SubordinationI语法教程章振邦上外专家讲座

Chapter31Subordination(I)第1页Teachingcontents1.Coordinationandsubordination2.Subordinateclauses(finite)NominalclausesRelativeclausesAdverbialclauses3.Somefewnotesonadverbialclauses第2页并列和隶属是两种不一样连接伎俩。eg.Therainstopped.Thesuncameout.→Therainstoppedandthesuncameout.→Whentherainstopped,thesuncameout.从句主句隶属：把次要思想置于结构上隶属地位，从而突出句子主要思想。1.Coordinationandsubordination第3页Subordinators隶属连词Subordinateclausesaregenerallyintroducedbysubordinators,which,intermsofwordformation构词法,canbeclassifiedinto.simplesubordinators,简单隶属连词complexsubordinators,复杂隶属连词correlativesubordinators,关联隶属连词marginalsubordinators.边际隶属连词第4页afteralthoughbecausebeforedirectlyforifimmediatelylestlikesincethatthoughtillunlessuntilwhen(ever)where(ver)whereuponwhilewhilst,etcAlsoknownasone-wordsubordinatorsSimplesubordinator简单隶属连词第5页Alsoknownas“multi-wordsubordinators”Someoftheseendin“that”assumingthatbutthatconsidering(that)except(that)excepting(that)forall(that)given(that)granted(that)granting(that)inthatinorderthatinsofarthatintheeventthatnow(that)provided(that)providing(that)savethatseeing(that)so(that)suchthatsupposing(that)Complexsubordinators复杂隶属连词第6页Complexsubordinators复杂隶属连词Someoftheseendin“as”accordingasasfarasaslongasassoonasforasmuchasinasmuchasinsofarasinsomuchasOthersinclude:asifincaseasthough第7页Correlativesubordinators关联隶属连词Subordinatorsofthisgrouparecomposedoftwocorrelativewordsas…asas…sonotso…assuch…asthe…the,etcbarely/hardly/scarcely…whenmore/(-er)/less…thannosooner…thanwhether…or第8页Marginalsubordinators边际隶属连词

freelexicalcombinations. Thisgroupissometimeshardtodistinguishfromcomplexsubordinators.evenififonlyjustasonlyifeverytime(that)theinstant(that)themoment(that)duetothefactthatinthesensethatforthereasonthatbyreasonthatforfear(that)inspiteofthefactthatinthelightofthefactthatonaccountofthefactthatonthegroundsthatregardlessofthefactthat第9页2.Subordinateclauses(finite)

限定隶属从句Structurally,subordinateclausesmaybefinite,non-finite,orverbless.Afinitesubordinateclauseisonewhosepredicatorisafiniteverbphrase.Nominalclauses(名词性分句，主/宾/补/同位)Relativeclauses(关系分句，定语从句)Adverbialclauses(状语分句，状语)第10页Nominalclauses名词性分句Alsoknownas“nounclauses”ItcanperformmostfunctionsofNPsUsuallyintroducedby“that”orbyawh-wordsuchaswho,what,which,where,when,how,why,etc.Nominalclausescanfunctionas

subject,object,subjectcomplement,appositive(同位语),andprepositionalcomplementation(介词补语)第11页Nominalclauses名词性分句Itisquiteclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately.Ican’timagine

whatmadehimbehavelikethat.Themysteryiswhetherheeverwentthereatall.

Myoriginalquestion,whyhediditatall,hasnotyetbeenanswered.Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongs.

(subject)(object)(subjectcomplement)(appositive)(prepositionalphrase)第12页主语从句thesubjectclause你所说话是正确。Whatyousaidisquitetrue.我们在什么地方做这个试验还在讨论。Whereweshalldothetestisstillunderdiscussion.大家对他怎样完成这项工作都很感兴趣。Howhemanagedtofinishthejobisofinteresttousall.为何早晨太阳看上去比中午太阳大，这事很有趣。Whythesuninthemorninglooksbiggerthanthesunatnoonisveryinteresting.第13页FixedPatternsofSubjectClause第14页FixedPatternsofSubjectClause第15页FixedPatternsofSubjectClause第16页表语从句thepredicativeclause这就是她昨天请假原因。Thatiswhyshehadaday-offyesterday.问题在于我们能不能在明天晚上以前完成这项工作。Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishourworkbytomorrowevening.看起来天要下雪。Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.事物并不总是如其表象。Thingsarenotalwaysastheyseemtobe.第17页宾语从句theobjectclause我知道他很友好而且好客。Iknowthatheisfriendlyandhospitable.我问他是否确信知道自己在做什么？Iaskedhimifheissurewhatheisdoing?历史语言学家研究语言是怎样伴随时间推移而发展。Historicallinguistsstudyhowlanguagesevolveovertime.第18页宾语从句theobjectclause第19页同位语从句theappositiveclause签署了协议这件事本身很主要。Thefact

thatthecontractwassignedwasimportant.我不相信他杀了他女儿谣言。Idon’tbelievetherumor

thathehaskilledhisdaughter.我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌消息非常激动。Wewereveryexcitedatthenews

thatourChineseathleteswonmanygoldmedals.第20页同位语从句theappositiveclause

or定语从句theobjectclause对约翰昨天告诉消息我俩都不感兴趣。NeitherofusshowedanyinterestinthenewsthatJohntoldusyesterday.听到暑假将要在大连度过消息，我们非常高兴。WearedelightedatthenewsthatwearegoingtospendoursummervacationinDalian.第21页状语从句Adverbialclauses1.时间状语从句；(adverbialclauseoftime)2.地点状语从句；(adverbialclauseofplace)3.原因状语从句；(adverbialclauseofcause)4.条件状语从句；(adverbialclauseofcondition)5.让步状语从句；(adverbialclauseofconcession)6.目标状语从句；(adverbialclauseofpurpose)7.结果状语从句。(adverbialclauseofresult)8.方式状语从句；(adverbialclauseofmanner)第22页1.时间状语从句

(adverbialclauseoftime)

notuntil,assoonas,themoment(that)等我做完作业我才和你一起去。Iwon’tgowithyouuntil

Ifinishmyhomework.我们一到家，电话就响了。Assoonaswegothome,thetelephonerang.我一看见她就立刻认出她来了。IrecognizedherimmediatelyIsawher.她一来到我就要见她。Iwanttoseeherthemomentthatshearrives.第23页1.时间状语从句

(adverbialclauseoftime)

directly,nosooner…than,hardly…when老师一进来，大家就静了下来。Directlytheteachercameineveryonewasquiet.他刚到机场，飞机就起飞了。Hardlyhadhereachedtheairportwhentheplanetookoff.这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己原来应该保持缄默。Nosoonerhadthewordsbeenspokenthanherealizedthatheshouldhaveremainedsilent.第24页2.地点状语从句

(adverbialclauseofplace)Where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere有志者事竟成。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.这些天你能够去你想去地方。Youcangowhereveryoulikethesedays.他们每到一处，都受到热烈欢迎。Everywheretheywent,theywerewarmlywelcomed.你喜欢哪儿我就带你去哪儿。I’lltakeyouanywhereyoulike.第25页3.原因状语从句；(adverbialclauseofcause)

nowthat,seeingthat,consideringthat,inthat你驾驶考试既已及格，就能够独自开车了。Nowthatyou’vepassedyourtest,youcandriveonyourown.因为天气不好，我们要呆在家里了。Seeingthattheweatherisbad,we’llstayathome.考虑到他只学了一年，他英文讲得相当不错了。Consideringthathe’sonlybeenlearningEnglishayear,hespeaksitverywell.广告不一样于其它交际形式，因为登广告人要为其所提供信息付费。Advertisementisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationinthat

the

advertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.第26页4.条件状语从句

(adverbialclauseofcondition)假如我能存下足够钱，我就买台计算机。I’llbuyacomputerifIamabletosaveupenoughmoney.除非天气不好，我父亲晚上总是去散步。Unlesstheweatherwasbad,myfatheralwaysusedtotakeawalkintheevening.假如你有一百万英镑---你怎么花呢？Supposeyouhadamillionpounds–howwouldyouspendit?假如你为我负担费用，我就同意去。Iwillagreetogoprovidingthatmyexpensesarepaid.第27页5.让步状语从句；

(adverbialclauseofconcession)他们即使没有得到官方支持，但仍继续奋斗。Thoughtheylackofficialsupport,theycontinuetheirstruggle.即使我再次失败，我也绝不会放弃试验。EvenifIfailedagain,Iwillnotgiveuptheexperiment.尽管她有时很恼人，但我还是喜欢她。Ilikehereventhoughshecanbeannoying.第28页5.让步状语从句；

(adverbial