digitalcamerashavecompletelytransformedtheindustry.Thebusinessofmakingfilmhasalmostvanished,andthevastmajorityofcamerassoldarenowdigital.2026/8/3135Summary

Digitalcamerasareagoodexampleofadisruptivetechnology,atermusedbyBowerandChristensenofHarvardBusinessSchoolin1995todescribea

newtechnologythatinitiallywinsenoughmarketsharetosurviveanddevelop.Thesecamerasatfirstproducedinferiorpictures,buthadtheadvantagesofshowingthephotoinstantly,andallowingtheusertodownloadtheimage.Inafewyears,theybecamedominantinthecameramarket,whiletraditionalfilmcameraswerealmostredundant.2026/8/3136Paraphrasing2026/8/3137Paraphrasing

Paraphrasingandsummarisingarenormallyusedtogetherinessaywriting,butwhilesummarisingaimstoreduceinformationtoasuitablelength,paraphrasingattemptstorestatetherelevantinformation.Forexample,TherehasbeenmuchdebateaboutthereasonsfortheIndustrialRevolutionhappeningineighteenth-centuryBritain,ratherthaninFranceorGermany.couldbeparaphrased:WhytheIndustrialRevolutionoccurredintheUKintheeighteenthcentury,insteadofonthecontinent,hasbeenthesubjectofconsiderablediscussion.

2026/8/3138

Notethataneffectiveparaphraseusually:•hasadifferentstructuretotheoriginal•hasmainlydifferentvocabulary•retainsthesamemeaning•keepssomephrasesfromtheoriginalthatareincommonuse(e.g.‘IndustrialRevolution’or‘eighteenthcentury’).2026/8/3139PracticeTHECAUSESOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION

Allen(2009)arguesthatthebestexplanationfortheBritishlocationoftheindustrialrevolutionisfoundbystudyingdemandfactors.BytheearlyeighteenthcenturyhighwagesandcheapenergywerebothfeaturesoftheBritisheconomy.Consequently,themechanisationofindustrythroughsuchinventionsasthesteamengineandmechanicalspinningwasprofitablebecauseemployerswereabletoeconomiseonlabourbyspendingoncoal.Atthattime,noothercountryhadthisparticularcombinationofexpensivelabourandabundantfuel.2026/8/3140AfocusondemandmayhelptoexplaintheUKoriginoftheIndustrialRevolution.Atthattime,workers’paywashigh,butenergyfromcoalwasinexpensive.Thisencouragedthedevelopmentofmechanicalinventionsbasedonsteampower,whichenabledbossestosavemoneybymechanisingproduction(Allen,2009).ThereasonwhyBritainwasthebirthplaceoftheIndustrialRevolutioncanbeunderstoodbyanalysingdemandintheearly1700s,accordingtoAllen(2009).Hemaintainsthat,uniquely,Britainhadthecriticalcombinationofcheapenergyfromcoalandhighlabourcosts.Thisencouragedtheadoptionofsteampowertomechaniseproduction,thussavingonwagesandincreasingprofitability.Quitegood,butlackofprecision(atthattime)andunsuitableregister(bosses)Thebestparaphrase,withallmainpointsincludedandasignificantlydifferentstructure2026/8/3141(c)Allen(2009)claimsthattheclearestexplanationfortheUKlocationoftheIndustrialRevolutionisseenbyexaminingdemandfactors.Bytheeighteenthcentury,cheapenergyandhighwageswerebothaspectsoftheBritisheconomy.Asaresult,themechanisationofindustrythroughinventionssuchasthesteamengineandmechanicalspinningwasprofitablebecauseemployerswereabletosavemoneyonlabourbyspendingoncoal.Atthattime,Britainwastheonlycountrywithsignificantdepositsofcoal.Apoorparaphrase,withonlyafewwordschangedandextraandinaccurateinformationadded(Britainwastheonlycountry...)2026/8/3142(a)Changingvocabularybyusingsynonyms:arguesclaimseighteenthcentury1700swageslabourcostseconomisesaveNB.Donotattempttoparaphraseeveryword,sincesomehavenotruesynonym,e.g.demand,economy,energyTechniquesforparaphrasing2026/8/3143(b)Changingwordclass:explanation(n.)explain(v.)mechanical(adj.)mechanize(v.)profitable(adj.)profitability(n.)Techniquesforparaphrasing2026/8/3144(c)Changingwordorder:...thebestexplanationfortheBritishlocationoftheindustrialrevolutionisfoundbystudyingdemandfactors.AfocusondemandmayhelpexplaintheUKoriginoftheindustrialrevolution.TechniquesforparaphrasingNotethatinpractice,allthesethreetechniquesareusedatthesametime.2026/8/3145

Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism.ItbeganinFranceandGermany,buttookoffintheUnitedStates.ThereHenryFordadaptedthemovingproductionlinefromtheChicagomeatindustrytomotormanufacturing,thusinventingmassproduction.Inthe1920sAlfredSloan’smanagementtheorieshelpedGeneralMotorstobecometheworld’sdominantcarcompany.Afterthesecondworldwarthecarmakersfocusedonthestylingoftheirproductstoencouragemorefrequentmodelchanges.Fromthe1970stherewascriticismoftheindustryduetotheinefficiencyofmostvehicles,whichusedpetrolwastefully.Atthesametime,tradesunionsbecameincreasinglymilitantindefenseoftheirmembers’jobs.Todaytheindustryownssomeofthemostfamousbrandsintheworld.However,manycarmakersarecurrentlythreatenedbyincreasedcompetitionandsaturatedmarkets.Readthefollowingtextandthenpractisethetechniquesillustratedabove.Practice2026/8/3146(a)Findsynonymsforthewordsunderlined.

(i)Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism.Example:Theriseoftheautomobileindustrymatchestheprogressofcontemporarycapitalism.(ii)ItbeganinFranceandGermany,buttookoffintheUnitedStates.ItstartedinFranceandGermany,butacceleratedintheUnitedStates.(iii)Th