【《超级电容器的电极材料概述》3300字】

超级电容器的电极材料概述获得高性能SC的主要由电极材料来决定ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chen</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>295</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[44]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>295</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427395">295</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chen,W.</author><author>Yu,H.</author><author>Lee,S.Y.</author><author>Wei,T.</author><author>Li,J.</author><author>Fan,Z.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>KeylaboratoryofBio-basedMaterialScienceandTechnology,MinistryofEducation,NortheastForestryUniversity,Harbin150040,P.R.China. DepartmentofEnergyEngineering,SchoolofEnergyandChemicalEngineering,UlsanNationalInstituteofScienceandTechnology(UNIST),Ulsan689-798,SouthKorea. KeyLaboratoryofSuperlightMaterialsandSurfaceTechnology,MinistryofEducation,HarbinEngineeringUniversity,Harbin150040,P.R.China.fanzhj666@163.com.</auth-address><titles><title>Nanocellulose:apromisingnanomaterialforadvancedelectrochemicalenergystorage</title><secondary-title>ChemSocRev</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalSocietyReviews</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Soc.Rev.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemSocRev</abbr-2></periodical><pages>2837-2872</pages><volume>47</volume><number>8</number><edition>2018/03/22</edition><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Apr23</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1460-4744(Electronic) 0306-0012(Linking)</isbn><accession-num>29561005</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>/pubmed/29561005</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/C7CS00790F</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[44]，因此，通过控制材料结构和界面特性对于提高SC的比电容等电化学性能具有重要的研究意义ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[45,46]。目前研究较多有以下几种：金属氧化物、导电聚合物和碳基材料。1.1金属氧化物金属氧化物因其具有良好的结构和电子导电性能以及由于其多价态变化而产生的高赝电容特性而在能量储存和转换领域引起了广泛关注ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhao</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>319</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[47]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>319</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619428347">319</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhao,Ting</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Synthesisandstudyoftransitionmetaloxidesforsupercapacitorapplications</title></titles><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.32657/10356/52268</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[47]。在快速发生的法拉第氧化还原反应过程中，金属氧化物能够通过提供多种氧化态而实现电荷储存ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhao</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>321</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[48]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>321</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619429126">321</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhao,Dan-Dan</author><author>Bao,Shu-Juan</author><author>Zhou,Wen-Jia</author><author>Li,Hu-Lin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Preparationofhexagonalnanoporousnickelhydroxidefilmanditsapplicationforelectrochemicalcapacitor</title><secondary-title>ElectrochemistryCommunications</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochemistryCommunications</full-title><abbr-1>Electrochem.Commun.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ElectrochemCommun</abbr-2></periodical><pages>869-874</pages><volume>9</volume><number>5</number><section>869</section><dates><year>2007</year></dates><isbn>13882481</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.elecom.2006.11.030</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[48]。同时，由于其具有较大的比电容而成为了SC的理想电极材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shi</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>322</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[49,50]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>322</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619429183">322</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shi,Fan</author><author>Li,Lu</author><author>Wang,Xiu-li</author><author>Gu,Chang-dong</author><author>Tu,Jiang-ping</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Metaloxide/hydroxide-basedmaterialsforsupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>RSCAdv.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RSCAdv.</full-title></periodical><pages>41910-41921</pages><volume>4</volume><number>79</number><section>41910</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2046-2069</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c4ra06136e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Cui</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>323</RecNum><record><rec-number>323</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619429214">323</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cui,Mingjin</author><author>Meng,Xiangkang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Overviewoftransitionmetal-basedcompositematerialsforsupercapacitorelectrodes</title><secondary-title>NanoscaleAdvances</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NanoscaleAdvances</full-title></periodical><pages>5516-5528</pages><volume>2</volume><number>12</number><section>5516</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2516-0230</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0na00573h</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[49,50]。RuO2具有高比电容、出色的导电性能、强热稳定性和高倍率性能和大的电压范围等特点ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[13,51-53]。但由于资源有限和高昂的成本限制了该材料的发展和应用，因此通常将RuO2与其他低成本的材料结合起来研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[54]。MnO2具有双电层电容和法拉第赝电容特性，且以其低成本、低毒性、对环境友好、丰富的自然资源、较高的理论比电容和较大的电位窗口成为继RuO2之后的研究热点ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[55-58]。Kumar等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kumar</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>303</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[59]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>303</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427528">303</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kumar,Yogesh</author><author>Chopra,Seema</author><author>Gupta,A.</author><author>Kumar,Y.</author><author>Uke,S.J.</author><author>Mardikar,S.P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>LowtemperaturesynthesisofMnO2nanostructuresforsupercapacitorapplication</title><secondary-title>MaterialsScienceforEnergyTechnologies</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MaterialsScienceforEnergyTechnologies</full-title></periodical><pages>566-574</pages><volume>3</volume><section>566</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>25892991</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.mset.2020.06.002</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[59]报道了一种简单而新颖的TEA-乙氧基酸盐辅助的低温水热合成法来合成稳定的纳米结构MnO2的方法。经电化学测试可知，80℃下制备的样品在中性电解液中，具有348.2F/g的比电容。此外，工作电极在循环测试2000次后具有89%的高倍率性能。镍氧化物和钴氧化物无毒、制造成本低且容易获得，比MnO2具有更高的理论电容ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shi</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>322</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[49]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>322</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619429183">322</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shi,Fan</author><author>Li,Lu</author><author>Wang,Xiu-li</author><author>Gu,Chang-dong</author><author>Tu,Jiang-ping</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Metaloxide/hydroxide-basedmaterialsforsupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>RSCAdv.</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RSCAdv.</full-title></periodical><pages>41910-41921</pages><volume>4</volume><number>79</number><section>41910</section><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>2046-2069</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c4ra06136e</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[49]。这是因为在电荷存储过程中，Ni和Co主要以多种氧化态(Ni2+/Ni3+和Co2+/Co3+)的形式存在，这可以在金属氧化物结构中提供更多的活性位点来存储更多的电荷ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[60-63]。然而，与MnO2类似，钴氧化物和镍氧化物作为电极材料的导电性较低，降低了电解质离子的运输速率。因此，可以通过掺杂来改善这种情况。Li等人ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[64]以NiCl2交联聚丙烯酰胺气凝胶为前驱体，成功制备了三维氮掺杂多孔炭/Ni@NiO复合材料（3DNC/Ni@NiO）。其中，三维碳网络和多孔结构可以提供更多的电化学活性中心点，有利于电解质离子的扩散，原位氮掺杂有助于提高复合材料的电导率和赝电容。将3DNC/Ni@NiO作为电极材料时，呈现出高比电容（5mV/s时为389F/g），良好的倍率性能（100mV/s时为276F/g）。此外，Chang等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Chang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>309</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[65]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>309</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427641">309</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chang,Jiuli</author><author>Zang,Shiqi</author><author>Wang,Yifan</author><author>Chen,Chen</author><author>Wu,Dapeng</author><author>Xu,Fang</author><author>Jiang,Kai</author><author>Bai,Zhengyu</author><author>Gao,Zhiyong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Co3O4@Ni3S4heterostructurecompositeconstructedbylowdimensionalcomponentsasefficientbatteryelectrodeforhybridsupercapacitor</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title><abbr-1>Electrochim.Acta</abbr-1><abbr-2>ElectrochimActa</abbr-2></periodical><volume>353</volume><section>136501</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>00134686</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136501</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[65]通过Co盐的水热反应、热解和泡沫镍基体的硫化刻蚀，制备了一种在Co3O4纳米线阵列表面包覆Ni3S4纳米片的独特异质结构Co3O4@Ni3S4复合材料。不同尺寸的Co3O4核和Ni3S4壳层形成了具有较高法拉第活性、充分的表面活性位点、有效的电子/离子迁移和稳定结构的多孔网络复合材料，因此可以提供高的面积比电容容，且其自放电速度慢，循环性能好(5000次充放电循环后保持率为91%)。除了上述金属氧化物外，还有许多过渡金属氧化物已被证明适合作为SC的电极材料ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[66,67]。其中，钒氧化物是典型的多功能材料，因其价态多变、资源丰富且具有独特的层状结构而引起了广泛的关注ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[68,69]。Rakhi等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Rakhi</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>313</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[70]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>313</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427713">313</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rakhi,R.B.</author><author>Nagaraju,D.H.</author><author>Beaujuge,Pierre</author><author>Alshareef,H.N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SupercapacitorsbasedontwodimensionalVO2nanosheetelectrodesinorganicgelelectrolyte</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title><abbr-1>Electrochim.Acta</abbr-1><abbr-2>ElectrochimActa</abbr-2></periodical><pages>601-608</pages><volume>220</volume><section>601</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>00134686</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.109</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[70]采用水热法及溶剂还原剥离法制备了具有高比表面积和优良电化学性能的二维VO2纳米片，其在有机电解液中的比电容为405F/g。然而，钒氧化物自身的电导能力弱，且在水性电解液中小部分钒氧化物易在循环过程中溶解，从而使电容量快速衰减导致其循环寿命较短ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yu</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>316</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[71]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>316</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427763">316</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yu,Minghao</author><author>Zeng,Yan</author><author>Han,Yi</author><author>Cheng,Xinyu</author><author>Zhao,Wenxia</author><author>Liang,Chaolun</author><author>Tong,Yexiang</author><author>Tang,Haolin</author><author>Lu,Xihong</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Valence-OptimizedVanadiumOxideSupercapacitorElectrodesExhibitUltrahighCapacitanceandSuper-LongCyclicDurabilityof100000Cycles</title><secondary-title>AdvancedFunctionalMaterials</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>AdvancedFunctionalMaterials</full-title><abbr-1>Adv.Funct.Mater.</abbr-1><abbr-2>AdvFunctMater</abbr-2></periodical><pages>3534-3540</pages><volume>25</volume><number>23</number><section>3534</section><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1616301X</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1002/adfm.201501342</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[71]。因此，可以将钒氧化物与其他电极材料复合，利用材料之间的协同效应来改善其电化学性能。Nie等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Nie</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>317</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[72]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>317</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427781">317</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Nie,Guangdi</author><author>Zhao,Xinwei</author><author>Jiang,Jiangmin</author><author>Luan,Yaxue</author><author>Shi,Jilei</author><author>Liu,Jiamian</author><author>Kou,Zongkui</author><author>Wang,John</author><author>Long,Yun-Ze</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Flexiblesupercapacitorofhigharealperformancewithvanadium/cobaltoxidesoncarbonnanofibersasabinder-freemembraneelectrode</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title><abbr-1>Chem.Eng.J.</abbr-1><abbr-2>ChemEngJ</abbr-2></periodical><volume>402</volume><section>126294</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>13858947</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cej.2020.126294</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[72]通过静电纺丝和可控后煅烧的方法，在纳米碳纤维上制备了钒钴氧化物（VCO/CNFs）。以VCO/CNFs活性材料为工作电极，在电流密度为8mA/cm2时，其具有1.83F/cm2的面积电容。Zhang等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>318</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[73]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>318</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619427799">318</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Xiaolan</author><author>Liu,Xiaoxu</author><author>Yang,Chen</author><author>Li,Na</author><author>Ji,Tianyi</author><author>Yan,Kai</author><author>Zhu,Bo</author><author>Yin,Jinghua</author><author>Zhao,Jiupeng</author><author>Li,Yao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>AV2O5-nanosheets-coatedhardcarbonfiberfabricashigh-performanceanodeforsodiumionbattery</title><secondary-title>SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SurfaceandCoatingsTechnology</full-title><abbr-1>Surf.Coat.Technol.</abbr-1><abbr-2>SurfCoatTechnol</abbr-2></periodical><pages>661-666</pages><volume>358</volume><section>661</section><dates><year>2019</year></dates><isbn>02578972</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.surfcoat.2018.11.096</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[73]采用溶剂热法在硬质碳纤维织物上生长V2O5纳米片阵列制备了复合材料。在电流密度为50mA/g至1000mA/g时，其比电容范围为241mA h/g至77mA h/g，在100mA/g下进行100次循环后比电容为184mA h/g，表明具有良好的循环性能。除了研究较为广泛的VO2和V2O5外，像七氧化三钒等其他相态的钒氧化物作为SC的电极材料也值得被关注ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yan</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>255</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[74]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>255</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1607859666">255</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yan,Yan</author><author>Li,Bing</author><author>Guo,Wei</author><author>Pang,Huan</author><author>Xue,Huaiguo</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Vanadiumbasedmaterialsaselectrodematerialsforhighperformancesupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>JournalofPowerSources</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofPowerSources</full-title><abbr-1>J.PowerSources</abbr-1><abbr-2>JPowerSources</abbr-2></periodical><pages>148-169</pages><volume>329</volume><section>148</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>03787753</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.08.039</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[74]。V3O7∙H2O是具有+4和+5两种价态且带有结晶水的钒氧化物，其结构呈堆叠的层状纳米棒状，有利于电解质中离子与电极材料内部的嵌入和脱出的行为。Zhang等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>250</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[75]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>250</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1607859622">250</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Yifu</author><author>Zhou,Min</author><author>Fan,Meijuan</author><author>Huang,Chi</author><author>Chen,Chongxue</author><author>Cao,Yuliang</author><author>Li,Houbin</author><author>Liu,Xinghai</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ImprovementoftheelectrochemicalpropertiesofV3O7·H2OnanobeltsforLibatteryapplicationthroughsynthesisofV3O7@Ccore-shellnanostructuredcomposites</title><secondary-title>CurrentAppliedPhysics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CurrentAppliedPhysics</full-title></periodical><pages>1159-1163</pages><volume>11</volume><number>5</number><section>1159</section><dates><year>2011</year></dates><isbn>15671739</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.cap.2011.02.010</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[75]以V2O5和葡萄糖为原料，成功合成了V3O7∙H2O@C核壳结构复合材料，随后通过对V3O7∙H2O@C进行热处理得到了V3O7@C复合材料，对其性能进行探讨知，在经过45次充放电测试后其放电容量仍为151.2mAh/g，优于纯V3O7∙H2O纳米带。ManikandanADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Manikandan</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[76]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1553863150">6</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Manikandan,Ramu</author><author>Raj,C.Justin</author><author>Rajesh,Murugesan</author><author>Kim,ByungChul</author><author>Nagaraju,Goli</author><author>Lee,Won-gil</author><author>Yu,KookHyun</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Rationallydesignedspiderweb-liketrivanadiumheptaoxidenanowiresoncarbonclothasanewclassofpseudocapacitiveelectrodeforsymmetricsupercapacitorswithhighenergydensityandultra-longcyclicstability</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>11390-11404</pages><volume>6</volume><number>24</number><section>11390</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c8ta03011a</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[76]等人采用简便的原位水热法在碳纤维布上生长V3O7∙H2O纳米线，合成的V3O7∙H2O纳米线在碳纤维布上呈蜘蛛网状。经测试知，其最大比电容为198F/g（1A/g的电流密度）。此外，Zhao等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhao</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[77]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1550451604">2</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhao,Danyang</author><author>Zhu,Qiancheng</author><author>Chen,Dejian</author><author>Li,Xi</author><author>Yu,Ying</author><author>Huang,Xintang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nest-likeV3O7self-assembledbyporousnanowiresasananodesupercapacitormaterialanditsperformanceoptimizationthroughbondingwithN-dopedcarbon</title><secondary-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofMaterialsChemistryA</full-title></periodical><pages>16475-16484</pages><volume>6</volume><number>34</number><section>16475</section><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>2050-7488 2050-7496</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/c8ta06820h</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[77]用多孔的V3O7纳米线制备了自组装巢状V3O7，研究了其在不同反应电位下的储能机理。结果表明，V3O7在−0.6V时转化为V6O13而在0.2V时转变为V2O5。此外，引入原位光聚合的方法合成了V3O7@polypyrrole（PPy），经煅烧后得到了一层N掺杂碳包覆的V3O7纳米线，提高了V3O7的电容性能和稳定性。1.2导电聚合物导电聚合物是一类导电性能强、理论比电容高且可大批量制备的赝电容材料ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[78-80]。以聚苯胺为例，其掺杂/脱掺杂过程的机理如图1.6所示ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[81-83]，因此，导电聚合物的电化学反应发生在材料的整个体相内。Zhang等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>335</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[84]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>335</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619434528">335</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Miaomiao</author><author>Nautiyal,Amit</author><author>Du,Haishun</author><author>Li,Junhao</author><author>Liu,Zhongqi</author><author>Zhang,Xinyu</author><author>Wang,Ruigang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Polypyrrolefilmbasedflexiblesupercapacitor:mechanisticinsightintoinfluenceofaciddopantsonelectrochemicalperformance</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title><abbr-1>Electrochim.Acta</abbr-1><abbr-2>ElectrochimActa</abbr-2></periodical><volume>357</volume><section>136877</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>00134686</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136877</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[84]以不同的酸为掺杂剂，在碳布上电化学沉积聚吡咯（PPy）薄膜。结果表明，掺杂剂的量和种类对掺杂水平、反离子质量比、氧化还原位点的可及性以及PPy膜电极的电化学性能都有很大的影响。其中，PPy/HCl在5mV/s时的比电容最高，为960F/g，但循环稳定性较差。此外，PPy/p-TSA的循环稳定性最好，经2000次GCD测试后的电极材料的电容保留率超过75%，且具有相对较高的比电容(5mV/s时为572F/g)。Grover等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Grover</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>336</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[85]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>336</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619434978">336</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grover,Sonia</author><author>Goel,Shubhra</author><author>Marichi,RamBhagat</author><author>Sahu,Vikrant</author><author>Singh,Gurmeet</author><author>Sharma,RajKishore</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PolyanilineAllSolid-StatePseudocapacitor:RoleofMorphologicalVariationsinPerformanceEvolution</title><secondary-title>ElectrochimicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ElectrochimicaActa</full-title><abbr-1>Electrochim.Acta</abbr-1><abbr-2>ElectrochimActa</abbr-2></periodical><pages>131-139</pages><volume>196</volume><section>131</section><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>00134686</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.157</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[85]报道了一种以简单的软模板方法，通过触发N-十六烷基-N，N，N-三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）表面活性剂的量来制备各种形貌的聚苯胺（PANI）纳米结构。采用固体电解质（PVA/H2SO4）研究了这些不同形态的PANI电极在全固态SC中的赝电容性能。结果表明纳米管形态的PANI具有最高的比电容（5mV/s时为367F/g），且在5A/g的电流密度下，经1000次充放电循环后其保持率超过了91.5%。图1.6聚苯胺掺杂/脱掺杂过程然而，由于在循环测试时导电聚合物的主链因离子的往复掺杂而不可避免地会使其结构被破坏ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[86,87]。因此，可通过多种电极材料的复合协同作用来改善电化学性能。Jiang等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jiang</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>339</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[88]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>339</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619435416">339</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jiang,Yulin</author><author>Ji,Jiawen</author><author>Huang,Leping</author><author>He,Chengen</author><author>Zhang,Jinlong</author><author>Wang,Xianggang</author><author>Yang,Yingkui</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>One-potmechanochemicalexfoliationofgraphiteandinsitupolymerizationofanilinefortheproductionofgraphene/polyanilinecompositesforhigh-performancesupercapacitors</title><secondary-title>RSCAdvances</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>RSCAdvances</full-title></periodical><pages>44688-44698</pages><volume>10</volume><number>73</number><section>44688</section><dates><year>2020</year></dates><isbn>2046-2069</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1039/d0ra08450f</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[88]通过一锅球磨工艺制备石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料，其中苯胺分子既是石墨剥离的插层剂，也是在石墨烯薄片上化学聚合成聚苯胺团簇的单体。石墨烯/聚苯胺复合材料电极在5mV/s时具有886F/g的大比电容，在100mV/s下比电容保持率为73.4%。石墨烯和PANI之间的协同作用使得复合电极材料具有高电容和高倍率性能，促进了电子/离子的快速转移。此外，Ye等人ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ye</Author><Year>2021</Year><RecNum>340</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[89]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>340</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="p2950det4dssv6ef9t3v2wwppr509w50eewr"timestamp="1619435470">340</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ye,Qinglan</author><author>Luo,Yunli</author><author>Cen,Qinchun</author><author>Dong,Ruiting</author><author>Luo,Taopeng</author><author>Xu,Xuetang</author><author>Wang,Fan</author><author>Li,Bin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>InsituhybridizationofpolyanilineonMnoxideforhigh-performancesupercapacitor</title><secondary-title>JournalofEnergyStorage</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofEnergyStorage</full-title></periodical><volume>36</volume><section>102330</section><dates><year>2021</year></dates><isbn>2352152X</isbn><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.est.20