雨课堂学堂在线学堂云《Epidemiology（豫北医学院）》单元测试考核答案

Epidemiology第1题Regardingepidemiology,whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?AStudyingdiseases,healthconditions,andtheirinfluencingfactorsfromanindividualperspective.BOnlyresearchingtheepidemiccharacteristicsandpreventionmeasuresofinfectiousdiseases.COnlystudyingtheriskfactorsofchronicdiseases.DInvestigatingthedistributionofdiseasesandhealthconditionsinthepopulationandtheirinfluencingfactors.EOnlystudyingthepreventionandcontrolmeasuresofdiseases.第2题WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtothebasicconnotationoftheepidemiologicaldefinition?ATheobjectofepidemiologicalresearchisthepopulation.BThecontentofepidemiologicalresearchnotonlyincludesdiseases,butalsoinjuries,healthstatusandotherrelatedhealthevents.CThestartingpointofepidemiologicalresearchisthedistributionofdiseasesandhealthconditions,andthefocusoftheresearchistheinfluencingfactorsofdiseasesandhealthconditions.DTheultimategoalofepidemiologicalresearchistotreatdiseases,improvepatientprognosis,promotepatientrecovery,andprolongpatientlifespan.EItisthepopulationwithcertaincharacteristicsthattheresearchfocuseson,ratherthananindividual.第3题Thescopeofepidemiologicalresearchis:AInfectiousdiseasesBEndemicdiseasesCInfectiousdiseasesandendemicdiseasesDInfectiousdiseasesandendemicdiseasesEDiseasesandhealthconditions第4题4.Epidemiologygraduallydevelopedintoanindependentdisciplineduringwhichperiod?AFromtheearly14thcenturytothemid-16thcenturyBFromtheearly16thcenturytothemid-18thcenturyCFromthemid-18thcenturytothemid-20thcenturyDFromthe1940stothe1980sESincethe1940stothepresent第5题5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanimportantconceptinepidemiologicalresearch?APopulationBComparisonCProbabilitytheoryDSavinglivesandhealingthewoundedESocialmedicineperspective第6题6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsreflectsanimportantperspectiveofepidemiology?AEpidemiologystudiesgroups.BEpidemiologyrequirescomparativeanalysisfrommultipleperspectives.CVariousfactorsinthesocialenvironmentmayberelatedtohealthordiseases.DEpidemiologyemploysalargeamountofprobabilitytheoryandstatisticalknowledge.EAlloftheabove.第7题7.In1854,therenownedBritishphysicianJohnSnowconductedaseriesofstudiesontheprevalenceofcholerainLondon.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemostaccurate?ADescribingthedistributionofcholeracasesprovidedcluesforexploringthecause.BItpioneeredtheclinicaltrialinepidemiology.CItsettheprecedentforactiveimmunizationinthepreventionandcontrolofinfectiousdiseases.DItfirstproposedtheviewthat"choleraistransmittedthroughtheair".EItpioneeredtheanalyticalepidemiologicalmethod.第8题8.ThefundamentaldifferencebetweentheobservationalmethodandtheanalyticalmethodinepidemiologicalresearchliesinAWhetheracontrolgroupisestablishedBWhetherfollow-upisconductedCWhetherartificialcontrolconditionsaresetforthestudyDWhethersamplingiscarriedoutEWhetherrandomgroupingisperformed第9题9.Thethreestagesofepidemiologicalworkare:ADescribingthedistribution,formulatinghypotheses,andverifyingthehypothesesBRevealingthephenomenon,identifyingthecause,andprovidingmeasuresCOrganizingthedata,analyzingthedata,anddrawingconclusionsDObservationalresearch,experimentalresearch,andtheoreticalresearchEScreeningpatients,diagnosingpatients,andtreatingpatients第10题10.ThefoundationofepidemiologicalresearchisADescriptiveresearchBAnalyticalresearchCExperimentalresearchDTheoreticalresearchEFieldinvestigationresearch第11题11.Epidemiologyismainlyappliedto:AAssessingtheeffectivenessofdiseasepreventionandcontrolmeasuresBEvaluatingthehealthstatusofthepopulationCStudyingdiseasepreventionandcontrolDInvestigatingthecausesofdiseasesEAlloftheabove第12题12.Whichofthefollowingisnotacharacteristicofepidemiology:AGroupcharacteristicsBCharacteristicsbasedondistributionCCharacteristicsfocusedontreatingdiseasesDCharacteristicsofcomparisonECharacteristicsemphasizingprevention第13题13.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutepidemiologyisincorrect?AItisafundamentaldisciplineofmedicine.BItfocusesonindividualresearchsubjects.CItcanevaluatetheeffectivenessandsafetyofdrugsorpreventivemeasures.DItcanstudythenaturalhistoryofdiseases.EItcanprovideabasisforhealthdecisions.第14题14.Thethreelevelsofsubjectsinepidemiologicalresearchare:ADisease,injury,healthBPatients,high-riskgroup,generalpopulationCInfectiousdiseases,chronicnon-communicablediseases,injuryDDeath,illness,disabilityENoneoftheabovearecorrect第15题15.Regardingepidemiology,whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemostappropriate?AEpidemiologyunderstandsdiseasesatthegeneticlevel.BEpidemiologyunderstandsdiseasesatthecellularlevel.CEpidemiologyunderstandsdiseasesatthepopulationlevel.DEpidemiologyunderstandsdiseasesattheindividuallevel.EEpidemiologyunderstandsdiseasesatthemolecularlevel.第1题1.Tocharacterizetheburdenofdiabetesmellitusonapopulation,aninvestigatorconductsahouseholdsurveyofresidents.ThemostappropriatemeasureinthiscontextisAriskBprevalence.Cincidencerate.Dsurvival.Ecase-fatality.第2题2.Toassessprognosisafteradiagnosisofdiabeticcoma,aninvestigatorcollectsinformationondeathswithin30days.ThemostappropriatemeasureinthiscontextisAcumulativeincidence.Bprevalence.Cincidencerate.Dattributablerisk.Ecase-fatality.第3题3.Toassessthelikelihoodofwomendevelopingdiabetesduringpregnancy,aninvestigatorfollows10,000pregnancyanddeterminesthepercentageofthemwhodevelopgestationaldiabetes.ThemostappropriatemeasureinthiscontextisAcumulativeincidence.Bprevalence.Cincidencerate.DattributableriskEcase-fatality.第4题4.Toassesstherapiditywithwhichdiabetesmellitusdevelopsamongacohortofmorbidlyobeseyoungadults,aninvestigatorfollowseachnon-diabeticobesestudentforthedevelopmentofnewlydiagnoseddiabetesmellitusfrommatriculationatauniversitythroughgraduation.ThemostappropriatemeasureinthiscontextisAcumulativeincidence.Bprevalence.Cincidencerate.Dattributablerisk.Ecase-fatality.第5题5.Whichofthefollowingmeasuresmaybethoughtofastheinverseofcase-fatality?ACumulativeincidenceBPrevalenceCIncidencerateDSurvivalEAttributablerisk第6题6.Thegastriccancermonitoringdataofacertainmonitoringpointin2016:OnJanuary1st,thepopulationofthismonitoringpointwas99,000;onDecember31st,thepopulationwas101,000.ThenumberofgastriccancercasesrecordedonJanuary1stwas120;in2016,therewere200newcasesofgastriccancerand50deathsfromgastriccancer.Then,themortalityrateofgastriccancerin2016isA50.1per100,000B49.5per100,000C121.2per100,000D202.0per100,000E50.0per100,00第7题7.Whichofthefollowingindicatorsiscommonlyusedtoindicatethedegreeofthreatthatadiseaseposestohumanlife?AIncidencerateBPrevalencerateCIncidencerateDMortalityrateECasefatalityrate第8题8.Thecityplanstoconductahypertensionsurveyamongallpermanentresidentsaged40andabovewithintwoweeks.Thesurveyresultscancalculatethe(difficulty,medium)prevalencerateofhypertensionamongpermanentresidentsover40yearsold.AIncidenceBSecondaryrateCMortalityrateDPrevalenceEIncidencerate第9题9.WhichofthefollowingattributesisNOTtypicallyusedtocharacterizewhogetsadisease?ASexBHLAtypeCRaceDAgeEOccupation第10题10.Forageneticdisease,whenpersonsfromahigh-riskcountrymigratetoalow-riskcountry,weexpecttheirriskofdiseasetoAdecrease.Bincrease.Cremainunchanged.Dvarybasedonageatmigration.ENoneoftheabovearecorrect第11题11.Foranenvironmentallydetermineddisease,whenpersonsmigratefromahigh-riskcountrytoalow-riskcountry,weexpecttheirriskofdiseasetoAdecrease.Bincrease.Cremainunchanged.Dbesimilartotheirchildren'srisk.ENoneoftheabovearecorrect第12题12.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacharacteristicofapandemic?ATheincidencerateisfarhigherthantheepidemiclevel.BThediseasespreadsrapidly.CItaffectsalargepopulation.DItcancrossprovincial,nationalandcontinentalboundariesinashortperiodoftime.ENewcasesoccurrapidlyinasmallgroupofpeople.第13题13.Inepidemiology,describingthethree-dimensionaldistributionofadiseasereferstoAage,gender,andseasonaldistributionBage,season,andoccupationdistributionCage,season,andregionaldistributionDregion,season,andoccupationdistributionEtime,region,andpopulationdistribution第14题14.TheprevalenceofadiseasereferstoAAlowincidencerate,butitisfrequentlypresentinacertainpopulationBAnincidenceratehigherthan10%CTheoccurrenceofthediseasesignificantlyexceedstheaverageincidencelevelofthelocalpopulationovertheyearsDThecontinuationoftheoutbreakprocessEAsuddenincreaseinincidenceratewithinashortperiodoftime,followedbyasubsequentdecreasetothepreviousincidencelevel第15题15.ThecommontermsusedtodescribetheintensityofdiseaseprevalenceareAIncidencerate,prevalencerate,mortalityrateBPathogenicity,infectivity,susceptibilityCSporadic,outbreak,epidemic,pandemicDSeasonality,periodicity,long-termvariationEPathogenicity,epidemicity,susceptibility第16题16.Amongthe100peoplewhohadagatheringatacertainunit,35peopleexperienceddiarrhea,vomiting,andabdominalpainwithinthenextdayduetoconsumingfoodcontaminatedbyVibrioparahaemolyticus.ThisfallsunderAsporadiccaseBepidemicCexposureDoutbreakEpandemicChapter3DescriptiveStudy第1题1.Whenconductingexploratoryresearchonanunknowndisease,themaintaskofdescriptivestudiesisAtotestthecausalhypothesesBtoconfirmthecausalhypothesesCtosearchforcausalcluesandproposecausalhypothesesDtocollectevidenceandmakecausalinferencesEtodeterminethecauseandevaluatetheeffectivenessofpreventionandtreatmentmeasures第2题2.Thefollowingmethodsdonotbelongtodescriptiveresearch:ACasestudyBCasereportCCaseseriesanalysisDCross-sectionalstudyECase-controlstudy第3题3.Regardingthediscussionofdescriptivestudies,thefollowingstatementisincorrect:AThemaincontentofdescriptivestudiesistodescribethedistributionofdiseasesorhealthconditionsindifferentregions,atdifferenttimes,andamongdifferentpopulations,namely"three-dimensionaldistribution".BBydescribingthecharacteristicsofthethree-dimensionaldistribution,high-riskgroupscanbeidentified.CBydescribingthecharacteristicsofthethree-dimensionaldistribution,importantcluesforformingcausalhypothesescanbeprovided.DBydescribingthecharacteristicsofthethree-dimensionaldistribution,importantcluesforformulatingpreventionandtreatmentmeasuresforthediseasecanbedirectlyobtained.EBydescribingthecharacteristicsofthethree-dimensionaldistribution,notonlycancausalcluesbeprovidedbutthecausecanalsobeconfirmed.第4题4.In2016,acertainmagazinepublishedastudywhichreportedthatapatientexperiencedsevereeyelashlossafterbeinghospitalizedfortreatmentduetopersistenthighfever.Thestudyalsoprovidedadetailedreportofthepatient'sotherclinicaldata.Theresearchmethoddescribedabovebelongsto(difficultylevel,easy)Across-sectionalsurveyBcase-controlstudyCcasereportDlong-termmonitoringEretrospectivecohortstudy第5题5.Whichofthefollowingstatementaboutthecurrentsituationresearchiscorrect:AItsmainpurposeistoverifythecause.BItisapplicabletodiseaseswithalowincidencerate.CItsmainpurposeistodiscovercluesaboutthecause.DItisapplicabletodiseaseswithashortcourseofillness.ESincenocontrolgroupissetup,itcannotbeusedforcomparativeanalysisofdata.第6题6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadescriptiveepidemiologystudy?AAstudyoftrendsovertimeinthemortalityfromdiabetesBAstudyofvariationinstrokeincidencebyraceandsexCAstudyoftheriskofstomachcanceramongmigrantsDAstudyoftheriskofsuicideamongveteransascomparedwithnonveteransEAstudyofeffecacy,safety,andimmunogenicityofanenterovirus71vaccine第7题7.Whichsurveymethodistypicallychosenwhenconductingacurrentsituationstudy?ACensusBTypicalcaseinvestigationCHospitalizedcaseinvestigationDCaseinvestigationESamplingsurvey第8题8.Inwhichaspectsisasamplesurveysuperiortoacensus?AThedataanalysisissimpler.BTheincidenceratecanbeobtained.CThedatarepresentationisbetter.DItsavesmanpower,materialresourcesandtime.EThestatisticalanalysisindicatorsarefewer.第9题9.In2020,inordertoinvestigatethehealthconditionsoftheelderlyinBeijing,4districtsandcountieswererandomlyselectedinBeijing,andthen2communitieswererandomlyselectedfromeachdistrictandcounty.Alltheelderlyineachcommunityweresurveyed.ThissamplingmethodisASimpleRandomSamplingBSystematicSamplingCClusterSamplingDStratifiedSamplingEMultilevelSampling第10题10.InordertoinvestigatetheprevalenceofhypertensionanddiabetesaswellasrelatedriskfactorsamongtheresidentsofacertaincommunityinHangzhou,1,014permanentresidentsover60yearsoldinthiscommunitywererandomlyselected.Thequestionnaireresponseratewas98.6%.Amongthem,145haddiabetesand275hadhypertension.Theresultsshowedthat(difficultylevel,difficult)ATheprevalenceofhypertensionwas27.1%BTheprevalenceofhypertensionwas27.1%CTheprevalenceofdiabeteswas14.3%DTheprevalenceofdiabeteswas14.5%ETheincidenceofdiabeteswas14.5%第11题11.AstudywasconductedtoinvestigatetheprevalenceofmigrainesamongcollegestudentsinHarbin.TheinvestigationperiodwasfromJanuary1st,2012toMay1st,2012.Asampleof1,500peoplewassurveyed,and135ofthemwerediagnosedwithmigraines.Aftercollectingthedata,whichofthefollowingindicatorscouldbecalculated(difficultylevel:easy)?AInfectionrateBRecurrencerateCIncidencerateDPrevalenceESurvivalrate第12题12.Inanecologicstudyofcellphoneuseandincidenceofbraincancer,thecoefficientofdeterminationisfoundtobe0.3.ThissuggeststhatAcellphoneuseaccountsformostofthevariationinriskofbraincancer.Bcellphoneuseisacauseofbraincancer.Ccellphoneusehasnoassociationwithriskofbraincancer.Dcellphoneuseaccountsforaboutathirdofthevariationinbraincancerrisk.Ecellphoneuseleadstolessbraincancer第13题13.Inanecologicstudyofdietaryfolateintakeandriskofneuraltubedefects,thecorrelationcoefficientwas-0.86.ThismeansthatAhighdietaryfolateintakeisassociatedwithahigherriskofneuraltubedefects.Bhighdietaryfolateintakeisassociatedwithalowerriskofneuraltubedefects.Cthereisnoassociationbetweendietaryfolateintakeandneuraltubedefects.Ddietaryfolateintakecausesneuraltubedefects.Ethereissignificantassociationbetweendietaryfolateintakeandneuraltubedefects.第14题14.Inacorrelationstudy,theprevalenceofobesityisassociatedatthepopulationlevelwiththeincidenceofprostatecancer.Whenexaminedonaperson-by-personbasis,however,obeseindividualsdonothaveanincreasedriskofdevelopingprostatecancer.ThisisanexampleofAtheHawthorneeffect.BaselectionbiasCanecologicfallacy.Dregressiontothemean.Eaconfoundingfactor第15题15.Humanpapillomavirus(HPV)isknowntobetheprincipalcauseofuterinecervicalcancer.Ifanecologicstudywasperformed,onewouldexpectthefollowingcorrelationcoefficientbetweenincidenceofHPVcervicalinfectionandincidenceofcervicalcancertobeclosesttoA-1.B0.C1.D100.E0.10Chapter4CohortStudy第1题1.Whichofthefollowingresearchmethodscanbeusedtostudythenaturalhistoryofadiseaseinapopulation?ACross-sectionalstudyBEcologicalstudyCCohortstudyDCase-controlstudyECaseinvestigation第2题2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheselectionofthecontrolgroupinacohortstudy?AInternalcontrolBSelf-precedingandsubsequentcontrolCExternalcontrolDPopulation-widecontrolEMultiplecontrols第3题3.Theadvantagesofcohortstudiesdonotinclude:AApplicabletotheetiologicalresearchofrarediseasesBStrongabilitytoverifycausalrelationshipsCCapableofdirectlycalculatingincidenceratesDCapableofstudyingthenaturalhistoryofdiseasesECapableofstudyingmultiplecausesleadingtooneeffect第4题4.Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsofrelativeriskiscorrect?AThedifferencebetweentheincidenceormortalityrateoftheexposedgroupandthatofthenon-exposedgroupBTheratiooftheincidenceormortalityrateoftheexposedgrouptothatofthenon-exposedgroupCTheratiooftheincidenceormortalityrateoftheexposedgrouptothatofthecasegroupDThedifferenceintheproportionofhavingacertainfactorbetweenthecasegroupandthecontrolgroupETheratiooftheproportionofhavingacertainfactorinthecasegrouptothatofhavingnocertainfactorinthecontrolgroup第5题5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacharacteristicofacohortstudy?AItbelongstotheobservationalmethod.BAcontrolgroupneedstobeestablished.CItcanconfirmthecausalrelationshipbetweenexposureandoutcome.DItcanbeusedforexploringthecause.EItistime-saving,labor-savingandcost-saving.第6题Questions6-10:Acohortstudyisconductedtoevaluatetherelationshipbetweendietaryfatintakeandthedevelopmentofprostatecancerinmen.Inthestudy,100menwithahighfatdietarecomparedwith100menwhoarelowfatdiet.Bothgroupsstartatage65andarefollowedfor10years.Duringthefollow-upperiod,10meninthehighfatintakegrouparediagnosedwithprostatecancerand5meninthelowfatintakegroupdevelopprostatecancer.6.Whatistheriskofthedevelopingprostatecancerinthehighfatgroup?A0.05B0.10C0.15D0.20E0.25第7题7.Whatistheriskofthedevelopingprostatecancerinthelowfatgroup?A0.05B0.10C0.15D0.20E0.25第8题8.Whatistheriskratio(highfatconsumerscomparedtolowfatconsumers)fortheoccurrenceofprostatecancer?A0.05B0.75C1.0D1.5E2.0第9题9.Thepointestimatefortheriskratioinquestion3suggeststhattheriskofprostatecancerassociatedwithconsumptionofahighfatdietisAdecreased.Bincreased.Cnotaffected.Dcannotbedeterminedfromtheinformationprovided.第10题10.The95%confidenceintervalis0.95to3.5.Forstatisticalsignificanceatanalphalevelof0.05,thecorrectinterpretationoftheseresultsisthatAAstatisticallysignificantassociationexistsbetweenhighdietaryfatintakeandanincreasedriskforprostatecancer.BAstatisticallysignificantassociationexistsbetweenhighdietaryfatintakeandandecreasedriskforprostatecancer.CItcanbeconcludedwith95%CIthathighdietaryfatintakeprotectsagainstprostatecancer.DItcanbeconcludedwith95%CIthathighdietaryfatintakeincreasetheriskofprostatecancer.ETheriskofprostatecancerisnotstatisticallysignificantlydifferentbetweenmenwithhighfatintakeandmenwithlowfatintake.第11题Question11-15:Acohortstudyisconductedtoevaluatetherelationshipbetweenserumcholesterollevelandtheoccurrenceofmyocardialinfarctioninwomen.Inthestudy,500womenwithhighserumcholesterollevelsand500womenwithouthighserumcholesterollevelsarefollowedovera10-yearperiod.Duringthestudy,40ofthewomenwithhighserumcholesterollevelsand15ofthewomenwithnormalserumcholesterollevelsdevelopanewlydiagnosedmyocardialinfarction.11.Theincidencerate(per10,000person-years)foramyocardialinfarctionamongwomenwithhighserumcholesterolisA30.B50.C60.D80.E100.第12题12.Theincidencerate(per10,000person-years)foramyocardialinfarctionamongwomenwithnormalserumcholesterolisA30.B50.C60.D80.E100.第13题13.The(incidence)rateratioformyocardialinfarctionisA0.37.B1.33.C2.67.D3.15.E3.75.第14题14.TheriskdifferenceisA0.002.B0.005.C0.006.D0.01.E0.05第15题15.TheattributableriskpercentisA25.5%.B35.0%.C47.5%.D55.5%.E62.5%.Chapter5Case-ControlStudy第1题1.Regardingthediscussionofcase-controlstudies,thecorrectstatementis:AItcandirectlycalculatetheincidencerateofthedisease.BItcandirectlycalculatetherelativerisk.CItisapplicableforexploringthecausesofrarediseases.DThemainbiasistheloss-to-follow-upbias.EItcanobservethat"causes"outnumber"effects".第2题2.Inacase-controlstudy,thesubjectsshouldbeAThecasegroupconsistsofpeoplesuspectedofhavingacertaindisease,whilethecontrolgroupconsistsofthosewhodonothavethatdisease.BThecasegroupiscomposedofpeopleconfirmedtohaveacertaindisease,whilethecontrolgroupconsistsofthosesuspectedofhavingthatdisease.CNeitherthecasegroupnorthecontrolgrouphasdeterminedwhethertheyhaveacertaindisease.DThecasegroupandthecontrolgrouparepeoplewiththesamedisease.EThecasegroupshouldconsistofpeopleconfirmedtohaveacertaindisease,whilethecontrolgroupconsistsofthosewhodonothavethatdisease.第3题3.Regardingthe"cases"inacase-controlstudy,theincorrectstatementis:AItcanbeapatientwithacertaindisease.BItcanbeaninfectedpersonwithacertainpathogen.CItcanbeapersonwhohasexperiencedacertainoutcome.DItcanbeapatientwhorespondedeffectivelytoacertaindrug.EItcanbecomposedofpatientswithdifferentdiseases.第4题4.Amongthesourcesofcontrolscommonlyusedincase-controlstudies,theonethatisclosesttoarepresentativesampleoftheentirepopulationis:AThespouse,siblings,relatives,etc.ofthecaseBArandomsampleofpatientswithotherdiseasesdiagnosedinthesameormultiplemedicalinstitutionsCHealthypeopleornon-patientswiththediseaseintheneighborsortheresidentialareawherethecaselivesDArandomsampleofnon-casesorhealthypeoplefromthecommunitypopulationETheclassmatesorcolleaguesofthecase第5题5.Toconductacase-controlstudyontherelationshipbetweensmokingandlungcancer,thefollowingindividualswouldnotbesuitableascontrols:ApatientswithbronchitisBpatientswithstomachproblemsCpatientswithaccidentalinjuriesDpatientswithintestinaldiseasesEpatientswitheyeproblems第6题6.Inacase-controlstudymatching,theprinciplefordeterminingthematchingconditionsisAThemainexposurefactorofthestudyshouldbelistedasthematchingconditionBThepossibleconfoundingfactorsinthestudyshouldbelistedasthematchingconditionsCFactorsunrelatedtothestudydiseaseshouldbelistedasmatchingconditionsDFactorsunrelatedtothestudyexposureshouldbelistedasmatchingconditionsEIntermediatelinksinthecausalchainshouldbelistedasmatchingconditions第7题7.Theincorrectstatementregardingcase-controlstudiesis:AItisrelativelyeconomical.BIfthediseaseisrare,therelativeriskcanbeestimatedbasedontheresultsobtained.CTheincidenceratecanbecalculated.DHealthyindividualswithoutthediseaseareselectedascontrols.ETheremaybebiasintheestimationofexposurefactors.第8题8.Theadvantagesofcase-controlstudiesare:ATheycaninvestigatetherelationshipbetweenonefactorandmultiplediseases.BTheycandirectlycalculatetherelativerisk.CTheyareparticularlysuitableforexploringthecausesofrarediseases.DTheycanobtainexposuredatawithouttheneedforthesubjects'recollection.ETheyareastudyfrom"cause"to"effect".第9题9.Inacase-controlstudyconductedingroups,theexpressionoftheoddsratioisA(ad)/(bc)B(ab)/(cd)C(bc)/(ad)Dc/bEb/c第10题10.Inacase-controlstudy,the95%confidenceintervaloftheORvalueofacertainresearchfactoris1.3to1.8.ThenthisresearchfactormaybeaAriskfactorBprotectivefactorCconfoundingfactorDirrelevantfactorEmatchingfactor第11题11.Inastudyonriskfactorsforcoronaryheartdiseaseinvolving750casesand750controls,500casesand150controlsrespectivelyhadacertainsuspectedriskfactor.TheincidenceofcoronaryheartdiseaseamongthosewiththisfactorwasA0.667B0.769C0.2D0.416ECannotbecalculated第12题12.Theresearchersselected200lungcancerpatientsand200non-lungcancerpatientsofthesameageandgenderastheresearchsubjects.Theycollectedinformationsuchastheirsmokinghabitsandanalyzedtherelationshipbetweensmokingandlungcancer.ThisresearchmethodisAcohortstudyBmatchedcase-controlstudyCunmatchedcase-controlstudyDretrospectivecohortstudyEcross-sectionalsurvey第13题13.Acase-controlstudywasconductedon100patientswithlivercancerand200controlstoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenalcoholconsumptionandlivercancer.Itwasfoundthat50outofthe100patientsweredrinkers,and50outofthe200controlswerealsodrinkers.Thus,theoddsratiooftheassociationbetweenalcoholconsumptionandlivercancerisA1B1.5C2D2.5E3第14题14.Acase-controlstudyontherelationshipbetweentakingacertaindrugandkidneystonesshowedthatOR=1.19,95%CIwas0.89-2.03.Thecorrectinterpretationis:ATherateofdruguseinthecasegroupwassignificantlyhigherthanthatinthecontrolgroup.BTheriskofdevelopingkidneystonesinthedrug-takinggroupwassignificantlygreaterthanthatinthecontrolgroup.CThepossibilityofdevelopingkidneystonesinthecontrolgroupwassignificantlyhigherthanthatinthedrug-takinggroup.DThepossibilityofdevelopingkidneystonesinthosewhodidnottakethedrugwassignificantlygreaterthanthatinthosewhotookthedrug.EKidneystonesarenotrelatedtotakingthisdrug.第15题15.Acase-controlstudyontherelationshipbetweenHBVinfectionandprimarylivercancershowedanORof10.91(9.50-12.53)withits95%confidenceinterval.ThecorrectconclusionisAHBVinfectionincreasestheriskofprimarylivercancerBHBVinfectionreducestheriskofprimarylivercancerCHBVinfectionhasnostatisticalassociationwiththeoccurrenceofprimarylivercancerDTheincidenceofprimarylivercancerintheHBVinfectiongroupishigherthanthatinthenon-infectiongroupETheincidence