新编英语国家概况 课件-Chapter07 Society and Culture

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesChapterSocietyandCulture7Lead-inWatchthevideoandthinkaboutthequestion.Whatisthemostimpressivethingyoulearnedfromthevideo?ThinkandTalkDiscusswithyourpartnerbeforewebegin.WhereistheRepublicofIrelandsituated?HowdidtheIrishpeoplegainindependence?HowistheIrishgovernmentorganized?WhydoweregardemigrationasanIrishcharacteristic?Contents01GeographyHistoryGovernmentPoliticalParties02030405PeopleEconomyLanguages,Education,andReligionQuiz060708PART01GeographyGeographicalFeatures,

Climate,andMajorCitiesTheIslandofIrelandLocation:ItliesintheNorthAtlanticOcean,separatedfromtheislandofGreatBritainbytheIrishSeaandfrommainlandEuropebytheCelticSea.Composition:

TheRepublicofIreland(independentcountry)NorthernIreland(partoftheUnitedKingdom)Area:occupiesapproximatelyfive-sixthsoftheislandofIrelandMaingeographicalfeatures:

lowcentralplainssurroundedbyaringofcoastalmountainsThelongestriver:theShannonThelargestlake:LoughCorribThehighestpeak:CarrantuohillGeographicalFeatures:TheRepublicofIrelandRiverShannonClimateTemperatemaritimeclimateTemperature:highlyuniformColdest:JanuaryandFebruary–4℃-7℃Hottest:JulyandAugust–14℃-16℃Precipitation:

highannualaverageprecipitationsignificantregionalvariationsRainyDayinDublinCityMajorCitiesDublin:

capitalofIrelandthelargestcityone-thirdofthecountry’stotalpopulationlivingherethecountry’schiefport,commercialandfinancialcenter,andculturalhubMajorCitiesCork:

thesecond-largestcitytourismplayinganimportantroleinthelocaleconomyagatewaytosouthwesternIrelandMajorCitiesLimerickthethird-largestcitythemaineconomicregionoutsideofDublinandCorkGalwaythefourth-largestcityIreland’sculturalheartWaterfordthefifth-largestcityIreland’soldestcityPART02HistoryEarlyHistory,ProcessTowardIndependence,andRepublicofIrelandAround10,500BCHunter-gatherersfromBritainreachedtheisland.6thCenturyBC4328thCenturyTheVikingscameandsettled.12thCentury17thCenturyCeltictribesarrived.St.Patrickarrived.TheNormansarrived.TheNormanshavefullcontrolofIreland.MilestoneEvents4thCenturyBCGaelsarrived.Late19th&early20th

CenturyIrelandexperiencedaseriesofvigorousbutunsuccessfulcampaignsforIrishhomerule.EarlyHistoryTheActofUnion(1801):mergedIrelandandGreatBritaintocreatetheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.IrelandbecameanintegralpartoftheUnitedKingdom.IrishPotatoFamineapotatodiseaseinthemid-19thcenturyTheFamineMemorialProcessTowardIndependenceSinnFéin:

wasfoundedbyArthurGriffithatthestartofthe20thcentury;opposedBritishruleandfoughtforself-government;wonthe1918generalelection;setupanIrishparliamentandissuedaDeclarationofIndependencein1919;signedAnglo-IrishTreatyin1921.Consequently,inthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,IrelandexperiencedaseriesofvigorousbutunsuccessfulcampaignsforIrishhomerule.26southerncountiesofIreland–theIrishFreeStateasadominionwithintheBritishEmpiretheremainingsixnortherncounties–partoftheUnitedKingdomTheIrishFreeStategovernmentwouldcontrolitsownpoliceandarmedforces.requiredtopledgeanoathofallegiancetotheBritishmonarchAGovernor-GeneralwouldbeappointedtorepresenttheBritishmonarch.BritainwouldcontinuetocontrolalimitednumberofportsintheIrishFreeState.bringingaboutpro-treatyandanti-treatyfactionswithinSinnFéinProcessTowardIndependence1932:FiannaFáil,organizedbytheanti-treatyforcesundertheleadershipofEamondeValera(1882-1975),gainedcontrolofthegovernment.OnDecember29,1937,theConstitutionofIrelandcameintoforce.TheIrishFreeStatewasrenamedIreland.AnelectedpresidentofIrelandreplacedtheGovernor-Generaltoactastheheadofstate(servedonlywithintheterritoryofIreland).Anew,morepowerfulprimeministerbecametheheadofgovernment.ItstillremainedassociatedwiththeCommonwealth.ProcessTowardIndependenceWWIIandPost-warPeriod:In1939,EamondeValeraannouncedthatIrelandwouldremainneutral.Intheimmediatepost-warperiod,Irelandexperiencedsevereeconomicstrain.RepublicofIrelandOnApril18,1949,Irelanddeclareditselfarepublic.completelyindependentofBritainnolongeramemberoftheCommonwealthofNationsBritainrecognizeditsindependencebutkeptthesixnortherncounties.1950sand1960s:Irelandmadesignificantprogressinstimulatingitsnationaleconomy.TheFirstProgramforEconomicExpansion(1958-1963)RepublicofIreland1985:IrelandsignedtheAnglo-IrishAgreementwithBritain.ThisagreementgavetheIrishgovernmentaconsultativeroleintheaffairsofNorthernIreland.1990:MaryRobinsonwasinaugurated.thefirstfemalePresidentofIreland(1990-1997)thefirstIrishPresidenttovisitQueenElizabethIIatBuckinghamPalaceRepublicofIreland1993:DowningStreetDeclarationsignedbyIrishPrimeMinisterAlbertReynolds(1932–2014)andBritishPrimeMinisterJohnMajorajointstatementoutliningtheprinciplesforpeaceinNorthernIrelandaffirmingthatthefutureofNorthernIrelandwouldbedeterminedbyitspeopleactsoftheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA):1994Ceasefire1996resumptionofterroristactivities1997secondceasefireRepublicofIrelandApril10,1998:BelfastAgreement/GoodFridayAgreementreachedbetweentheIrishandBritishgovernmentscallingfordevolvedgovernmentinNorthernIrelandapprovedinboththeRepublicofIrelandandNorthernIrelandJuly2005:IRAformallydeclaredanendtoitsarmedcampaignagainstBritishruleinNorthern.ThedisarmamentrevivedthepeaceprocessinNorthernIrelandandfurtherstrengthenedAnglo-Irishrelations.RepublicofIreland2006:TheIrishgovernmentlauncheda20-yearstrategytocreateabilingual,Irish-andEnglish-speakingsociety.June2007:BertieAhern(1951–)formedacoalitionwiththeProgressiveDemocrats,severalindependents,andtheGreens.RepublicofIrelandMay2011:QueenElizabethIIpaidanofficialvisittoIreland.thefirstbyaBritishmonarchsinceIrishindependencesymbolofanewrelationshipsince1998April2014:IrishPresidentMichaelD.Higgins(1941–)madeanofficialvisittoBritain.thefirstbyanIrishheadofstate2022:TheIrishlanguagegainedfullstatusasanofficialandworkinglanguageoftheEU.PART03GovernmentTheLegislature,

TheExecutive,andTheJudiciaryIrelandisaconstitutionalrepublicwithaparliamentarysystemofgovernment.TheConstitutionof1937isthebasiclawofthestate.statingthatallgovernmentlegislative,executive,andjudicialpowersderivefromthepeoplesettingouttheformofgovernmentdefiningthepowerofthepresident,thetwohousesofParliament,andthegovernmentdefiningthestructureandpowerofthecourtssettingoutthefundamentalrightsofcitizenscontainingdirectiveprinciplesofsocialpolicytoguideParliamentTheLegislatureIrelandhasabicameralParliament.TheHouseofRepresentatives166electedmembersTheSenate60membershavingfewerpowersthantheHouseofRepresentativesamendtaxationormoneybillsrejectoramendotherbillssubmittedbytheHouseofRepresentativesParliamentmembersfrombothhousesareelectedorappointedeveryfiveyears.TheExecutive

Theheadofstate-Thepresidentelectedbyadirectvoteofpeopleatermof7yearslimitedexecutivepowerrepresentingIrelandonofficialstateoccasionssigningandpromulgating

alllawspassedbythelegislatureTheheadofgovernment-ThePrimeMinisterappointedbythepresidentonthenominationoftheHouseofRepresentativesnormallytheleaderofthepoliticalpartythatwinsthenationalelectionTheCabinetappointedbythepresidentonthenominationofthePrimeMinisterwiththeapprovaloftheHouseofRepresentativesTheJudiciarySupremeCourtCourtofAppealHighCourtCircuitCourtsDistrictCourtsthecourtoffinalappealmaydeterminetheconstitutionalityofbillssubmittedbythepresidentJudgesoftheSupremeCourtareappointedbythePresidentontheadviceofthePrimeMinisterandtheCabinet.PART04PoliticalPartiesFiannaFáil,FineGael,andLabourPartyPoliticalParties·foundedin1926·oneofthedominantpoliticalpartiesinIrelandsincethe1930s·pursuingapolicyofcompletepoliticalindependencefromBritain·supportingthepeacefulreunificationoftheisland·foundedin1933·supportingtheAnglo-IrishTreatyof1921;acceptingtheBritishpartitionofIreland·generallylessanti-British·Keyprinciples:equalityofopportunity,security,integrity,hope,etc.·foundedin1912;establishedasanindependentpartyin1930·mainleft-wingparty;moderatepositionontheissueofIrishreunification·participatinginanumberofcoalitiongovernments·advocatinganactiveroleforthestateinmanagingtheeconomyPART05PeoplePopulation,Emigration,andImmigrationPopulationThepopulationofIrelandisabout5.4million(2025).relativelylowpopulationdensityintheEUComposition:predominantlyofCelticoriginFrench,English,andmorerecentlyChineseandIndianminoritiesasmallindigenousminority–theIrishTravellersEmigrationEmigration,acharacteristicoftheIrish,hasalonghistoryandhastraditionallytakenplaceonalargescale.Emigrationbeganintheearlymedievalperiod.Inthe17thcentury,thefirstmajorwaveofmodernmigrationbegan.Threemajorroutes:tocontinentalEuropetoBritaintoTheUnitedStatesandCanadaMedievalIrishmissionariessettledacrosscontinentalEurope.16thcenturyIrishCatholicsmigratedtoCatholiccountriesofcontinentalEurope.Mid-19thcenturyArisingnumberofIrishpeoplewenttotheUnitedStatesandCanada.Since1973YoungIrishmovedtootherEEC/EUstates.EmigrationEconomicdepressioninIrelandledtomassemigrationtoBritain.1950sEarly19thcenturyIrishPotatoFamineledtomassemigrationtoBritain.ImmigrationImmigrationfromtherestofEurope,Africa,andAsiahasbeensignificantsincethelasttwodecadesofthe20thcentury.Keyfactors:EU'smoreopenlabormarketglobalizednatureoftheIrisheconomyRecenttrend:Immigrationhascontinuedtorise.anestimated125,300peoplearrived(Inthe12monthstoApril2025)PART06EconomyIrelandhasbeenanagriculturalcountry.Livestock:cattle,sheep,andpigsCrops:wheat,barley,andpotatoesMajorexports:farmproducts,suchasbeef,dairy,andpigmeatEconomyEconomy:

Protectionism(1920s–1950s)1920slargelyagriculture-basedeconomywithaverysmallindustrialsector1930s–globaldepressionIrelandadoptedprotectionistandself-sufficiencypolicies–

hightariffsonimportstopromotedomesticindustrializationResult:industrialgrowthboosted1950s–economicstagnationEconomy:

OpeningUptotheWorld(Late1950s–1973)Late1950s–protectionismdismantledTheIrishgovernmentstartedto:embracedirectforeigninvestmentthroughtaxincentives;openupthedomesticmarkettogreaterforeigncompetition.Result:relativelystrongeconomicgrowthadramaticstructuraladjustmentThesigningoftheAnglo-IrishFreeTradeAgreementin1965andIreland’saccessiontotheEECin1973furtherenhancedthecountry’sopennesstotheworld.Economy:

TheKnowledgeEconomy(1990s–2000s)1990sHigh-techindustriesprovidednewimpetus.e.g.,softwareandbiologicalengineeringagriculture-basedeconomy→knowledge-basedeconomyTheIrishgovernmentcontinuedtoencourageforeigninvestment.Result(bytheearly2000s):Ireland’sGDPpercapitahadexceededtheEUaverage.IrelandhadbecomeoneoftherichestamongtheEuropeancountries.“CelticTiger”isawayofreferringtotheRepublicofIrelandduringthe1990sand2000s,whentheeconomygrewandbecamesuccessfulveryquickly.Howdidaislandof5.4millionremakeitselfintoa“CelticTiger”?WhatmakesDublinandIrelandattractiveforhigh-techindustries?DiscussionFromPotatoFieldstoSiliconAcenturyago,Irelandwasknownforpotatoesandemigration.Today,DublinhoststheEuropeanheadquartersofworld-famoustechcompanies,andIreland’sGDPpercapitaranksamongEurope’shighest.Economy:

NewChallengesafterBrexit(Since2020)Since2020Background:strongtradetieswithBritainabout15%ofgoods&servicesexportsabout40%ofexportsintheagri-foodsectorTwo-thirdsofIrishexportersrelyontheU.K.landbridgetoaccessmarketsincontinentalEurope.Impacts:increasedtradecostsreducedexportsofgoodsandservicesloweredGDPTheIrishgovernmenthastakenactionstomitigatethenegativeimpactsofBrexitandtoturnitschallengesintonewopportunities.PART07Languages,Education,andReligionLanguagesTwoofficiallanguages–IrishandEnglishIrishisthefirstofficiallanguage;Englishisthesecondofficiallanguage.MostpublicsignsareusuallybilingualthroughoutIreland.Irishoncespokenbyalldecliningovertimetaughtinallgovernment-fundedschoolstodayEnglishthedominantlanguagespokenacrossthecountryEducationTheeducationalsysteminIrelandprimarilyconsistsofthreelevels.Primary(first-level)educationmostlypublicandfinanceddirectlybythestatePost-primary(second-level)educationsecondaryschoolsvocational,community,andcomprehensiveschoolsHigherortertiary(third-level)educationuniversities,institutesoftechnology,andcollegesofeducationTrinityCollegeDublinUniversityofDublin(TrinityCollegeDublin)NationalUniversityofIreland(NUI)EducationFamousuniversities

ReligionTheIrishConstitutionguaranteesreligiousfreedomRomanCatholicism69%ofthepopulationTheChurchexertsastronginfluenceonnationalaffairs.Catholicismisamatterofpublicidentityratherthanmerelyaprivatefaith.Diversitysincethelastdecadesofthe20thcenturyregularchurchgoersindividualsidentifyingasnon-religiousoradheringtootherfaithsPART08QuizFunFactsandKnowledgeCheckQ1WhichisthelongestriverinIreland?A)TheLiffey.B)TheLee.C)TheShannon.D)TheBoyne.ANSWERC)TheShannon.TheShannonflowsfromthenorthwesttotheAtlanticandisthelongestriverinIreland.Q2HowlongisthetermofthePresidentofIreland?A)4years.B)5years.C)7years.D)10years.ANSWERC)7years.ThetermofthePresidentofIrelandis7years.Q3Whendidthefirstmajorwaveofmodernmigrationbegin?A)Inthe17thcentury.B)Inthe18thcentury.C)Inthe19thcentury.D)Inthe20thcentury.ANSWERA)Inthe17thcentury.Inthe17thcentury,thefirstmajorwaveofmodernmigrationbegan.Q4WhichisthefirstofficiallanguageaccordingtotheIrishConstitution?