中国文化概况 第二版 课件 Chapter 4 Education

AI生成中国文化概况（第二版）Education,Science&Technology,andSports2PARTTheChinesenationattachesgreatimportancetoeducation,ensuringthatitseducationalsystemmeetstheneedsofChinesepeopleofallages,backgrounds,andacademicinterests.Withthedevelopmentofeducation,Chinahasmaderemarkableachievementsinscienceandtechnology.Besides,Chinahasmadesignificanteffortstodevelopitssports,promotingphysicalfitnessamongitspeople.Now,traditionalnon-competitivesportsexistsidebysidewithmodernOlympicsportsinChina.2PARTCHAPTER4Education

CHAPTER5Science&Technology

CHAPTER6SportsEducation,Science&Technology,andSportsChapter

4EducationDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationPresentEducationLead-inQuestionsInternationalExchangesandCooperation

DiscussionIsitnotpleasanttolearnwithaconstantperseveranceandapplication?—byConfuciusWhatarethefourgreatclassicalacademies(四大书院)inancientChina?1CanyounametheFourBooksandtheFiveClassics(“四书五经”)?2Doyouknowwhentheimperialcivilexaminationsystembeganandwhenitwasabolished?3DoyouknowofanypublicwelfareprojectsthathelpchildrenindisadvantagedareasofChina?4ThinkBeforeWeBegin

Lead-inQuestionsDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationSinceancienttimes,Chinahasvaluededucationhighly.Ithasaccumulatedrichexperienceinpublicandprivateschoolingaswellasdiverselearningsystems.InstitutionslikeimperialexaminationsandacademiesmadeancientChinaeducationallyadvancedwithdistinctivefeatures.Onedayasateacher,alifetimeasafatherDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationPrivateSchools

Sishu私塾:PrivateschoolsforearlyeducationPrivateinstructionsinfamiliesorvillages.WhatWhoYoungchildrenreceivingearlyeducation.RoleThecoreofthetraditionalprivateeducationsystem.DevelopmentofTraditionalEducationPrivateSchools

Originsand

flourishing

WhywereprivateschoolslikesishuimportantinancientChina?SpringandautumnPrivateschoolsemergeLearningspreadsConfucius3000disciples72distinguisheddisciplesThroughdynastiesPrivate&officialEnduringlegacyHundredSchoolsManyvoicesContentionofThoughtDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationOfficialSchools

WesternZhouOfficialschoolsflourishNoblechildrenCentral&localschoolsClassicaltextsFourBooksandFiveClassicsPostSui/TangAge&durationlimitssetImperialexamEssentialpathtoofficialdomDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationOfficialSchools

The

Four

BooksandtheFiveClassicsCornerstonetextsofConfucianeducationandtheimperialexaminations.四书

TheFourBooks大学TheGreatLearning中庸TheDoctrineoftheMean论语TheAnalects孟子Mencius五经TheFiveClassics诗TheBookofSongs书TheBookofHistory礼TheBookofRites易TheBookofChanges春秋TheSpringandAutumnAnnalsDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationOfficialSchools

ClassicalAcademiesTimespan:TangtoLateQing,along-standingexistenceFunction:Localinstitutionsforteaching,research&bookcollectionAttribute:IndependentofofficialschoolsFeatures:Serenesettings,academicfreedomandcharacterdevelopmentInfluence:Profoundimpactoneducation,cultureandoverseasspreadofChineseculture岳麓书院YueluAcademyChangsha,Hunan白鹿洞书院BailudongAcademyJiujiang,Jiangxi嵩阳书院SongyangAcademyZhengzhou,Henan应天书院YingtianAcademyShangqiu,HenanFourgreatacademiesDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystemDominatededucationinfeudalsociety.Theprimarypathtogovernmentoffice.BeganintheSuiDynasty,lastedforabout1,300yearsuntiltheendoftheQingDynasty.Hadaprofoundimpactonthesocialstructure,politicalsystem,educationalsystem,andhumanisticideologiesofChinaDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystemImperialcivilexaminationandsocialmobilityCivilexaminationHeldevery3years.(MingandQingdynasties)Featuredcompositionwriting,whichwasdesignedtoselectjinshi.MilitaryexaminationFocusedonmartialarts:HorsemanshipArcheryWeightliftingSocialmobilityRigidhierarchy→BarriersliftedHumbleorigins→FamilyhonourAllmales→AccesstoofficialcareersDevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystemExamlevels↑Risingdifficulty,fewercandidates

Tongshi童试Xiucai秀才Xiangshi乡试Juren

举人Huishi

会试Gongshi

贡士Dianshi殿试Jinshi进士Topthreejinshi

1stPlace12ndPlace23rdPlace3Zhuangyuan状元Bangyan榜眼Tanhua探花DevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystemLegacyanddebateBrokethearistocraticmonopoly;enabledsocialmobility.Unifiedselectionstandards;promotedmerit-basedhiring.Droveeducationgrowth;improvednationalliteracy.Positivecontributions

StifledcreativityandcriticalthoughtNeglectofscienceandtechnology;hinderedmodernizationAnexam-centric,utilitarianapproachtolearningfosteredHistoricallimitations

DevelopmentofTraditionalEducationImperialCivilExaminationSystemWesternpoliticalthoughtandscienceModernacademicdisciplinesImportedfromEuropeandAmericaPre-MayFourthMovementeraNewLearning新学

ConfucianclassicsandorthodoxyTraditionalimperialexaminationAncientChinesescholarshipFeudalideologicalframeworkOldLearning旧学

NewLearning(新学)PoliticalideasandacademicculturewereintroducedfromtheWestbeforetheMayFourthMovement,contrastingwithOldLearning(旧学).VSPresentEducationEducationasnationalprioritySincethefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(1949)Educationprioritisedsince1949SustainedgovernmentinvestmentoverdecadesToppriorityRightsforallPrimaryschoolingforentirepopulationMoreopportunitiesthaneverbeforeUniversalaccessContinuouseffortsoverdecadesRemarkableachievementsnationwideSignificantprogressEducationalrightsprotectedEspeciallyforethnicminorities,women,children,peoplewithdisabilitiesPresentEducationTheeducationsystemandstrategyPreschoolPrimarySecondaryHigherEducationSchooleducationsystemPrimaryschoolingSecondaryeducationHighereducationVocationaleducationSpecialeducationAdulteducationEthnicminoritieseducationDiverseeducationtypesReinvigoratethenationthroughscience,educationandhumanresourcedevelopment.Nationalstrategy

PresentEducationPreschoolEducationDefinitionCareandeducationprovidedbykindergartensforchildrenaged3uptoprimaryschoolentry.Recognisedasanessentialpublicserviceand

avitalcomponentofthenationaleducationsystem.Age-appropriatelearningConductactivitiessuitedtodevelopmentalstages.Reflectpreschoolcharacteristics.Focusonholisticchilddevelopment.

PresentEducationPreschoolEducationKindergartenstaffTeachers:CoreeducatorsPrincipals:SchoolleadershipCaregivers:DailycareprovidersHealthcare:MedicalsupportTeacherqualificationsandregulationsFormaltraining:MandatorypreschooleducationtrainingQualifications:NationalcredentialrequirementsAssessment:PerformanceevaluationsystemStaffingandregulation

PresentEducationNine-YearCompulsoryEducation(九年义务教育)Lawenacted:

1stJuly1986.Duration:9Years(primary+juniormiddleschool).Requirement:Compulsoryforallchildren.Compulsoryeducation

PresentEducationNine-YearCompulsoryEducation(九年义务教育)Nine-yearstructurePrimaryschoolEntryage:6(or7inunder-resourcedareas)Enrolment:RequiredforallchildrenStatus:FoundationofcompulsoryeducationJuniormiddleschoolAdmission:NoentranceexamrequiredProgression:DirecttransitionfromprimaryschoolAssessment:ProficiencyexaminthefinalyearTotal:9yearsofcompulsoryformaleducationforallchildren.

PresentEducationNine-YearCompulsoryEducation(九年义务教育)Progressionpathway:FromprimaryschooltoseniormiddleschoolVocationalschoolSkills-basedtrainingCareer-orientedpathwayDirectemploymentpreparationFunctionsofexam:GraduationrequirementandbasisforseniormiddleschooladmissionPrimaryschool→Juniormiddle→ProficiencyexamTwopathwaysafterjuniormiddle:SeniormiddleschoolGeneraleducationpathwayContinuedacademictrackAdmissiondeterminedbyexamresultsWhydoesChinarequirenineyearsofcompulsoryeducation?

PresentEducationNine-YearCompulsoryEducation(九年义务教育)Schoolproviders:Government-ledwithprivatesupplementaryState-runschools—leadingroleFull-timeprimaryandsecondaryschools.Mainprovidersofeducationatalllevels.Government-fundedandoperated.Backboneoftheeducationsystem.Privateschools

—supplementaryrolePrivateorganisationsareencouragedtocontribute.Fundtheestablishmentandoperationofschools.Coverprimaryandsecondaryschools.Enricheducationaldiversityandchoice.

PresentEducationNine-YearCompulsoryEducation(九年义务教育)CurriculumandassistanceMoralIntellectualPhysicalAestheticWorkskillsCurriculumgoals:fivequalities

Integrationofbookknowledge,sociallifeandstudents’learningexperiences.Financialassistanceprojects(1989)ProjectHope希望工程Helpchildreninimpoverishedareas.Focusonschoolattendancesupport.Supportgirls’education.Assistdisadvantagedyouth.SpringBudProject春蕾计划

PresentEducationSeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSchoolPathwaysaftergraduationSeniorMiddleSchoolCollege/university:FurtheracademicstudyWorkforce:DirectemploymentVocationaltraining:Skills-orientedpathwayTakeandpassexamsinmultiplesubjectstoreceivetheSeniorMiddleSchoolGraduationCertificate.

Graduationrequirement

PresentEducationSeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSchoolCareerfieldsSecondaryVocationalSchoolProductionTechnicalservicesManagementOtherrelatedfieldsAnalternativetoseniormiddleschoolDuration:3–4yearsofstudyAftergraduationEnterworkforce:Workinthechosencareerfield.NCEE(高考):Pursuecollegeoruniversitystudy.

WhichpathwaybetterservesChina'sdevelopment,vocationalschoolorseniormiddleschool?

PresentEducationSeniorMiddleSchoolandSecondaryVocationalSchoolWhenNationalCollegeEntranceExaminationTheendofthespringsemester,Senior3.WhoProspectivegraduatesnationwide.PurposeSelectcandidatesforuniversityadmission.

PresentEducationHigherEducationWorld’slargestsystem3,000+institutionsnationwideDiversedisciplinesWiderangeofprogrammesofferedDegreeprogressionBachelor→Master→Doctoral

PresentEducationHigherEducationHistoricaloriginsSomehistorianstraceitsbeginningstotheWesternZhouDynasty.OtherspointtotheTaixue(太学)oftheHanDynasty.HanDynastyTaixue太学Thehighesteducationalinstitution.Cultivatedseniorscholarsto

administernationalaffairs.SuiDynastyandbeyondGuozijian国子监Thehighesteducationalinstitution.

Theadministrativebodyresponsibleforoverseeingeducation.Scholarlydebateontheearliestorigins

PresentEducationHigherEducationUndergraduateeducationTheoriesandknowledge:Systematicmasteryoffundamentaltheories.Skillsandmethods:Essentialprofessionalskillsandmethods.Researchability:Researchandpracticalworkcapacity.LearningobjectivesStudentunionsAcademicclubsAthleticteamsRecreationalgroupsPromotinginteraction,understandingandfriendshipCampuslife

PresentEducationHigherEducationInternationalcooperationSino-foreigncooperationJointlyrunschoolsandprogrammes.Strengthenhigherandvocationaleducation.Promotecross-borderacademiccollaboration.High-qualityoverseasresourcesImporthigh-qualityeducationalresources.Carryoutinternationalcurriculumintegration.Adoptglobalstandardsandbestpractices.High-levelopeningupChinaisexpandinghigh-levelopeningupineducation,bringinginglobalexpertiseandresources.

PresentEducationHigherEducationNationalinitiativesProject211—launchedin1995Goal:

Strengthen

~100keyuniversitiesandkeydisciplines.Focus:

Enhanceacademicstandards&globalcompetitivenessTargets:

Quality,research&management.Project985—launchedin1998Goal:

Developworld-classresearchuniversities.Focus:

Selectgroupoftop-tieruniversities.Targets:

Globalstandardsofexcellence.DoubleFirst-Class—currentinitiativeGoal:

World-classuniversitiesanddisciplinesFocus:

Chinesecharacteristics+globalexcellenceTargets:

Builton211&985foundations

PresentEducationVocationalEducationSystemstructureandtrainingtypesVocationalschoolingsecondaryvocationaleducation|highervocationaleducationVocationaltrainingpre-employmenttraining|on-the-jobtraining|re-employmenttraining|career-focusedprogrammes11,000+LargestSystem35M10M+SchoolsEnrolledstudentsGraduates/year

PresentEducationVocationalEducationInternationalcollaborationGlobalroleTrainingskilledprofessionalsforglobaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.BridgefunctionServingasabridgeforinternationaltradeandculturalexchangethroughinternationalcollaborationAsof2023Chinahasestablishedtheworld’slargestvocationaleducationsystemPresentEducationAdultEducationLifelonglearningforworkingprofessionalsPurpose:

Adistinctformofeducationforadults,aimingtoenhanceskills,knowledgeandprofessionalqualifications4programmes:

Eveningclasses,correspondencecourses,self-studyprogrammes,openuniversityeducation.Targetparticipants:Workingadults.

Keybenefits:Careeradvancement,specialisedtraining,furthereducationbeyondtraditionalschooling.PresentEducationSpecialEducationDefinitionPersonalisededucationalservicesforindividualswithdisabilities.EqualopportunitiesProvidingequitabledevelopmentalopportunitiesthrough:AdaptedcurriculaSpecialisedinstructionAssistivetechnologiesTargetgroupsVisualimpairmentsHearingimpairmentsSpeechandlanguagedisordersIntellectual/physicaldisabilitiesMentalhealthchallengesLearningdisabilitiesPresentEducationSpecialEducationGovernmentsupportLawsandregulationsSafeguardtherighttoeducation.Explicitprotectionsforpeoplewithdisabilities.Dedicatedfunds(划拨)Allocatedfundsforspecialeducation.Financialsupportforthispurpose.ReformpoliciesGeneralandspecificpolicies.Reforminganddevelopingspecialeducation.TheChinesegovernmenthasalwaysattachedgreatimportancetospecialeducation,asaresult,specialeducationhasdevelopedrapidlyinChina.PresentEducationEducationforEthnicMinorityGroupsAunifiedmulti-ethnicnation1.EthnicminorityeducationformsakeypartofChina’snationaleducationstrategy.2.Since1949,Chinahasattachedgreatimportancetothedevelopmentofethnicminorityeducation.3.Specialadministrativebodiesandfundingsupporthavebeenputinplacetotacklethedistinctivechallengesinethnicminorityeducation.PresentEducationEducationforEthnicMinorityGroupsTrainingandcontributionsComprehensivetrainingSchoolsofallcategoriesandlevelstrainedalargenumberofethnicminorityindividuals.GreatcontributionsPromotedtheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofethnicminorityregionsandChinaasawhole.

InternationalExchangesandCooperationReformand

openinguppolicywasadoptedin1978,atthattime,internationalexchangeandcooperationineducationenteredanewera.Chinesestudentswereencouragedtostudyabroad,andthenumberofforeignstudentsinChinaincreasedsignificantly.InternationalacademicexchangeandcooperationadvancedChina’seducationalprogressandimprovedmutualunderstandingandfriendshipbetweenChinaandothercountries.InternationalExchangesandCooperationStudyingAbroadAcenturyofoverseaseducationandtalentreturn100+yearsofoverseasstudy.About10Mstudentsstudiedoverseasand8MreturnedtoChinasincethereformandtheopening-uppolicytotheyearof2024.Withthesolidimplementationofmoreopentalentpolicies,Chinahasbecomeincreasinglyattractivetooverseas-educatedChinesetalent.InternationalExchangesandCooperationInternationalStudentsinChinaGrowthandglobalimpactBoostglobaltalenttraining/attraction,youthexchangesandinternationalsummerschoolsCultivateprofessionalsinmultiplefields,benefitingdevelopingcountriesConsolidatebilateraltiesandadvanceculturalandeducationalexchanges

Remarkablegrowth1950:First33studentsfromEasternEurope。2018:Nearly500,000studentsfromalmost200countrieswerestudyingatmorethan1,000

institutions.GlobalimpactInternationalExchangesandCooperationAcademicExchangesandCollaborationRapiddevelopmentsincereformandopeningupScholarsabroadAlargenumberofChinesescholarsattendinternationalacademicconferencesoverseas.GrowingtrendChinesehighereducationinstitutionscollaboratingonscentificresearchwiththeirinternationalcounterparts.ConferencesinChinaGrowingnumberofinternationalacademicconferenceshostedinChina.InternationalExchangesandCooperationAcademicExchangesandCollaborationHigh-levelexchangesandpartnershipwithUNESCOCulturaland

educationalexchangesHigh-levelexchangesgatheringmomentuminrecentyears.GlobalgovernanceBuildingaglobalplatformforeducationalcooperationandcontributingtoglobalgovernance.UNESCOpartnershipNewchapterthroughparticipationineducation,scienceandcultureprogrammes.InternationalExchangesandCooperationChineseLanguagePromotionGlobal