全民康健 社会共建（阅读专练） （解析版）

全民康健・社会共建（解析版）Communitydoctorshelpsmokerskickhabit社区医生帮助吸烟者戒除烟瘾Tolowerthenationalsmokingrateandimprovepublichealth,over1,000communityhealthcentersinShenzhenhavelaunchedintelligentsmokingcessationinterventionmodules.Thesystemhelpsdoctorsscreenfirst-timepatientsforsmokinghistoryandofferstargetedquittingservices,coveringmorethan13millionpeopleandbenefitingover10,000smokerssofar.为降低全国吸烟率并改善公共卫生状况，深圳市已有超过1000家社区卫生服务中心推出了智能戒烟干预系统。该系统可协助医生对初诊患者进行吸烟史筛查，并提供针对性戒烟服务，目前已覆盖超过1300万人，惠及逾1万名吸烟者。Duringroutinemedicalchecks,automatedsystempromptsreminddoctorstoinquireaboutpatients’smokinghabitsandwillingnesstoquit.Qualifiedsmokerscanjoinpersonalizedguidanceprogramswithregularfollow-upassessments.Medicalworkerstracktheirprogressstrictlyatfixedintervals,includingsevendays,onemonth,sixmonthsandoneyearafterquitting.Keyhealthindicatorssuchaslungfunctionandexhaledcarbonmonoxidelevelsarecontinuouslymonitoredtoreducerelapserisks.在常规医疗检查中，自动化系统会向医生发送提示，提醒其询问患者的吸烟习惯及戒烟意愿。符合条件的吸烟者可加入个性化指导计划，并接受定期随访评估。医务人员会在戒烟后的固定时间点（包括7天、1个月、6个月及1年）严格追踪其康复进展；同时持续监测肺功能、呼出气一氧化碳浓度等关键健康指标，以降低复吸风险。Shenzhen’spracticerepresentsanationwidetrend.ManycitiesacrossChina,includingShijiazhuang,SuzhouandWuhu,haverolledoutdiversecommunity-basedsmokingcessationmeasures.Theseaccessibleservicescoverregularhealthtests,onlinecounseling,familydoctorsupportandincentiveprograms.Comparedwithspecializedhospitals,communityinstitutionscanreachmoreordinarysmokers,especiallythosewhonevertaketheinitiativetoseekprofessionalhelp.Evenshortconversationswithcommunitydoctorscanraisepublicawarenessandencouragetobaccoreduction.深圳市的这一做法代表了全国范围内的普遍趋势。包括石家庄、苏州和芜湖在内的中国许多城市均已推行多种基于社区的戒烟措施。这些便捷的服务涵盖定期健康检查、在线咨询、家庭医生支持以及激励计划等。与专科医院相比，社区机构能够覆盖更多普通吸烟者，尤其是那些从未主动寻求专业帮助的人群。即便是与社区医生进行简短沟通，也能提升公众认知并促进烟草使用减少。ChinahaspromotedtobaccocontrolfornearlytwodecadessinceadoptingtheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlin2006.Aseriesofpolicieshavebeencarriedout,suchasbanningtobaccoadvertisements,raisingtobaccotaxesandenforcingpublicsmoke-freerules.GuidedbytheHealthyChinaInitiative(2019-2030),thecountryaimstocutthesmokingrateofpeopleaged15andaboveto20percentby2030.自2006年采纳《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》以来，中国已持续推行烟草控制工作近二十年。政府实施了一系列政策措施，包括禁止烟草广告、提高烟草税以及严格执行公共场所无烟规定。根据《健康中国行动纲要（2019–2030年）》，中国目标是在2030年前将15岁及以上人群的吸烟率降至20%。Remarkableprogresshasbeenachieved.Thenationalsmokingratedroppedfrom28.1percentin2010to23.2percentin2024.MajorcitiesincludingShenzhen,ShanghaiandBeijinghavealreadyfulfilledthe2030targetinadvance.Foritsoutstandingefforts,Shenzhenwasawardedthe2026WorldNoTobaccoDayAwardsbytheWHOChinaRepresentativeOffice.我国在控烟方面取得了显著进展：全国吸烟率从2010年的28.1%降至2024年的23.2%；深圳、上海和北京等主要城市已提前实现2030年目标。鉴于其卓越贡献，深圳市荣获世界卫生组织中国代表处颁发的2026年世界无烟日奖。However,toughchallengesremain.Expertspointoutthatthedeclineofthesmokingratehasslowedgreatlyafter2022.Besides,manyresidentslacksystematicknowledgeofsmokinghazardsandsecondhandsmokerisks.Commonmisconceptionsstillexist,suchasoverestimatingventilationeffectsandignoringe-cigaretteharm.然而，仍面临诸多严峻挑战。专家指出，吸烟率的下降速度在2022年后已显著放缓。此外，许多居民对吸烟危害及二手烟风险缺乏系统性认知；普遍存在的误解依然存在，例如高估通风效果或忽视电子烟的危害性。Tofurtheradvancetobaccocontrol,Chinawillstandardizecommunityquittingservices,expandsmoke-freecampusprogramsandintegratemoremedicalresourcesin2026.Withjointeffortsofcommunitiesandsociety,thecountrywillcontinuouslyoptimizepublichealthenvironments.为进一步推进烟草控制工作，中国计划于2026年规范社区戒烟服务、扩大无烟校园项目规模并整合更多医疗资源。通过社区与全社会的共同努力，该国将持续优化公共卫生环境。【词库·筑基】——课标词汇提取1.automated/ˈɔːtəmeɪtɪd/adj.自动化的2.assessment/əˈsesmənt/n.评估，评价3.monitor/ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/v.监控，监测4.accessible/əkˈsesəbl/adj.易获取的，可使用的5.initiative/ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/n.倡议，新方案6.awareness/əˈweənəs/n.意识，认识7.enforce/ɪnˈfɔːs/v.执行，强制实施8.fulfill/fʊlˈfɪl/v.完成，履行，实现9.overestimate/ˌəʊvərˈestɪmeɪt/v.高估10.standardize/ˈstændədaɪz/v.使标准化11.integrate/ˈɪntɪɡreɪt/v.整合，融合12.optimize/ˈɒptɪmaɪz/v.优化【词库·拓维】cessation/seˈseɪʃn/n.停止，终止Thecessationofsmokinghelpslungrecovery.戒烟有助于肺部恢复。exhaled/ɪkˈheɪld/adj.呼出的Wetestharmfulsubstancesinexhaledair.我们检测呼出气体中的有害物质。carbonmonoxidelevelsn.一氧化碳浓度Highcarbonmonoxidelevelsaredangeroustohealth.过高的一氧化碳浓度会危害健康。relapse/rɪˈlæps/n.复发（多指重新吸烟、旧病复发）Manysmokersfacerelapseafterquittingbriefly.许多吸烟者短暂戒烟后会复吸。incentive/ɪnˈsentɪv/n.激励，奖励，诱因Thehospitalofferssmallincentivesforpeopletostopsmoking.医院为戒烟人群提供小额激励。hazard/ˈhæzədz/n.隐患，危害Cigarettesbringmanyhiddenhealthhazards.香烟会带来诸多健康隐患。misconception/ˌmɪskənˈsepʃn/n.误解，错误观念It’sacommonmisconceptionthatlightcigarettesareharmless.淡香烟无害是一种普遍的错误认知。ventilation/ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃən/n.空气流通,通风设备,通风方法,Factoriesmustchecktheirventilationsystemsregularly.工厂必须定期检修通风系统。【长句·解码】原句1：Thesystemhelpsdoctorsscreenfirst-timepatientsforsmokinghistoryandofferstargetedquittingservices,coveringmorethan13millionpeopleandbenefitingover10,000smokerssofar.语法解析：句子主干：Thesystemhelpsdoctorsscreenfirst-timepatientsforsmokinghistoryandofferstargetedquittingservices，主语是Thesystem；谓语是helps...andoffers(两个并列谓语)；宾语是doctors和targetedquittingservices；screenfirst-timepatientsforsmokinghistory是动词短语作doctors的宾补。伴随状语：coveringmorethan13millionpeopleandbenefitingover10,000smokerssofar是现在分词短语作结果状语，表示主句动作带来的结果。2.翻译技巧1）and连接两个谓语，拆分成独立小分句，中文加衔接词：同时、此外、还，并。2）句尾covering...andbenefiting...是现在分词，英文习惯把结果放句尾，中文要断开，单独起一句交代成效。标准翻译：该系统协助医生筛查初诊患者的吸烟史，并配套提供个性化戒烟干预服务；项目现已覆盖1300余万人群，累计惠及上万名烟民。3.仿写练习这款软件帮助老师批改学生作业并提供线上习题，至今已覆盖2000名学生，节省了大量时间。Theapphelpsteacherscheckstudents’homeworkandoffersonlineexercises,covering2,000studentsandsavinglotsoftimesofar.原句2：Comparedwithspecializedhospitals,communityinstitutionscanreachmoreordinarysmokers,especiallythosewhonevertaketheinitiativetoseekprofessionalhelp.语法解析：句子主干：communityinstitutionscanreachmoreordinarysmokers，主语：communityinstitutions；谓语：canreach;宾语：moreordinarysmokers；状语：Comparedwithspecializedhospitals，过去分词短语作比较状语；同位语：especiallythose，补充说明ordinarysmokers；定语从句：whonevertaketheinitiativetoseekprofessionalhelp，who引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。2.翻译技巧技巧1：分词状语前置，顺译不调整语序英文Comparedwith...放在句首作比较状语，中文同样习惯把“与……相比”放在句最开头，无需倒装。技巧2：英文长定语whonevertaketheinitiativetoseekprofessionalhelp跟在those后，中文翻译放在those前。especiallythosewho...单独成句，顺译置后。标准翻译：与专科医院相比，社区机构能够覆盖更多普通吸烟者，尤其是那些从未主动寻求专业帮助的人群。3.仿写练习和厚书籍相比，短篇文章更受忙碌读者欢迎，尤其是空闲时间很少的人。Comparedwiththickbooks,shortarticlesattractmorebusyreaders,especiallythosewhohavelittlefreetime.一、阅读理解根据文章内容，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Whatadvantagedocommunityhealthcentershaveoverspecializedhospitalsinsmokingcontrol?Theyoffermoreprofessionalmedicalequipment.Theycanservemorepeoplewhorefuseactivemedicalhelp.Theyprovidelonger-termfollow-upassessment.D.TheyarefundedbytheWHOhealthprogram.2.Theword“relapse”inParagraph2mostprobablymeans______.A.givingupsmokingB.fallingillagainC.startingsmokingagainD.recoveringslowly3.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph6?A.Peoplehavefullyrealizedtheharmofe-cigarettes.B.Tobaccocontrolprogressmeetscertainbottlenecks.C.Thesmokingratewillstopdeclininginthefuture.D.Ventilationcaneffectivelyremovesmoke-relatedharm.4.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsChina’stobaccocontrolfuture?A.DoubtfulB.ObjectiveandhopefulC.CompletelynegativeD.Uninterested【答案】B2.C3.B4.B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文以深圳社区智能戒烟服务为切入点，介绍全国社区控烟惠民举措，客观说明我国控烟取得的显著成效，同时指出现存认知难题，并介绍2026年完善基层健康服务的规划，体现民生健康建设成果。【解析】1.B细节理解题根据第3段“Comparedwithspecializedhospitals,communityinstitutionscanreachmoreordinarysmokers,especiallythosewhonevertaketheinitiativetoseekprofessionalhelp.（与专科医院相比，社区医疗机构能够覆盖更多普通吸烟者，尤其是那些从未主动寻求专业帮助的群体。）”可知，社区医疗机构的核心优势是覆盖从不主动就医的普通吸烟者，覆盖人群更广。错项拆解：A：文中未提及社区设备更专业，无中生有；C：长短随访是通用服务，并非社区独有优势；D：深圳获奖，但WHO并未提供资金支持，曲解文意。C词义猜测题根据第二段Medicalworkerstracktheirprogressstrictlyatfixedintervals,includingsevendays,onemonth,sixmonthsandoneyearafterquitting.Keyhealthindicatorssuchaslungfunctionandexhaledcarbonmonoxidelevelsarecontinuouslymonitoredtoreducerelapserisks.（医务人员会在戒烟后的固定时间点（包括7天、1个月、6个月和1年）严格追踪其康复进展。同时持续监测肺功能、呼出气一氧化碳浓度等关键健康指标，....）可知，讲述戒烟后的定期监测，目的是降低“复吸”风险。relapse本义为“（不良习惯、疾病）复发”，本文特指戒烟后再次吸烟，即复吸。错项拆解：A是戒烟，与文意相反；B、D偏离文章控烟主题，范围过大。B推理判断题根据第6段“However,toughchallengesremain.Expertspointoutthatthedeclineofthesmokingratehasslowedgreatlyafter2022.Besides,manyresidentslacksystematicknowledgeofsmokinghazardsandsecondhandsmokerisks.Commonmisconceptionsstillexist,suchasoverestimatingventilationeffectsandignoringe-cigaretteharm.(然而，仍面临严峻挑战。专家指出，吸烟率的下降速度在2022年后显著放缓；此外，许多居民对吸烟危害及二手烟风险缺乏系统性认知，普遍存在一些误解，例如高估通风效果或忽视电子烟的伤害。)”可知，第六段转折指出控烟增速放缓、民众认知误区多，说明控烟工作遭遇瓶颈，属于合理隐性推断。错项拆解：A：与原文“ignoringe-cigaretteharm”完全相反；C：绝对化表述，原文仅放缓，并非停止下降；D：原文说明这是大众错误认知，并非事实。B态度判断题根据最后一段Tofurtheradvancetobaccocontrol,Chinawillstandardizecommunityquittingservices,expandsmoke-freecampusprogramsandintegratemoremedicalresourcesin2026.Withjointeffortsofcommunitiesandsociety,thecountrywillcontinuouslyoptimizepublichealthenvironments.（为进一步推进烟草控制工作，中国计划于2026年规范社区戒烟服务、扩大无烟校园项目规模并整合更多医疗资源。通过社区与全社会的共同努力，该国将持续优化公共卫生环境。）可知，作者既不盲目乐观，也不消极否定，态度客观且充满希望。错项拆解：A怀疑、C完全消极、D漠视，均与文末积极展望完全不符。二．语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Toimprovepublichealthandsafeguardpeople’swell-being,Shenzhenhaslaunchedintelligentsmokingcessationinterventionsystemsinover1,000communityhealthcentersacrossthecity,1______(make)professionaltobaccocontrolservicesfarmoreaccessibletoordinarycitizens.Theintelligentsystemisspeciallydesigned2______(screen)everyfirst-timepatientforpotentialsmokinghistoryduringroutinephysicalexaminations.Itautomaticallypopsupremindersfordoctorstoinquireaboutpatients’smokinghabitsandtheirwillingnesstoquitsmoking.Smokers3______aredeterminedtogiveupsmokingwillbeenrolledinpersonalizedlong-termguidanceprograms.Professionalmedicalworkerswilltracktheirquittingprogressatfixedintervals,strictlymonitoringkeyhealthindicatorstokeeptheirphysicalcondition4______(health).Differentfromlargespecializedhospitals,communityclinicscanoffertimelyandlow-costsupporttopeopleinneed,especiallythosewhorarelytaketheinitiativetoseekmedicalhelp.SinceChinasignedandadoptedtheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlin2006,thecountry5______(adopt)awiderangeofeffectivetobaccocontrolpolicies.Strictmeasuresincludingtobaccoadvertisingbans,highertobaccotaxesandpublicsmoke-freeregulationshavebeencarriedoutnationwide.Thankstodecadesofcontinuousefforts,thenationalsmokingratehasdeclinedsteadily,6______severalmajorcitiesincludingShenzhenandBeijingachievingthe2030healthtargetaheadofschedule.Nevertheless,publichealthexpertspointoutthatobvious7______(challenge)stillexistincurrenttobaccocontrolwork.Manylocalresidentslacksystematicknowledgeoftobaccohazardsandholdwrongbeliefs.8_____iscommonthatsomepeoplefalselybelievethatindoorventilationcaneliminatesmokeharmande-cigarettesareharmlessalternativestotraditionalcigarettes,whichgreatlyhindersthepromotionofsmoke-freepublicenvironments.In2026,Chinawillfurtheroptimizegrassrootspublichealthservices.MoreprofessionalmedicalresourcesandtraditionalChinesemedicinetherapieswillbeintegratedintocommunitysmokingcessationprogramstobuilda9______(true)efficienttobaccocontrolsystem.Jointeffortsfromcommunities,schoolsandfamilieswilldefinitelybuildahealthierlivingenvironmentfor10______wholesociety.【答案】1.making2.toscreen3.who/that4.healthy5.hasadopted6.with7.challenges8.It9.truly10.the【解析】1.making（非谓语动词｜现在分词作结果状语）解析：句中已有谓语haslaunched，无连词，空处在句中做状语，因make与句子主语之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词作结果状语，深圳推行系统，从而让健康服务更普及。2.toscreen（非谓语动词｜固定搭配）解析：bedesignedtodosth.为高考高频固定搭配，意为“旨在/目的是做某事”。3.who/that（定语从句关系代词）解析：因句中有两个谓语动词aredetermined和willbeenrolled,但没有并列连词and来连接，所以应该是从句，设空处位于名词后，是定语从句，先行词为Smokers（人），从句缺主语，用who/that引导限制性定语从句。4.healthy（形容词考点｜宾语补足语）解析：keep+宾语+adj.固定结构，意为“使某物保持某种状态”，将名词health变形为形容词healthy。5.hasadopted（时态｜现在完成时）解析：Since+过去时间点，主句必须用现在完成时，强调动作从过去持续到现在。6.with（介词｜with复合结构）解析：with+名词+doing独立结构作伴随状语，为高考高频无谓语句式。7.challenges（名词单复数）解析：设空处在句中作主语，前有形容词obvious修饰，所以应该用名词，challenge为可数名词，此处指以前的挑战（不仅仅是一个挑战），应该用复数形式challenges。8.It（代词｜形式主语）解析：it是形式主语，that引导从句是真正的主语，固定句型：Itis+adj.+that从句，因位于句首，it首字母要大写。9.truly（副词考点｜修饰形容词）解析：副词truly修饰后面的形容词efficient，构成副词+形容词修饰结构。10.the（冠词考点｜固定搭配）解析：thewholesociety为特指“全社会”，特指需用定冠词the。三．应用文写作假定你是李华，你所在社区正在推进无烟社区建设，但不少居民对吸烟危害、电子烟误区认知不足。请你给社区居委会写一封建议信，内容包括：现状问题（居民健康认知薄弱、存在错误观念）；具体改进建议（健康宣讲、便民戒烟服务、公共场所管控）；3.表达期待。要求：词数80左右；可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯；开头，结尾已给。DearSirorMadam,_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yourssincerely,LiHua【答案】DearSirorMadam,Iamwritingtooffersomepracticalsuggestionsonpromotingsmoke-freeenvironmentandimprovingcommunitypublichealth.Firstly,moresmokingcessationlecturesshouldbeheldtoeducateresidentsabouttheharmofsmokingandsecondhandsmoke.Manypeoplestillholdwrongopinionsaboute-cigarettesandventilationeffects,sosystematichealthknowledgeisbadlyneeded.Secondly,communityhealthcentersshouldprovidefreeregularphysicalchecksandpersonalizedquittingguidanceforsmokers.Thirdly,strictno-smokingsignscanbeplacedinpublicareastoregulatecitizens’behavior.Ifirmlybelievethatjointeffortscangreatlyimproveourpublichealthconditions.Thankyouforyourconsideration.Yourssincerely,LiHua阅读理解A（2026·浙江·模拟）At56,Iambeginningtofeelthephysicaleffectsofageing.Iwon’tboreyouwiththedetails,butnoneofthemisgreatfun.Yetresearchersnowsuggestthatoneofthemostdamagingeffectsmaynotbephysicalatall.Itmaybeginwithhowpeoplecometoseeageingitself.Theycallitinternalisedageism:thetendencytoholdnegativeexpectationsaboutone’sownhealthsimplybecauseofage.Whenolderadultsarerepeatedlyassumedtobeslow,forgetful,orincapableoflearning,suchideasdonotalwaysstayoutsidethem.Overtime,theycanbecomepartofhowpeopleseethemselves.Oncethathappens,behaviourmaychange:apersonwhoexpectsdeclinemayexerciseless,paylessattentiontodiet,andtreateverysignofweaknessasproofofsomethingworse.Researchshowsthatinternalisedageismcanaffecthowpeopleage.AHarvardstudyfoundthatolderadultswiththemostpositiveviewsshowedslowerphysicalandmentaldeclineandkepthealthierhabitsthanthosewiththemostnegativeviews.Crucially,researchersruledoutthesimplerexplanation—poorhealthdidnotsimplycausepessimism.Instead,aperson’sattitudeatthe

startpredictedhowtheirhealthchangedovertime.BeccaLevyatYaleSchoolofPublicHealthfoundfurthersupport:amongpeopleover65withmildmemoryproblems,thosewithapositiveoutlookwerefarmorelikelytorecover.HerresearchalsoshowsthatsuchnegativethinkinggeneratesoverthreemillionextradiseasecasesintheUSeachyear,atacombinedcostofoverelevenbilliondollars.Yetinternalisedageismdoesn’tjustcomefromwithin.Negativeimagesofolderpeoplespreadthroughthemedia,advertising,andeventheadviceofmedicalprofessionals.Becausethesemessagesappearsonaturallyindailylife,theyareseldomquestioned.Bythetimemostpeoplenoticethem,theyhavealreadytakenroot.Apartialanswerexists.Researchshowsattitudestowardsageingcanshiftthroughpositivemessages.Butchangingdeeplyheldbeliefstakesgenerations,asthelongstruggleagainstracialprejudiceshows.I’mnotgoingtoletitgetmedown.Instead,I’mgoingtotrytomakemyownageingprocessgreatfun.1．Whatistherootcauseofinternalizedageism?A．Lessattentiontoexerciseanddiet. B．Graduallossoflearningcapability.C．Constantfearoverphysicaldecline. D．Repeatedexposuretoageprejudice.2．WhatcanwelearnaboutageingfromtheHarvardstudy?A．Attitudeaffectstherateofageing. B．Pessimismresultsfromfasterageing.C．Mindsetalonedefinesageingprocess. D．Healthyhabitspromiseslowerageing.3．Whyisinternalisedageismhardtochange?A．Itsrootstaketimetoappear. B．Itisbackedbyprofessionals.C．Itssourcesarewidelyvaried. D．Itisestablishedasasocialnorm.4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．AgePrejudice:ALongBattleforSocietyB．TheElderly:AGroupMisunderstoodbySocietyC．SocialMessages:ASilentForceBehindAgeBiasD．NegativeExpectations:AHiddenThreatinAgeing【答案】1．D2．A3．D4．D【导语】本文指出内化年龄歧视（即因年龄而对自身健康持有负面预期）是衰老过程中极具破坏性的隐藏威胁；研究表明积极的心态能延缓身心衰退，而负面思维会导致健康问题和巨大的社会成本；内化年龄歧视源于社会广泛传播的负面老年形象，虽然改变这种观念需要时间，但我们可以通过积极的态度让衰老过程变得更美好。【详解】1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“Theycallitinternalisedageism:thetendencytoholdnegativeexpectationsaboutone'sownhealthsimplybecauseofage.Whenolderadultsarerepeatedlyassumedtobeslow,forgetful,orincapableoflearning,suchideasdonotalwaysstayoutsidethem.(他们称之为内化年龄歧视：仅仅因为年龄就对自身健康持有负面预期的倾向。当老年人反复被认为行动迟缓、健忘或没有学习能力时，这些观念并不总是停留在他们的外部。)”以及第四段第一句“Yetinternalisedageismdoesn’tjustcomefromwithin.Negativeimagesofolderpeoplespreadthroughthemedia,advertising,andeventheadviceofmedicalprofessionals.(然而，内化年龄歧视并非仅仅源于内心。关于老年人的负面形象通过媒体、广告甚至医疗专业人员的建议传播开来。)”可知，内化年龄歧视的根本原因是反复接触年龄偏见。2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“AHarvardstudyfoundthatolderadultswiththemostpositiveviewsshowedslowerphysicalandmentaldeclineandkepthealthierhabitsthanthosewiththemostnegativeviews.(哈佛大学的一项研究发现，心态最积极的老年人比心态最消极的老年人身心衰退速度更慢，且能保持更健康的习惯。)”可知，态度会影响衰老的速度。3．推理判断题。根据第四段“Yetinternalisedageismdoesn'tjustcomefromwithin.Negativeimagesofolderpeoplespreadthroughthemedia,advertising,andeventheadviceofmedicalprofessionals.Becausethesemessagesappearsonaturallyindailylife,theyareseldomquestioned.Bythetimemostpeoplenoticethem,theyhavealreadytakenroot.(然而，内化年龄歧视并非仅仅源于内心。关于老年人的负面形象通过媒体、广告甚至医疗专业人员的建议传播开来。因为这些信息在日常生活中显得如此自然，所以很少有人质疑它们。当大多数人注意到它们的时候，它们已经根深蒂固了。)”以及第五段第二句“Butchangingdeeplyheldbeliefstakesgenerations,asthelongstruggleagainstracialprejudiceshows.(但改变根深蒂固的观念需要几代人的时间，正如反对种族偏见的长期斗争所表明的那样。)”可知，内化年龄歧视难以改变是因为它已经成为一种被广泛接受的社会规范。4．主旨大意题。全文围绕“内化年龄歧视”展开，指出它是衰老过程中极具破坏性的隐藏威胁，分析了其成因、危害和应对方法。D项“负面预期：衰老中的隐藏威胁”最能概括文章主旨。BResearchersfromUCBerkeleydiscoveredthebraincircuitrylinkingdeepsleepandgrowthhormonesecretion（分泌）,revealingamutualregulatingfeedbackloop.Thisfindinganswerswhypoorsleepdamagesgrowth,musclerecovery,fatmetabolismandbrainfunction.Soundsleeptriggersgrowthhormoneproduction,whichstrengthensbonesandmuscles,burnsfatandpromoteshealthydevelopment.Athletesrelyondeepsleepforrecovery,whileteensneedsufficientsleeptogrowtotheirfullheight.Scientistsalreadyknewgrowthhormonepeaksduringdeepnon-REMsleep,buttheprecisebraincontrolsystemhadlongbeenamystery.ThestudypublishedinCellmappedkeybraincircuitsandabrand-newbalancefeedbacksystem.Thisbreakthroughclarifiesthesleep-hormoneconnectionandpavesthewayfornewtreatmentsforsleeptrouble,diabetesandneurodegenerative（神经组织退化的）illnesseslikeParkinson’sandAlzheimer’s.Earlierstudiesonlytestedhormonelevelsviabloodsamples.Thisteammonitoredlivemousebrainnervestodrawthecompleteregulatorycircuit,creatingafoundationforfuturemedicaltherapies.Sincegrowthhormonecontrolssugarandfatbreakdown,lastingsleepshortageincreasesrisksofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.Hormone-regulatingneurons（神经元）lieinthehypothalamus（下丘脑）:GHRHneuronsboosthormonerelease,whiletwokindsofsomatostatin（生长激素抑制素）neuronsblockit.Afterrelease,growthhormoneactivatesthelocuscoeruleus（蓝斑）inthebrainstem,azonethatcontrolsalertnessandthinking.Itsfailureconnectstomanymentalandnervedisorders.Inmousetestsusingelectrodes（电极）andlightstimulation,researchersfoundGHRHandsomatostatinbehavedifferentlyinseparatesleepstages.Thenewlydiscoveredfeedbackcyclecentersonthelocuscoeruleus:accumulatedgrowthhormonearousesthebrain,yetoverstimulationcausessleepiness.Itcreatesabalancedcircle—sleeplosslowersgrowthhormone,andtoomuchhormonepushesthebrainawake.Thisbalanceisvitalforgrowth,tissuerepairandmetabolichealth.Beyondphysicaldevelopment,growthhormonekeepsthelocuscoeruleusactivetosupportdaytimefocusandcognition.Scientistssaythisbraincircuitcanguideprecisegeneandhormonetherapies,offeringnewhopeforpeoplewithsleepandmetabolicdiseases.5.Whydoteenagersneedenoughdeepsleepaccordingtothetext?Ithelpsthemreducementalillnessescompletely.B.Itencouragesgrowthhormoneforfullphysicalheight.C.Itactivatesthelocuscoeruleustocurediabetes.D.Itbalancessomatostatintostopfatmetabolism.6.Whatcanweinferaboutthepreviousstudiesongrowthhormone?A.Theytrackedliveneuralactivityinmousebrains.B.Theyfullyuncoveredthebrain’sregulatorycircuit.C.Theyonlyexaminedhormonelevelsthroughbloodtests.D.Theyinventednewtherapiesforsleepdisorders.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthesixthparagraphreferto?A.ThelocuscoeruleusB.ThefeedbackcycleC.OverstimulationD.Growthhormone8.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howresearcherscarryoutmousebrainexperimentswithelectrodes.B.Thebadinfluencesoflong-termpoorsleeponhumanmetabolism.C.Anewbraincircuitdiscoveryexplainingthesleep-growthhormonefeedbackloopanditsmedicalvalue.D.DifferencesbetweenREMsleepandnon-REMsleepinhormoneproduction.【答案】5．B6．C7．B8.C【导语】本文一篇说明文，介绍加州伯克利大学一项新研究，发现了调控深度睡眠与生长激素分泌的大脑神经回路及二者双向调节的反馈循环，阐释睡眠不足对人体生长、代谢、大脑机能的负面影响，讲解相关小鼠实验过程与调控机理，并说明该研究成果为睡眠障碍、糖尿病、神经退行性疾病的新型治疗方案提供重要科研依据。【详解】5.B细节理解题。根据第二段中Soundsleeptriggersgrowthhormoneproduction,whichstrengthensbonesandmuscles,burnsfatandpromoteshealthydevelopment.Athletesrelyondeepsleepforrecovery,whileteensneedsufficientsleeptogrowtotheirfullheight.（优质睡眠会促进生长激素分泌，该激素能强健骨骼肌肉、燃烧脂肪并助力身体健康发育。运动员依靠深度睡眠恢复体能，青少年则需要充足睡眠才能长到理想身高。）可知，充足优质睡眠会刺激生长激素分泌，帮助青少年充分长高。故选B（它能促进生长激素分泌，从而实现理想的身高增长。其他选项：A它有助于完全缓解精神疾病；表述绝对，文中仅提及相关神经失调会诱发精神疾病，无法完全治愈；C可激活蓝斑以治疗糖尿病；项曲解文意，蓝斑核仅参与激素调节，不能直接治愈糖尿病；D它能调节生长抑素水平，抑制脂肪代谢；项逻辑相反，生长激素负责脂肪代谢，并非阻断代谢。6.C细节理解题。根据第四段中Previousresearchonlymeasuredhormonelevelsthroughbloodtestsviabloodsamples.（以往的研究仅通过血液样本检测激素水平。）可知，以往相关研究仅通过血液检测测量激素水平，并未实时追踪活体神经活动。故选C（他们仅通过血液检测来测定激素水平）。其他选项：A.他们追踪了小鼠大脑中的实时神经活动。B.他们全面揭示了大脑的调控回路。D.他们开发了治疗睡眠障碍的新疗法。A、B两项均为本次新研究采取的实验手段，不属于早期研究；D项时态错误，新研究仅为后续疗法奠定理论基础，尚未研发出成熟治疗方案。7.B指代判断题。代词it指代前文刚出现的单数核心名词，前一句主干为Thenewlydiscoveredfeedbackcyclecentersonthelocuscoeruleus，后文“createsabalancedcircle（形成平衡循环）”正是对feedbackcycle（反馈循环）功能的解释，语义完全对应。逐项排除:A.Thelocuscoeruleus（蓝斑）：只是该循环的核心载体，并非能够形成平衡循环的主体，逻辑不符。B.Thefeedbackcycle（反馈循环）：前文介绍这个新发现的循环，后文介绍它产生平衡闭环，指代匹配，为正确答案。C.Overstimulation（过度刺激）：仅分句里的细节，只会引发困倦，无法构建平衡循环，排除。D.Growthhormone（生长激素）：激素只是循环中的一种物质，单独激素不能形成整套平衡机制，排除。8.C主旨大意题。全文围绕加州伯克利大学的全新科研成果展开，介绍了调节深度睡眠与生长激素的大脑回路、双向反馈机制，同时阐述该发现对代谢、神经类疾病治疗的医学价值。根据第一段ResearchersfromUCBerkeleydiscoveredthebraincircuitrylinkingdeepsleepandgrowthhormonesecretion,revealingamutualregulatingfeedbackloop.（加州大学伯克利分校的研究者发现了连接深度睡眠与生长激素分泌的大脑神经回路，揭示出二者相互调节的反馈循环。）和最后一段Scientistssaythisbraincircuitcanguideprecisegeneandhormonetherapies,offeringnewhopeforpeoplewithsleepandmetabolicdiseases.（专家表示，该神经回路可为精准基因与激素疗法提供方向，为睡眠及代谢疾病患者带来新希望。）可知，本文介绍了调节深度睡眠与生长激素的大脑回路、双向反馈机制，同时阐述该发现对代谢、神经类疾病治疗的医学价值。故选C（一项新的脑回路发现，阐明了睡眠-生长激素反馈环及其医学价值）。其他选项：A.研究人员如何使用电极进行小鼠脑部实验。B.长期睡眠不足对人类代谢产生的不良影响。D.深度睡眠（REM睡眠）与非深度睡眠（非REM睡眠）在激素分泌方面的差异。A、B、D三项均为文章局部细节，无法概括全文核心内容。CWithmorethan40%ofAmericanteenagersreportingcontinuousfeelingsofsadnessandhopelessness,theadolescentmentalhealthcrisishasarousedwidepublicconcern.ChildpsychologistKennethBarishfirmlybelievesthatgrandparentscanserveasavitalandeffectivesolutiontothisserioussocialproblem.AsaclinicalprofessoratWeillCornellMedicine,Barishstatesthatthedecreasingparticipationofextendedfamilieslargelyaccountsfortheworseningyouthmentalcrisis.Hearguesthatmodernparentsraisechildrenwithfarlesssupportfromrelativesandcommunitiesthanbefore,whilechildrenareintrinsicallyinneedofgrandparents’companionshipandguidance.Inhisnewbook,basedonhis40yearsofclinicalexperience,neurosciencefindingsandchilddevelopmentstudies,heillustratesthatgrandparentsplayanirreplaceableroleinhelpingfamiliescopewithvariousmodernparentingchallenges.Barishattributesteenagers’mentalstrugglestoprevailingsocialproblems.Fordecades,Americansocietyhasprioritizedindividualachievementovercommunityconnection.Thewidespreadpursuitofpersonalsuccesshasgraduallyerodedchildren’skindnessandsenseofresponsibility.Extremeacademicandcompetitivepressurehascausedsoaringcasesofanxiety,depressionandevensubstanceabuseamongteenagers,especiallyinaffluentcommunities.Heinsiststhatpersonalachievementalonecannotsustainlong-termmotivationandbringshugementalpressure.Instead,helpingothersbalanceschildren’semotions,improvesself-esteem,reducesdepressionandbenefitsphysicalhealth.Grandparentsofferuniqueemotionalsupportthatparentscanhardlyprovide.Theydelivercountlesstinybutpreciousmomentsofencouragement,attentionandunderstanding,whichBarishdefinesas“moleculesofemotionalhealth”.Thesewarminteractionsbuildteenagers’“emotionalimmunesystems”,protectingthemfromnegativeemotionsandloneliness.Besides,playfulinteractionsandsi