2023年考研英语一真题及答案

2023考研英语（一）真题及零案

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_

itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet.inseveralinstances,justices

actedinwaysthat_3_thecourt'sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthe

court'sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byan

ethicscode.Attheveryleast,tnecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthe

federaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejustices

permanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Our

legalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyand

property.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhy

decisionssplitalongideologicalinesaresoeasily_I7_asunjust.

Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves_I9_tothecodeofconduct.

Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelivelytobeseenasseparatefrom|x)liticsand._20_,convincingaslaw.

1.[AJemphasize[BJmaintain[CJmodify(DJrecognize

2.[A]when[B]lest(C]before(D]unless

3.[AJrcstorcd[B]weakened(CJesiablished(D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspeclcd[D]accepted

5.[AJadvanced(BJcaughl(CJbound[D]founded

6.[AJresistant[Bjsubject|C|immune[Dlprone

7.[AJresorts[Bjsticks[CJIoads[DJapplies

8.[AJevade|B]raise[C]deny[DJsettle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[Djeonflict

10.[A]by[Bias[CJthough|D]towards

11.(A]so[B]since|C]provided[D|though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.(AJconfinn(B]cxprcss[CJcultivatc|D]offcr

14.[A]guardcd[B]fbllowed[C]s(udied[D]tied

15.[AJconcepts[BJtheories(CJclivisions[DJconceptions

16.[A[excludesIBJquestions©shapes[Djcontrols

17.[A[dismissed[B]re!eased[C]ranked[D]distorted

18.[AJsuppress[B]exploit[Claddress[D]ignore

19.[AJaccessible[Bjamiable(C]agreeable[Dlaccountable

20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts(C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B.CorD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofus

thinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.Butin

hernewbookJointheClub.TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhat

shecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividuals

improvetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,

astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouth

Africa,anHIV-prcvcntioninitiativeknownasIxjvcLiicrecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheir

peers.

Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobsener.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-

healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressuretorhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriously

flawedunderstandingofpsychology.wDaretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaign

aimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergargues

convincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure.Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoo

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor,sview,Rosenberg'sb<x)kfailsto

(A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofslatefunding

[Dlproducealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

[Blwillmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

[DIcanproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

(A]harmful

(B]desirable

[C]profound

[D|questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,appare.itly.whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNew

England,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstanding

commitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityof

Vermont'srulesinthefederalcourt,aspariofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplant

running.It'sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2023,whenthecorporationboughtVermont*sonlynuclearpowerplant,an

agingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingslateapprovalforthesale,(hecompanyagreed(oseek

permissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2023.in2023,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatany

extensionoftheplant'slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature'sapproval.Then.too.thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,or：tsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappen

next.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacooJngtowerin207andthediscoveryofan

undergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy's

management-especiallyafter(hecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy's

behavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2023agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2023legislation,andthat

onlythefederalgovernmenlhasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecasearcobscure:

whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legal

scholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,thereare

validconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergy

keptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotingleftto

losebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblic

trust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedSlates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.Pledgingto

runPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.Buiasthe

NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplcation,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromises

fromEntergyarcworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingon"(Line3.para.I)isclosestinmeaningto

(A]condemning.

[BJreaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D|securing.

27.Byenteringintothe2023agreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

(B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

(C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.

[D]gelpermissionlopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingloParagraph4,Ertergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

(A]managerialpractices.

[BJtechnicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.

[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor*sview,theVermontcasewilltest

[A]Entergy*scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.

[B]thematureofstales'patchv/orkregulations.

(C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

(DJthelimitsofstates,powerovernuclearissues.

30.ItcanbeinferredfromtheIasiparagraph(hat

[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.

[BJtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermont,sreputationmightbedamaged.

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedby

objectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmelhodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,

discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Wcaimtobeobjective,butwccannotescapethe

contextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinlcrcslinfluencewhatwcexperience,whalwethink

ourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opporttnitieslormisinterpretation,error,andself­

deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,they

arefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamature

discovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthe

community'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,

thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,

researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;other

scientistsuseihcnewfinding(osuit(heirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receives

thenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,

theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnology

involvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscover)'.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoulthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectof

prevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationand

confirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search.notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newly

publisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopen

tochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequently

provokesdisbelief.Nobel

LaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybo<lyhasseenand

thinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.°Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhave

missedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredibrtrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeaccepted

andappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens“toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessdialcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnette

Baierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach

other'sreasoningandeachotherssconceptionsofreason.

31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

[Aluncertaintyandcomplexity.

(B]misconceptionanddeccptivcness.

[C]logicalityandobjectivity.

(I)Jsyslematicncssandregularity.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires

(AJstrictinspection.

[BJsharedefforts.

IC1individualwisdom.

[D]persistentinnovation.

33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

(A]hasallraciedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

(BJhasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

(DJhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

(A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.

[BJdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.

[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

[AlNoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

(BJColIcciivcScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.

(DJChallcngetoCredibilityat(heGaleioScience.

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHo:fowerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa*s

TeamsterswereintheirprimeinI960,onlyonein(enAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now

36%do.In2023thenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersinthe

privatesector.InBritain,more:hanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesare

unionized.

Therearcthreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions'thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsulTcring

muchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmericaf$

public-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someofihcirtics

gobackalongway.Britain,sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Its

currentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteof

Californiapointsoutthatmuchofthestate?sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeon

schools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscome

inbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly**backloaded"public-sectorpaydeals,keepingihepay

increasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Refonnhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academesand

meritpayallfaceddrawn-outbailies.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethat(hequalityoftheteachersisthe

mostimportantvariable,teachers*unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunions

haveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywihinthe

publicsectorsufferunderthecuirentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuit

thosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwell

above$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedSlates.Bankers''atpay

packetshaveattractedmuchcriiicism,butapublic-sectorsystemthzldoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybea

muchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

36.Ilcanbelearnedfrom(hefirstparagraph(hat

(AJTeamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

[B|JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.

(CJunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.

[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.

37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.

[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.

(D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetin(roublefbrtheiractions.

38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatescctcris

(A]illegallysecured.

[B|indirectlyaugmented.

[C]excessivelyincreased.

[D]fairlyadjusted.

39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes.

[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.

(DJarcdominantinthegovernment.

40.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof

lAJdisapproval.

|B|appreciation.

ICJtolerance.

[D]indifference.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableone

fromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinany

oftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thinkofihoscfleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealise(hatyouarcflying,higher

thanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyour

hand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.

Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourto

createafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprin:ingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbiushand

gallei-y.pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesastheinodeofproduction,

meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculture

machine.

Butforall(hereasons(herearctocelebratethecomputer,wcmustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)1callitaseextwar

沁rtworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealiseihaltherearcstrongcommercialagendasatworklokeepthemin

passiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenoteven

awareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.

Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,the

animalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketools

butthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-and

superfluousexperiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)

Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenafterthe

adventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploading

material,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontent

lojus(consume.(44)

Televisionisaone-waylapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthe

poweroffafterhehasturnediton.

(45)

Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsand

experiencestowhichothersadheie.

[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselytliesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobe

human.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingisto

striponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.

(BJApplicationsliketuinblr,v/hichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysand

thensharethem,havethepolcnlialtoaddstickincssbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.

[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoemteditin

aworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.

[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-

betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecan

onlybegintoimagine.

[E|Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedby

anotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.

[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworld's

mediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.

(G]Thcnetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreverseihcflow,ioencourageihoughlful

downloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.

PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,

thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahost

ofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.

(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseibrunificationloitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything-a

singlegenerativeequationforallwcscc.ltisbecominglessclear,however,thaisuchatheorywouldbea

simplificalion,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsa

majorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemsto

offerjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversity

couldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshiprituals

mightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhapstheworld'slanguages,music,socialandreligious

customsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatisshared

mightenableus(ounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitive

terms.

That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarcalit}check.

RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsiderihcevolutionofgrammarsinthelightof

twopreviousattempts(ofinduniversalityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebomwithan

innatelanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficient

tounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanieamitsoquickly.

(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits

(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfrom

cognitiveconstraints

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmore

than2,000languages.(50)Chomsky*sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatarcindepcndenlof

thefamilytreeorthepathway(rackedthroughit.WhereasGrccnbcrgianuniversalitypredictsstrongco­

dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbyiheanalysis,

suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:Sonicinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.Writethemanemailinthenameof(he

Students*Unionto

1)extendyourwelcomeand

2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyournamealtheendoftheIdler.Use“Li

Ming“instead.

Donotwriteihcaddrcss(10poin，s)

PartB

52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould

1)describethedrawingbriefly

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

全完了!

幸好还剁点JL

答案

I.B2.A3.B4.D5.C、6.B7.D8.B9.A10.B、ll.A12.C13.C14.D15.A

16.C17.A18.C19.D20.D、21.D22.D23.A24.C25.D、26.C27.A28.A29.B30.B

31.A32.D33.B34.D35.D、36.C37.D38.B39.A40.A>41.C42.D43.A44.F45.G

46.在物理学上，一种措施是招这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论…一条我们都可以看的

见，明白的普遍公式。

47.在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一种准则，假如所有的人类均有共同的来源，那么文化