悬架与转向系统的基本组成与类型外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

附录附录ABasicPartsandTypesoftheSuspensionandSteeringSystemsSuspensionSystemIfavehicle'saxleswerebolteddirectlytoitsframeorbody,everyroughspotintheroadwouldtransmitajarringforcethroughoutthevehicle.Ridingwouldbeuncomfortable,andhandlingatfreewayspeedswouldbeimpossible.Thefactthatthemodernvehicleridesandhandleswellisadirectresultofasuspensionsystem.Eventhoughthetiresandwheelsmustfollowtheroadcontour,thebodyshouldbeinfluencedaslittleaspossible[1].Thepurposeofanysuspensionsystemistoallowthebodyofthevehicletotravelforwardwithaminimumamountofup-and-downmovement.Thesuspensionshouldalsopermitthevehicletomaketurnswithoutexcessivebodyrollortireskidding.SuspensionSystemComponentsVehicleFrameAvehicle'sframeorbodymustformarigidstructuralfoundationandprovidesolidanchoragepointsforthesuspensionsystem.Therearetwotypesofvehicleconstructionincommonusetoday:body-over-frameconstruction,whichusesaseparatesteelframetowhichthebodyisboltedatvariouspointsandunibodyconstruction,inwhichthebodysectionsserveasstructuralmembers.Unibodyconstructionisthemostcommon,butbody-over-frameconstructionisstillusedonpickuptrucksandlargecars.SpringsThespringsarethemostobviouspartofthesuspensionsystem.Everyvehiclehasaspringofsomekindbetweentheframeorbodyandtheaxles.Therearethreetypesofspringsingeneralusetoday:leafspring,coilspring,andtorsionbar.Twodifferenttypesofspringscanbeusedononevehicle.Airspringswereonceusedinplaceoftheothertypesofsprings,butarenowobsolete.Manymodernvehicleshaveair-operatedsuspensions,buttheyareusedtosupplementthesprings.ShockAbsorbersWhenthevehicleistravelingforwardonalevelsurfaceandthewheelsstrikeabump,thespringisrapidlycompressed(coilsprings)ortwisted(leafspringsandtorsionbars).Thespringwillattempttoreturntoitsnormalloadedlength.Insodoing,itwillrebound,causingthebodyofthevehicletobelifted.Sincethespringhasstoredenergy,itwillreboundpastitsnormallength.Theupwardmovementofthevehiclealsoassistsinreboundingpastthespring'snormallength.Theweightofthevehiclethenpushesthespringdownafterthespringrebounds.Theweightofthevehiclewillpushthespringdown,butsincethevehicleistravelingdownward,theenergybuiltupbythedescendingbodywillpushthespringbelowitsnormalloadedheight.Thiscausesthespringtoreboundagain.Thisprocess,calledspringoscillation,graduallydiminishesuntilthevehicleisfinallystill.Springoscillationcanaffecthandlingandridequalityandmustbecontrolled.AirShockAbsorbersSomesuspensionsystemsincorporatetwoadjustableairshockabsorbersthatareattachedtotherearsuspensionandconnectedtoanairvalvewithflexibletubing.Airoperatedshockabsorbershavehydraulicdampeningsystemswhichoperateinthesamemannerasthoseonconventionalshocks.Inaddition,theycontainasealedairchamber,whichisactedonbypressurefromaheightcontrolsensor.Varyingthepressuretotheairchambercausestheairshocktoincreaseordecreaseitslengthoroperatingrange.Airpressureisdeliveredtotheairshocksthroughplastictubing.Thetubingconnectstheshockstoanairvalve.Airpressureforraisingtheshocksisgenerallyobtainedfromanoutsidesource,suchasaservicestationcompressor,andisadmittedthroughtheairvalve.Todepletetheshocksofunwantedair(lowervehiclecurbheight),theairvalvecoreisdepressed,allowingairtoescape.ControlArmsAllvehicleshaveeithercontrolarmsorstrutstokeepthewheelassemblyintheproperposition.Thecontrolarmsandstrutsallowthewheeltomoveupanddownwhilepreventingitfrommovinginanyotherdirection.Thewheelwilltendtomoveinundesirabledirectionswheneverthevehicleisaccelerated,braked,orturned.Vehiclesuspensionsmayhavecontrolarmsonlyoracombinationofcontrolarmsandstruts.TypesoftheSuspensionFrontSuspensionSystemsAlmostallmodernfrontsuspensionsystemsareindependent.Withanindependentsuspension,eachfrontwheelisfreetomoveupanddownwithaminimumeffectontheotherwheel.Inanindependentsuspensionsystem,thereisalsofarlesstwistingmotionimposedontheframethaninasystemwithasolidaxle.Nevertheless,afewoff-road,fourwheeldrivevehiclesandlargetruckscontinuetouseasolidaxlefrontsuspension.ThetwomajortypesofindependentfrontsuspensionaretheconventionalfrontsuspensionandtheMacPhersonstrutfrontsuspension.ConventionalFrontSuspensionIntheconventionalfrontsuspensionsystem,oneortwocontrolarmsareusedateachwheel.Inmostsystems,thecoilspringsaremountedbetweenthevehicle'sframeandthelowercontrolarm.Inoldersystems,coilspringsaremountedbetweentheuppercontrolarmandvehiclebody.Inatorsionbarfrontsuspensionsystem,thelowerarmmovesupward,ittwiststhetorsionbar.CoilSpringFrontSuspensionFig.11-1showsatypicalindependentfrontsuspensionthatusesrubberbushingcontrolarmpivots.Thetopofthecoilspringrestsinacup-likespotagainsttheframe(unshown).Thebottomofthecoilspringissupportedbyapadonthelowercontrolarm.Thetopofeachshockabsorberisfastenedtotheframe;thebottomisattachedtothelowercontrolarm.TorsionBarFrontSuspensionAtorsionbarislocatedoneachsideoftheframeinthefrontofthevehicle.Thelowercontrolarmisattachedtothefreeendofthetorsionbar.Whenthewheelisdrivenupward,thelowercontrolarmmovesupward,twistingthelongspringsteelbar.MacphersonStrutFrontSuspensionMostmodernvehicles,especiallythosewithfront-wheeldrive,usetheMacPhersonstrutfrontsuspensionsystems,Fig.11-2.NotethattheMacPhersonstrutcontainsacoilspring,whichismountedontopoftheheavystrut-and-pedestalassembly.TheentireMacPhersonstrutassemblyisattachedtothesteeringknuckleatthelowerpartofthepedestal.ThebottomoftheMacPhersonstrutassemblyisattachedtothesinglecontrolarmthroughaballjoint.Theentirestrutassemblyturnswhenthewheelisturned.Abearingorthrustplateatthetopofthestrutassemblyallowsrelativemovementbetweentheassemblyandthevehiclebody.Theballjointallowsthestrutassemblytoturninrelationtothecontrolarm.Thestrutcontainsadamper,whichoperatesinthesamemannerasaconventionalshockabsorber.Mostdamperassemblieshaveaprotectivecoverthatkeepsdirtandwaterawayfromthedamperpistonrod.TheadvantageoftheMacPhersonstrutisitscompactdesign,whichallowsmoreroomforserviceonsmallcarbodies.SolidAxleFrontSuspensionTheuseofthesolidaxlefrontsuspension(ordependentsuspension)isgenerallyconfinedtotrucksandoff-roadvehicles.Thissystemusesasolidsteeldead.RearSuspensionSystemsRearsuspensionsonvehicleswithasolidrearaxlehousinggenerallyutilizecoilspringsorleafsprings.Whenthevehiclehasanindependentrearsuspensionsystem,coilsprings,MacPhersonstruts,asingletransverseleafspring,oreventorsionbarscanbeused.SteeringSystemThesteeringsystemisdesignedtoallowthedrivertomovethefrontwheelstotherightorleftwithaminimumofeffortandwithoutexcessivemovementofthesteeringwheel.Althoughthedrivercanmovethewheelseasily,roadshocksarenottransmittedtothedriver.Thisabsenceofroadshocktransferisreferredtoasthenonreversiblefeatureofsteeringsystems.Thebasicsteeringsystemcanbedividedintothreemainassemblies:Thespindleandsteeringarmassemblies.Thelinkageassemblyconnectingthesteeringarmsandsteeringgear.Thesteeringwheel,steeringshaft,andsteeringgearassembly.SteeringGearThesteeringgearisdesignedtomultiplythedriver'sturningtorquesothefrontwheelsmaybeturnedeasily.Whentheparallelogramlinkageisused,thetorquedevelopedbythedriverismultipliedthroughgearsandisthentransmittedtothewheelspindleassembliesthroughthelinkage.Ontherack-and-pinionsteeringsystem,thesteeringshaftisconnecteddirectlytothepinionshaft.Turningthepinionmovestheracksection,witchmovesthelinkage.Late-modelvehiclesuseeithermanualsteeringgearsorpowersteeringgears.Therearethreetypesofthesteeringgearsinuse:recirculatingballsteeringgear,worm-and-rollersteeringgearandrack-and-pinionsteeringgear.PowerSteeringPowersteeringisdesignedtoreducetheeffortneededtoturnthesteeringwheelbyutilizinghydraulicpressuretobolster(strengthen)thenormaltorquedevelopedbythesteeringgear.Powersteeringsystemsshouldeasesteeringwheelmanipulationand,atthesametime,offerenoughresistancesothatthedrivercanretainsomeroadfeel.Powersteeringisusedwithbothconventionalandrack-and-pinionsystems(Fig.11-3).Theself-containedsteeringgearcontainsthecontrolvalvemechanism,thepowerpiston,andthegears.PressuredevelopedbytheunitisappliedtothepitmanshaftThepowerrack-and-pinionsteeringsystemalsousesarotarycontrolvalvethatdirectsthehydraulicfluidfromthepumptoeithersideoftherackpiston.AnoverallviewofthissetupisshowninFigure11-3.Steeringwheelmotionistransferredtothepinion.Fromthere,itissentthroughthepinionteeth,whichareinmeshwiththerackteeth.Theintegralrackpiston,whichisconnectedtotherack,changeshydraulicpressuretoalinearforce(backandforthmovementinastraightline).This,inturn,movestherackinarightorleftdirection.Theforceistransmittedbytheinnerandoutertierodstothesteeringknuckles,which,inturn,movethewheels.附录B悬架与转向系统悬架与转向系统的基本组成与类型1.悬架系统如果将一辆汽车的车桥直接固定到车架或车身上，道路上的每个凹凸不平的点都会将一个冲击力传递给车辆。乘客会觉得不舒适，高速操纵极为困难。现代汽车乘坐舒适、操控性好就是悬架系统的直接作用结果。尽管轮胎和车轮必须随着道路的凹凸不平而上、下跳动，但对车身的影响应尽可能小。采用任何一种悬架系统的目的都是允许车身向前移动，而将上、下运动减到最小程度。悬架还应允许汽车转弯，但不能有过大的车身横摇或轮胎侧滑。2.悬架系统的组成1）车架汽车的车架或车身应为悬架系统形成一个刚性结构基础，并未该系统提供坚固的锚固点。今天常见的车身结构有两种：车身在车架上的结构（非承载式车身）和整体式结构（承载式车身）。前者采用了单独的钢车架，车身的各个点通过连接螺栓固定到车架上；后者的车身各部分均用作结构件。承载式车身结构最常见，而非承载式仍然用在皮卡及大型轿车上。2）弹簧弹簧是悬架系统的最明显的部分。每辆汽车在其车架或车身与车桥之间都有某种弹簧。今天，使用的弹簧有三种：钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧和扭杆弹簧。一辆汽车可以使用两种不同的弹簧。空气弹簧一度用来替代其他的弹簧，但现在已经过时。许多现代汽车都采用空气悬架，但它们只是用于对弹簧的补充。3）减振器当汽车在一水平路面上向前行驶，并且车轮碾压到道路上的凸起时，悬架系统的弹簧就会快速压缩（螺旋弹簧）或者扭转（钢板弹簧和扭杆弹簧）。弹簧试图返回到原来的正常安装位置。因此，弹簧回弹，使车身抬高。由于弹簧已经存储了能量，所以弹簧的回弹会超过其正常长度范围。汽车的向上跳跃运动也将有助于弹簧的回弹超过弹簧的正常长度范围。弹簧回弹之后，汽车的重量将使弹簧压缩。由于汽车向下运动，下行的车身所积累的能量将推动压缩弹簧，使其高度低于正常的安装高度。这就导致了弹簧的再次回弹。这个过程（叫做弹簧震荡）逐渐减弱，直至汽车最后静止为止。弹簧的震荡会影响操纵性和乘坐舒适性，因而必须加以控制。4）空气减振器有些悬架系统采用两个可调的空气减振器，这两个减振器安装在后悬架上，并且用软管连接到空气阀上。空气减振器采用液压减振系统，其工作方式与普通减振器相同。此外，空气减振器内还有密闭的空气室，空气室的气压与来自高度控制传感器的压力相互作用。改变到空气室的压力就会引起减振器长度即工作范围的增、减。通过塑料管将压缩空气输送到空气减振器。此管将减振器与空气阀相连。用于升高减振器的压缩空气一般取自外部气源（如维修站压缩机），并通过空气阀进入。为了将不需要的空气从减振器放掉（降低汽车高度），要压下空气阀芯，使空气放出。5）悬架摆臂所有的汽车都有或摆臂或滑柱，以便保持车轮总成处于正确的位置。摆臂与滑柱可让车轮上、下移动，同时阻止其他方向的运动。在汽车加速、制动或转弯时，车轮往往会产生不希望有的运动。汽车悬架可以只有摆臂，或者将摆臂与滑柱结合使用。3.悬架的类型1）前悬架系统几乎所有的前悬架系统都是独立悬架。采用独立悬架，每个前轮都能自由地上、下运动，对其他的车轮影响最小。在独立悬架系统中，加给车架的扭转作用要远远小于采用整体式车桥的悬架系统。然而，一些非道路四轮驱动车辆和大型货车仍然采用整体式车桥前悬架。两种主要的独立前悬架是传统式独立前悬架麦弗逊滑柱式独立前悬架。（1）传统式独立前悬架在传统式独立前悬架中，每个车轮采用一个或两个摆臂。在大多数系统中，螺旋弹簧安装在车架与下摆臂之间。而在老式悬架系统中，螺旋弹簧安装在上摆臂与车身之间。在扭杆弹簧前悬架中，下摆臂上移，从而使扭杆弹簧发生扭转变形。（2）螺旋弹簧独立前悬架一种采用橡胶轴套摆臂支轴的典型的独立前悬架。螺旋弹簧的顶部置入一个杯形件中，并且顶靠在车架上。螺旋弹簧的底部支撑在下摆臂上的弹簧衬垫上。每个减振器的顶部都固定到车架上，底部都固定到下摆臂上。当车轮碰到道路上的凸起部位时，车轮就会被向上顶起。这就使摆臂绕支轴向上转动，从而使弹簧和减振器被压缩。橡胶缓冲垫限制摆臂的最大行程，并在到达极限位置时，对摆臂的运动起到缓冲作用。对于转向系统而