2025年气候状况报告：一个濒临灭绝的星球 The 2025 state of the climate report a planet on the brink

BioScience,2025,0,1–12

/10.1093/biosci/biaf149

Advanceaccesspublicationdate:02025

SpecialReport

The2025stateoftheclimatereport:aplanetonthebrink

WilliamJ.Ripple,ChristopherWolf

,

MichaelE.Mann,JohanRockström,JillianW.Gregg,ChiXu,NicoWunderling,Sarah

E.Perkins-Kirkpatrick,RobertoSchaeffer

,

WendyJ.Broadgate,ThomasM.Newsome,EmilyShuckburghandPeterH.Gleick

WilliamJ.Ripple

(bill.ripple@)

isaffiliatedwiththeDepartmentofForestEcosystemsandSocietyatOregonStateUniversityandwiththe

ConservationBiologyInstitute,inCorvallis,Oregon,intheUnitedStates.ChristopherWolf

(christopher.wolf@)

andJillianW.GreggareaffiliatedwithTerrestrialEcosystemsResearchAssociates,inCorvallis,Oregon,intheUnitedStates.MichaelE.MannisaffiliatedwiththeDepartmentofEarthand

EnvironmentalScienceatTheUniversityofPennsylvania,inPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,intheUnitedStates.JohanRockströmandNicoWunderlingareaffiliatedwiththePotsdamInstituteforClimateImpactResearch,MemberoftheLeibnizAssociation,inPotsdam,Germany.JohanRockströmisalsoaffiliatedwiththe

InstituteofEnvironmentalScienceandGeographyattheUniversityofPotsdam,inPotsdam,Germany.ChiXuisaffiliatedwiththeSchoolofLifeSciencesat

NanjingUniversity,inNanjing,China.NicoWunderlingisalsoaffiliatedwiththeCenterforCriticalComputationalStudiesatGoetheUniversityFrankfurtandwiththeSenckenbergResearchInstituteandNaturalHistoryMuseum,MemberoftheLeibnizAssociation,inFrankfurtamMain,Germany.SarahE.

Perkins-KirkpatrickisaffiliatedwiththeFennerSchoolofEnvironmentandSocietyandtheARCCentreofExcellencefortheWeatherofthe21stCenturyattheAustralianNationalUniversity,inCanberra,intheAustralianCapitalTerritory,inAustralia.RobertoSchaefferisaffiliatedwiththeCenterforEnergyand

EnvironmentalEconomics,attheFederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,inRiodeJaneiro,Brazil.WendyJ.BroadgateisaffiliatedwithFutureEarthSecretariat,in

Stockholm,Sweden.ThomasM.NewsomeisaffiliatedwiththeSchoolofLifeandEnvironmentalSciencesatTheUniversityofSydney,inSydney,NewSouth

Wales,Australia.EmilyShuckburghisaffiliatedwiththeUniversityofCambridge,inCambridge,England,intheUnitedKingdom.PeterH.GleickisaffiliatedwiththePacificInstitute,inOakland,California,intheUnitedStates.Co-leadauthorsWilliamJ.RippleandChristopherWolfcontributedequallytothework.

Wearehurtlingtowardclimatechaos.Theplanet’svitalsignsareflashingred.Theconsequencesofhuman-drivenalterationsoftheclimatearenolongerfuturethreatsbutareherenow.Thisunfoldingemergencystemsfromfailedforesight,politicalinac-tion,unsustainableeconomicsystems,andmisinformation.Al-mosteverycornerofthebiosphereisreelingfromintensifyingheat,storms,floods,droughts,orfires.Thewindowtopreventtheworstoutcomesisrapidlyclosing.Inearly2025,theWorldMete-orologicalOrganizationreportedthat2024wasthehottestyearonrecord(WMO2025a).Thiswaslikelyhotterthanthepeakofthelastinterglacial,roughly125,000yearsago(Gulevetal.2021,KaufmanandMcKay2022).Risinglevelsofgreenhousegasesre-mainthedrivingforcebehindthisescalation.Theserecentde-velopmentsemphasizetheextremeinsufficiencyofglobaleffortstoreducegreenhousegasemissionsandmarkthebeginningofagrimnewchapterforlifeonEarth.

Inthisreport,weseektospeakcandidlytofellowscientists,policymakers,andhumanityatlarge.Givenourrolesinresearchandhighereducation,weshareanethicalresponsibilitytosoundthealarmaboutescalatingglobalrisksandtotakecollectiveac-tioninconfrontingthemwithclarityandresolve.Weshowevi-denceofacceleratedwarminganddocumentchangesinEarth’svitalsigns.TheseindicatorsbuildontheframeworkintroducedbyRippleandcolleagues(2020),whoissuedadeclarationofaclimateemergencythathasgarneredsupportfromapproximately15,800scientistsignatoriesworldwide.Wealsoexaminerecentextremeweatherdisastersanddiscussphysicalandsocialrisks.Thefinalsectionsofthereportincludesuggestedclimatemitigationstrate-giesandthebroadersocietaltransformationsneededtosecurealivablefuture.Asummaryofkeyfindingsisgiveninbox1.

Vitalsigns

Thelastfewyearshaveseensurfacetemperature,oceantemper-ature,andseaiceextentrecordsbrokenbyextraordinarymargins

(supplementalfigureS1)

.Thisisconsistentwithwarmingacceler-atingbecauseofalargecloudfeedbackanddecreasingemissionsofaerosolsthatmaskwarming(Hansenetal.2025,Tselioudisetal.2025).Therapidpaceofwarmingmayalsobepartlybecauseofaweakeninglandcarbonsink.In2023,landuptakeofcarbondioxidedroppedsharplyfromhistoricalaverages,likelydrivenbyElNiñoandintenseforestfires(Friedlingsteinetal.2024).Asare-sult,atmosphericcarbondioxideconcentrationsroseunusuallyquickly,despiteonlymodestincreasesinfossilfuelemissions.Ofthe34planetaryvitalsignswecontinuetotrack(figures1and2),22areatrecordlevels

(supplementaltableS1)

,andmanyshowalarmingtrendsthatwehighlightbelow.Sourcesandadditionaldetailsabouteachvariableareprovidedin

supplementalfileS1.

Forvitalsignsmeasuredwithsubannualfrequency,ranks,andotherstatisticsarebasedonyear-to-dateaverages

(tableS1)

.

Thehumanenterprise

Globalhumanpopulationsizeisatarecordhighin2025(figure1a).Similarly,ruminantlivestockandpercapitameatconsumptionareatall-timehighs,asof2023(figure1c,1d).Ruminantlivestockmethaneemissionsaccountforroughlyhalfofallagriculturalgreenhousegasemissions(FAO2023).Humanandruminantpopulationsizesareincreasingbyapproximately1.3millionand0.5millionindividualsperweek,respectively(figure1a,1c).Globalgrossdomesticproductreachedanall-timehighin2025,onthebasisofpreliminarydata,withtheworld

Received:August10,2025.Revised:August16,2025.Accepted:August19,2025

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Box1.KeyHighlights.(Seemaintextfordatasources.)

•Theyear2024setanewmeanglobalsurfacetemperaturerecord,signalinganescalationofclimateupheaval.

•Currently,22of34planetaryvitalsignsareatrecordlevels.

•Warmingmaybeaccelerating,likelydrivenbyreducedaerosolcooling,strongcloudfeedbacks,andadarkeningplanet.

•Thehumanenterpriseisdrivingecologicalovershoot.Population,livestock,meatconsumption,andgrossdomesticproductareallatrecordhighs,withanadditionalapproximately1.3millionhumansand0.5millionruminantsaddedweekly.

•In2024,fossilfuelenergyconsumptionhitarecordhigh,withcoal,oil,andgasallatpeaklevels.Combinedsolarandwindconsumptionalsosetanewrecordbutwas31timeslowerthanfossilfuelenergyconsumption.

•Sofar,in2025,atmosphericcarbondioxideisatarecordlevel,likelyworsenedbyasuddendropinlandcarbonuptakepartlyduetoElNiñoandintenseforestfires.

•Globalfire-relatedtreecoverlossreachedanall-timehigh,withfiresintropicalprimaryforestup370%over2023,fuelingrisingemissionsandbiodiversityloss.

•Oceanheatcontentreachedarecordhigh,contributingtothelargestcoralbleachingeventeverrecorded,affecting84%ofreefarea.

•Sofar,in2025,GreenlandandAntarcticicemassareatrecordlows.TheGreenlandandWestAntarcticicesheetsmaybepassingtippingpoints,potentiallycommittingtheplanettometersofsea-levelrise.

•Deadlyandcostlydisasterssurged,withTexasfloodingkillingatleast135people,theCaliforniawildfiresaloneexceedingUS$250billionindamages,andclimate-linkeddisasterssince2000globallyreachingmorethanUS$18trillion.

•Climatechangeisendangeringthousandsofwildanimalspecies;morethan3500speciesarenowatriskandthereisnewevidenceofclimate-relatedanimalpopulationcollapses.

•TheAtlanticmeridionaloverturningcirculationisweakening,threateningmajorclimatedisruptions.

•Climatechangeisalreadyaffectingwaterqualityandavailability,underminingagriculturalproductivity,sustainablewatermanagement,andincreasingtheriskofwater-relatedconflict.

•AdangeroushothouseEarthtrajectorymaynowbemorelikelyduetoacceleratedwarming,self-reinforcingfeedbacks,andtippingpoints.

•Climatechangemitigationstrategiesareavailable,costeffective,andurgentlyneeded.Fromforestprotectionandrenewablestoplant-richdiets,wecanstilllimitwarmingifweactboldlyandquickly.

•Socialtippingpointscandriverapidchange.Evensmall,sustainednonviolentmovementscanshiftpublicnormsandpolicy,highlightingavitalpathforwardamidpoliticalgridlockandecologicalcrisis.

•Thereisaneedforsystemschangethatlinksindividualtechnicalapproacheswithbroadersocietaltransformation,gover-nance,policies,andsocialmovements.

economyexpandingbyapproximately3.5%overthepreviousyear(figure1e).Althoughthisgrowthisoftencelebratedasasignofprogress,continuedeconomicexpansionremainslargelycoupledwithincreasedresourceconsumption,ecologicaldegra-dation,andincreasedgreenhousegasemissions(Wiedmannetal.2020).Two-thirdsofwarmingsince1990hasbeenattributabletothewealthiest10%becauseofhigh-consumptionlifestyles,highpercapitafossilfueluse,andinvestments(Schöngartetal.2025).Takentogether,thesetrendssuggesthumanityisinastateofecologicalovershoot—astateinwhichresourcesareconsumedfasterthantheycanbereplenished(Rees2023).However,theoverconsumptionofcriticalresourcesandtheconsequencesintermsofsufferingarealsounequallydistributedacrosstheglobe.Sevenoftheeightgloballyquantifiedsafeandjustplanetaryboundarieshavebeentransgressed,highlightingbothovershootanddeepeningjusticeconcerns(Rockströmetal.2023).Reducingecologicalovershootwouldhelpmitigatesocioenvironmentalpressures,butwouldrequirebothcuttingemissionsandrethink-ingtheconsumersocietywhiletransitioningtoasustainableeconomywithinsafeandjustEarthsystemboundaries(Guptaetal.2024,Rippleetal.2024).

Energy

Totalfossilfuelenergyconsumptionreachedarecordhigh,risingby1.5%in2024from2023(figure1h).Thiswasaresultofcoal,

oil,andnaturalgasconsumptioneachrisingtoarecordhighin2024(figure1h).Solarandwindenergyconsumptiontogetheralsoreachedarecordhighin2024,rising16.4%;however,fossilfuelenergyconsumptionwasroughly31timesgreaterthansolarandwindenergyconsumption(figure1h).

Asaresultofsurgingfossilfuelconsumption,energy-relatedemissionsrose1.3%in2024,reachinganall-timehighof40.8gigatons(Gt)ofcarbondioxideequivalent(CO2eq;figure1j).In2024,thegreatestfossilfuelgreenhousegasemitterswereChina(30.7%oftotal),theUnitedStates(12.5%),India(8.0%),theEu-ropeanUnion(6.1%),andRussia(5.5%);together,theyaccountedfor62.8%ofglobalemissions

(supplementaltableS3)

.Muchoftheriseinfossilfuelelectricitygenerationmaybeduetohottertemperatures(Grahametal.2025).

Forestsandwildfires

Globaltreecoverlosswas29.6megahectares(Mha)in2024,thesecondhighestareaonrecordanda4.7%increaserelativeto2023(figure1f).Thiswaspartlyduetofire-relatedglobaltreecoverlossreachingarecordhighlargelybecauseofclimatechangeandElNiño(figure2p).Thelosseswithintropicalprimaryforestwereparticularlylargein2024,withfire-relatedlossesreachingarecordhighof3.2Mha,comparedwithjust0.69Mhain2023—a370%increase

(supplementalfigureS4)

.Inadditiontomajorim-pactsonbiodiversityandecosystemservices,thelossofprimary

Rippleetal.|3

Figure1.Timeseriesofclimate-relatedhumanactivities.Inpanel(f),treecoverlossdoesnotaccountforforestgainandincludeslossduetoanycause.Forpanel(h),statisticsarebasedontotalenergysupply(EnergyInstitute2025);hydroelectricityandnuclearenergyareshownin

supplementalfigureS2.

Sourcesandadditionaldetailsabouteachvariableareprovidedin

supplementalfileS1.

forestin2024aloneresultedinroughly3.1GtofCO2eqgreen-housegasemissions,whichisapproximately8%oftotal2024anthropogenicemissions(WRI2025).Massivewildfireshavealsobeenoccurringin2025.ByAugust,theEuropeanUnion’swildfireseasonwasalreadythemostextensiveonrecordintermsofareaburned,exceeding1millionhectares(Niranjan2025).Canada’swildfireseasoniscurrentlythesecondlargestonrecordbyareaburned(Bowden2025),andclimatechangeislikelyamajorcon-tributingfactor(Seydietal.2025).Thisexemplifiesadangerousclimatefeedbackloopasfiresreleasevastcarbonemissionsthataccelerateglobalwarming,whichinturnfuelsmorefireactiv-ity.Wildfiresalsohavemoredirectimpacts,includingsignificantsmoke-relatedmorbidityandmortality(Alarietal.2025).

Incontrasttotheglobaltrend,deforestationinBrazil’sAmazonrainforestdroppedbyroughly30%,reachingitslowestlevelin9years,with0.63millionhectaresclearedby31July2024comparedwith0.90millionhectaresby31July2023(figure1g).Theseesti-matesarebasedontheBrazilianAmazonRainforestMonitoringProgrambySatellitemethodology,whichinvolvesquantifyingde-forestationforareasexceeding6.25hectaresintheBrazilianLegalAmazonusingspecialistphotointerpretationofsatelliteimagery(deAlmeidaetal.2021).ThedeclineisattributedtostrengthenedenvironmentalenforcementunderPresidentLuizInácioLuladaSilva’sadministration,whichhasprioritizedconservationefforts(Vilanietal.2023).However,despitethereductionindeforesta-tionintheBrazilianAmazon,theregionexperiencedasignificant

4|BioScience,2025,Vol.0,No.0

Figure2.Timeseriesofclimate-relatedresponses.Forsurfacetemperatureanomaly(d),estimatesbasedonasegmentedlinearregressionmodelareshowningray(priorto2010)andblack(beginningin2010).Forareaburned(o),theblackhorizontallinesshowchangepointmodelestimates,whichindicateabruptshifts

(supplementalfigureS3)

.Forothervariableswithrelativelyhighvariability,localregressiontrendlinesareshowninblack.Thevariablesweremeasuredatvariousfrequencies(e.g.,annual,monthly,weekly).Thelabelsonthex-axiscorrespondtomidpointsofyears.Sourcesandadditionaldetailsabouteachvariableareprovidedin

supplementalfileS1.

surgeinfiresbecauseofseveredroughtconditions(Butler2024).Thesefires,whicharenotalwaysclassifiedasdeforestation,haveraisedconcernsaboutongoingecosystemdegradationandthechallengesofaccuratelymonitoringforesthealth.TheAmazoncontinuestofacethreatsfromclimatechangeandhumanactiv-ities,whichunderscorestheneedforsustainedconservationef-fortstoincreaseitsresilience(Schaefferetal.2025).By2050,asmuchas47%oftheAmazonrainforestcouldfacecompoundingdisturbances,potentiallyleadingtoirreversibleecosystemtransi-tions(Floresetal.2024).

Globalgreenhousegasesandtemperature

Onthebasisofyear-to-dateaverages,atmosphericconcentrationsofcarbondioxide,methane,andnitrousoxidewereallatrecordhighlevelsagainin2025(figure2a–2c).Inaddition,inMay2025,theaveragecarbondioxideconcentrationattheMaunaLoaObser-vatory,inHawaii,exceeded430partspermillion—alevellikelynotseeninmillionsofyears(Juddetal.2024).Sofar,in2025,globalav-eragesurfacetemperatureisatthesecondhighestlevelonrecord(figure2d,

tableS1)

,andtheincidenceofextremeheatbasedontheproportionofdayswherethemaximumtemperatureexceeds

Rippleetal.|5

the90thpercentileforthebaselineperiod1961–1990reachedarecordhighin2024(figure2h).Thepast10years,2015–2024,arethe10warmestyearsonrecord(WMO2025b).

Energybalance

AnimportantpredictoroffuturewarmingisEarth’senergyimbalance—thedifferencebetweentheamountofsolarenergyabsorbedandtheamountradiatedbackintospace(figure2m).Itisrisingmuchmorequicklythanpredictedbymostclimatemod-els,possiblybecauseofadarkerplanetcorrespondingtoalargedecreaseinEarth’salbedo(reflectivity;Goesslingetal.2025,Mau-ritsenetal.2025),whichisnearanall-timelow(figure2n).Mostoftherecentdecreaseinalbedois,inturn,causedbyanexcep-tionallystrongcloudfeedback(Hansenetal.2025).Cloudchar-acteristicsarechangingbecauseofbothrisingtemperaturesanddecliningemissionsofaerosolssuchassulfurdioxide,whichaf-fectcloudbrightnessandformation(Hausfather2025).Together,thesefactorsmayhavecontributedgreatlytotherecentacceler-ationinwarming(figure2d).

Oceansandice

In2025,onthebasisofyear-to-dateaverages,Greenland’sandAntarctica’sicemasslevelswereatrecordlows(figure2j,2k).RecentresearchshowsthattheGreenlandandWestAntarcticicesheetsmayhavealreadypassedcriticaltippingpointsbe-causeofcurrentglobalwarminglevels(Stokesetal.2025).Green-landisrapidlylosingicefromsurfacemeltandrunoff,whereasWestAntarcticafacesagrowingriskofirreversiblecollapsefromocean-drivenmeltingbeneathitsiceshelves.Withicelossrateshavingquadrupledsincethe1990s,thesechangesarelikelytocommittheplanettoseveralmetersofsea-levelrise,evenwith-outadditionalemissions(Stokesetal.2025).Thecurrentwarmingappearssufficienttotriggerthislong-termincreaseinthelossofice.Therateofsea-levelrisehasdoubledinthelastthreedecades(figure2g;alsoseeHamlingtonetal.2024).

Anothernotabledevelopmentisthatoceanheatcontentreachedarecordhigh(figure2e).Thislikelycontributedtotheon-goingcoralbleachingevent,affectingroughly84%oftheworld’scoralreefareabetween1January2023and31May2025,mak-ingitthemostextensivebleachingincidentinrecordedhistory(NOAACoralReefWatch2025).Furthermore,oceanpHreachedarecordlow,indicatingthehighestacidityonrecord(figure2f)andnewevidencesuggeststheglobalplanetaryboundaryforoceanacidificationmayhavebeencrossedin2020(Findlayetal.2025).Oceanacidificationposesaseriousthreattomarinecalcifiers,in-cludingsomecoralsandphytoplankton—thebaseofoceanfoodwebs(Findlayetal.2025).

Climateimpactsandextremeweather

Eachadditionaltenthofadegreeofglobalwarmingleadstoadisproportionatelygreaterriseindisastersrelatedtoextremeweatherandmanyadditionalpeoplefacingintolerableheatstress(Lentonetal.2023).Thepastyearhasseenasurgeindevastatingclimate-relateddisastersaroundtheworld(table1).Fromdeadlyfloodsandwildfirestorecord-breakingstormsandheatwaves,theevidenceisoverwhelming:Extremeweatherisbecomingmorefrequent,intense,andcostly.Thetendencyforthestationaryme-andersinthesummerjetstreamthatfavorpersistentweatherpatternsthatcanproduceextremessuchasmajorfloodsandheatdomeshasalmosttripledsincethe1950s—anadditionalimpactonextremeweatherthatisnotcurrentlywellcapturedinclimatemodels(Lietal.2025).Inaddition,thecombinedglobalintensity

ofdroughtsandfloodshasincreasedrapidlyinmorerecentyears

(figureS5)

.Theseprolongedandintensifyingwaterextremes,likelydrivenprimarilybyrisingglobaltemperatures,underscoregrowinghydroclimaticwhiplash—extremeswingsbetweenwetanddryconditions(LiandRodell2023,RodellandLi2023).

Morespecifically,majordisastershaverecentlystruckmultipleregionsaroundtheworld(tables1,

S2)

.Forexample,TyphoonYagisweptacrossSoutheastAsiain2024,causingwidespreaddestruc-tionwithanestimatedeconomicimpactofmorethanUS$14.7billionandlossoflifewithmorethan800deaths.IntheUnitedStates,HurricaneHelenekilled251peopleandcausedroughlyUS$79billionindamagesin2024;theLosAngeleswildfireskilledatleast30people,causedatleastUS$250billionindamagesanddisruptedmillionsoflives;andacatastrophicflashfloodinTexaskilledatleast135people.Europe,EastAfrica,andJapanalsoex-periencedsevereevents,manywithunprecedentedintensity,in-cludingadevastatingheatwaveinEuropewhereresearcherses-timatedthatclimatechangedirectlycontributedtothedeathsofroughly1500people.

Althoughallclimateandweatherextremeshavemultiplephysicaldrivers,thesedisastersarepartofabroaderpatternofes-calatingriskdrivenbyawarmingplanet.Warmertemperatures(figure2d,2h)fuelmorepowerfulstorms,amplifydroughtsandrainfallextremes,andincreasethelikelihoodofmassivewildfires(figure2o,2p).Between2000and2024,globalspendingrelatedtoclimatedisasterstotaledapproximatelyamassiveUS$18.5tril-lion(BloombergIntelligence2025).Vulnerablecommunities,es-peciallyinlow-incomecountries,areoftenhithardest,withlast-ingimpactsonfoodsecurity,wateravailabilityandquality,builtinfrastructure,andpublichealth.Themountingtollofclimate-relateddisastersisastarkreminderoftheurgentneedforbothclimatemitigationandadaptationefforts.Aswarmingcontinues,therisksandcostswillgrow.

Therisks

Theacceleratingclimatecrisispresentsarangeofdeeplyin-terconnectedrisksthatthreatentodestabilizetheEarthsystemandsociety.Inthissection,wehighlightfourparticularlyurgentthreatsasexamples:riskstoEarth’swildanimals,thepotentialcollapseoftheAtlanticmeridionaloverturningcirculation,riskstowaterresources,andtheriskofcrossingclimatetippingpointsthatcouldpushtheplanetontoaself-sustaininghothouseEarthtrajectory.Aspartofabroaderpolycrisis,eachoftheserisksisam-plifiedbyfeedbackloopsandsystemicvulnerabilitiesthatcouldlockinlong-termconsequencesforhumanandplanetaryhealth.

Riskstobiodiversity

ManyofEarth’swildanimalspeciesareendangered,withhabitatlossandoverexploitationbeingdominantthreats(Maxwelletal.2016).Overthepast50years,theaveragesizeofstudiedwildlifepopulationshasdecreasedby73%(WWF2024).Climatechangehasnowemergedasanotherseriousthreattobiodiversity,widelyaffectingspeciesdistributions,populationdynamics,phenology,andecosystemfunction(IPBES2019).Currently,morethan3500assessedwildanimalspeciesarethreatenedbyclimatechangeandnumerousexamplesofclimate-relatedspeciespopulationcollapsehavebeendocumented(Rippleetal.2025).Climatechangeisexpectedtohavegreater,albeithighlyuncertain,impactsonbiodiversityinthefuture(Nunezetal.2019).Climatechange-relatedeffectsonbiodiversity,especiallychangesinspeciesdistributions,canhaveimplicationsforhuman

6|BioScience,2025,Vol.0,No.0

Table1.Recentclimate-relateddisasterssinceSeptember2024.

Event

category

Event

Date

Description

Wildfires

Californiawildfires

JapanandSouthKoreawildfires

CanadaWildfires

January2025

March2025

May2025

Wildfiresburnedmorethan57,000acres,causedatleastUS$250billionineconomicdamagesandlosses,killedatleast30people,damagedthousandsofstructures,andforcednearly200,000peopletoevacuateacrosstheLosAngelesregion.

Wildfiresburned370hectaresinJapanandmorethan48,000hectaresinSouthKorea,injuring2people,killing32peopleinSouthKorea,damaginghomes,andpromptingmassevacuationsandemergencyresponse.

OneofCanada’smostintenseearlyseasonwildfireoutbreaksburnedover1.58millionhectaresandforced17,000evacuations.

Heavy

precipi-tation

TyphoonYagi*

StormBoris

JapanFloods

Hurricane

Helene*

StormKirk*

HurricaneMilton*

ItalyMultipleFloods

South-EastSpainFloods

ColombiaFloods

StormDarragh

CycloneChido*

StormÉowyn*

Queensland

Flood

CycloneZelia*

CycloneAlfred*

ArgentinaFloods

CycladesStorm

DRCongoFloods

NewSouthWalesFloods

TexasFloods

September2024

September2024

September

2024

September

2024

October2024

October2024

October2024

October2024

November

2024

December

2024

December

2024

January2025

February2025

February2025

March2025

March2025

March2025

May2025

May2025

July2025

TyphoonYagibroughtdeadlyflooding,landslides,andextremewindstoVietnamandsurroundingcountries,resultinginanestimated844deaths,2279injuries,andoverUS$14.7billionindamages.

StormBoriscausedsevereflooding,27deaths,andwidespreadpoweroutagesacrossCentralandEasternEurope,withrainfalluptofourtimesthemonthlyaverageandeconomicdamageslikelyexceedingUS$2.2billion.

Record-breakingrainfallinIshikawatriggereddeadlyfloodsandlandslides,killingsix,

leavingtenmissing,floodingthousandsofhomes,andisolatingover100communities.

HurricaneHelenecausedcatastrophicfloodingandwinddamageacrosssix

southeasternUSstates,leadingto251deathsandUS$78.7billionindamages.

StormKirkbroughtwidespreadfloodingandwinddamageacrosswesternandnorthernFrance,withgustsupto211kilometersperhourandrainfallnear90millimetersinafewhours;itresultedinonedeathandroughlyUS$110millionineconomiclossesinWesternEurope.

Withpeakrainfallnear19inchesandwindsreaching160kilometersperhouratlandfall,HurricaneMiltoncausedroughlyUS$34.3billionindamagesandkilled45people,

primar