新编英语国家概括 课件 -Chapter 09 History

AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountriesChapterHistory9Watchthevideoandthinkaboutthequestion.Whatisthemostimpressivethingyoulearnedfromthevideo?Lead-inThinkandTalkDiscusswithyourpartnerbeforewebegin.WhatwasthecauseoftheAmericanWarofIndependence?WhatdoyouknowaboutAbrahamLincoln?HowdidtheBushadministrationrespondtotheSeptember11event?WhatdoyouknowabouttheAmericangovernmentshutdown?05ContentsAmericaintheColonialEraTheWarofIndependenceTheCivilWarAmericainthe20thCenturyAmericainthe21st

CenturyQuiz010203040506PART01AmericaintheColonialEraFirstArrivalofAmericans,DiscoveryofAmerica,andthe13EnglishColoniesAmericaintheColonialEraTheTraditionalViewThefirstAmericansmigratedfromAsiaabout13,000yearsago.RecentResearchTheymayhavearrivedmuchearlier.FirstarrivalofAmericansDiscoveryofAmericaChristopherColumbusisbelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica.In1492,hesailedwestinsearchofanewsearoutetoIndia.HebelievedhehadreachedIndiaandcalledthenatives“Indians.”AmericaintheColonialEraDiscoveryofAmericaAmerigoVespucci,anItaliannavigator,“discovered”thecontinentofSouthAmerica.Thenewly-foundcontinentwaslaternamedafterhimandbecameknownasAmerica.AmericaintheColonialEra1607Jamestown1620173313ColoniesalongtheAtlanticcoast

ThefirstsuccessfulBritishcolonyEnglishsettlersCanada&LouisianaFrenchsettlersPlymouthPilgrimsontheMayflowerAmericaintheColonialEraBritainanditscolonieswereinconflict.BritishActions:imposingnewtaxesexpectingAmericanstolodgeBritishsoldiersColonialReactions:resentingthetaxesresistingthequarteringofsoldiers:"Notaxationwithoutrepresentation."AmericaintheColonialEraTheWarofIndependence1775Lexington&Concord1777Saratoga1781Yorktown1783TreatyofParisOutbreakTurningPointBritishSurrenderIndependenceRecognizedPART02TheWarofIndependenceFirstShots,Declaration,andIndependenceFirstShotsApril19,1775:LexingtonandConcordSomeBritishsoldiersweresenttoConcordtosearchforweaponsandsuppress"rebellious"colonists.WhenthetroopsreachedLexingtonatdawn,theyencounteredlocalmilitiamen.ThefirstshotsoftheAmericanWarofIndependencewerefired.DeclarationMay1775TheSecondContinentalCongressconvenedinPhiladelphia.Itassumedtheroleofaprovisionalgovernmentofthe13colonies.ItestablishedtheContinentalArmyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.GeorgeWashingtonDeclarationJuly4,1776ThomasJeffersondraftedtheDeclarationofIndependence.TheCongressadoptedtheDeclaration.TheDeclarationpresentedthereasonswhythecolonistssoughtindependence.IndependenceOctober1777TheAmericanswonagreatvictoryatSaratoga.Thiswastheturningpointofthewar,resultinginaformalalliancebetweentheU.S.andFrance.October19,1781TheAmericanssecuredadecisivevictoryatYorktown.TheBritishsoldierswereforcedtosurrender.1783TheBritishandtheAmericanssignedtheTreatyofParis.ItofficiallyendedthewarandrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.PART03TheCivilWarTheCivilWarTheCivilWar1619Cause,conflictanddisputesSlaverywasthecentralcauseoftheCivilWar.EconomicandsocialdifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouthfurtherintensifiedtheconflict.theNorth:increasinglyindustrialandcommercialtheSouth:largelyagriculturalDisputesoverprotectivetariffsalsocontributedtoregionalfriction.TheCivilWar1861:PresidentLincoln’sfirstpriorityTopreservetheUnion1863:EmancipationProclamationIssuedbyLincoln,itdeclaredthatallslavesintheConfederatestateswerefree.AbrahamLincolnissuestheEmancipationProclamationTheCivilWar

July1863:TurningpointAtGettysburg,theUnionarmydefeatedtheConfederatearmyledbyGeneralRobertE.Lee.OnApril2,1865,LeewasforcedtoabandonRichmond,theConfederatecapital.EndoftheAmericanCivilWarAweeklater,LeesurrenderedtoGeneralUlyssesS.GrantoftheUnionarmy.Twofundamentalissuesresolved:Slaverywascompletelyabolishedwiththe13thAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitutionratifiedin1865.TheUnitedStatesbecameamoreunifiednation.TheCivilWarTheThirteenthAmendmenttotheU.S.ConstitutionPART04Americainthe20thCenturyAmericainthe20thCenturyAmericainthe20thCenturyThestartPresidentWoodrowWilsonissuedaproclamationofneutralityonbehalfoftheUnitedStates.Nevertheless,theU.S.laterenteredthewarin1917.Thisdecisionwaspromptedbytwokeyevents.TheGermansviolatedtheirpledgetosuspendunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare,whichdisruptedtheUnitedStates'tradeandeconomicinterests.GermanypromisedtheMexicansachancetoregainitslostterritorybygoingtowaragainsttheU.S.WorldWarI

Americainthe20thCenturyFourteenPointsPresidentWilsonproposedhisFourteenPointsasthebasisforpeacenegotiations.freedomoftheseastheremovaloftradebarriersHisattempttosecuretheworldwasinessenceanefforttoestablishtheU.S.dominationintheworld.ThismetwithstrongoppositionfromBritainandFrance.TheTreatyofVersailleswassignedonJune28,1919,TheU.S.Congressrefusedtoratifythetreaty.AfterWorldWarIAmericaexperiencedrapideconomicgrowthduringthe1920s.Afteryearsofprosperity,theGreatDepressionbegan.InOctober1929,

thestockmarketcrashed.By1933,industrialproductionhadfallennearly47%fromits1929level,andabout13millionpeoplewereunemployed.UnemployedmenlineupoutsideasoupkitcheninChicagoduringtheGreatDepression,1931.Americainthe20thCentury1933:TheNewDealInordertodealwiththeeconomicdepression,FranklinD.Rooseveltintroducedthe"NewDeal".The"NewDeal"tosomeextenthelpedthecountrygetoutofthedepression.Americainthe20thCenturyFranklinDelanoRooseveltAmericainthe20thCenturyEarlypolicyTheU.S.governmentadoptedaneutralstance.Greatchangesofpolicyin1940Background:InEurope,BritishforceshadbeendrivenoutofFranceandBritainitselfwasunderrepeatedairattacksbytheGermanairforce.InAsia,Japanhadopenlyannouncedits"NewOrder"in1938.WorldWarII

TheAmericangovernmentbegantofearthattheAxiscountrieswerewinningthewarandthattheirvictorywouldthreatenAmerica'ssecurityandinterests.Americaninthe20thCentury

December7,1941TheJapaneseairraidonPearlHarbor.Afewhoursaftertheattack,JapandeclaredwaronAmerica.TheU.SgovernmentrespondedbydeclaringwaragainstJapanthefollowingday.Americainthe20thCenturyInJune,1944American,British,andCanadianforceslandedonthebeachesofNormandy.InMay,1945Germanysurrendered.InAugust,1945AmericanairplanesdroppedatomicbombsonHiroshimaandNagasaki.JapansurrenderedonAugust15.InSeptember,1945WorldWarIIfinallyendedafterJapansignedtheInstrumentofSurrender.InOctober,1945TheUnitedNationswasofficiallyestablished.Americainthe20thCenturyTrumanDoctrine➡

ColdWarbeginsU.S.foreignpolicyhasbeenshapedbytheColdWarmindset.TheKoreanWar,theCubanMissileCrisis,theVietnamWar,andmanyotherAmericanpolicieswereproductsoftheColdWarmentality.HarryS.TrumanDefiningmomentsThe1955MontgomeryBusBoycottKing's"IHaveaDream"speechLegalachievementsTheCivilRightsAct(1964)TheVotingRightsAct(1965)Americainthe20thCenturyTheCivilRightsMovement(1950sand1960s)ItseekstoendracialsegregationanddiscriminationMartinLutherKingJr.TechnologicalcompetitionbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionreachingaclimaxintheSpaceRaceApollo11successfullylandingonthemoonamilestonerepresentingamajorscientificandtechnologicalachievementmarkinganewphaseofspaceexplorationAmericainthe20thCenturyPresidentNixon1972:Wonreelection1974:ResignedfromofficebecauseoftheWatergatescandalTwomajorbreakthroughs:normalizingU.S.relationswithChinanegotiatingthefirstStrategicArmsLimitationTreatywiththeSovietUnion.Americainthe20thCenturyRegan’saneconomicprograminthe1980sreductionsinincometaxesandbusinesstaxesdeepcutsinfederalspendingineveryareaexceptfordefensemanygovernmentregulatoryprogramseliminatedAmericainthe20thCenturyIn1983arecoverywasunderwayenteringintooneofthelongestperiodsofsustainedeconomicgrowthsinceWorldWarII.Inthe1990switnessingitsstrongesteconomicperformancein30yearsAmericainthe20thCenturyAmericainthe20thCenturyNAFTA(TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement)eliminatingmosttariffsendingrestrictionsontheflowofgoods,services,andinvestmentsPART05Americainthe21stCenturyAmericainthe21stCenturyThe9/11AttacksonSeptember11,2001Terroristshijackedfourairplanes,crashingtwointothetwintowersoftheWorldTradeCenter,onethePentagon,oneinthePennsylvaniacountryside.Americainthe21stCenturyTheattackskillednearly3,000peopleandcausedmassivedestruction,leavingaprofoundimpactonthenation’ssenseofsecurity.long-lastingeffectsonitsdomesticandinternationalpoliciesPresidentBush:TheGlobalWaronTerror(GWOT)homelandsecuritymeasuresstrengthenedmilitaryoperationsabroadtocombatterrorismtheDepartmentofHomelandSecuritycreatedAmericainthe21stCenturyTheGreatRecession(Late2000s)theworsteconomicdownturnsincetheGreatDepressionthecollapseoftheU.S.housingmarket(theimmediatecause)thefailureofseveralmajorfinancialinstitutionsbusinessesstruggledtoaccesscrediteconomicconfidenceplummetedtheresultingfinancialcrisisrapidlyimpactingthenon-financialeconomyAmericainthe21stCenturyObamabecamethefirstAfricanAmericanpresident.In2008:AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActIn2010:theAffordableCareAct(Obamacare)expandinghealthinsurancecoveragemakingitmoreaffordableformillionsofAmericans.FederalminimumwagedidnotpassinCongressencouragedmanystatestoincreasetheirownminimumwagelevels.Americainthe21stCenturyTrumpAdministration:FirstTermThe2017TaxCutsandJobsActreducingcorporateandindividualtaxespromotingderegulationintheenergyandfinancialsectorsemphasizingan“AmericaFirst”policy2018creatingtheUSMCAtoreplaceNAFTA.withdrawingtheU.S.fromtheParisAgreementImpeachmentthefirstU.S.presidentimpeachedtwiceacquittedbothtimesbytheSenateAmericainthe21stCenturyPriorities:economicrecoveryandpublichealthmeasuresDomesticThe$1.9trillionAmericanRescuePlanTheInfrastructureInvestmentandJobsActInflationReductionActof2022Americainthe21stCenturyInternationalrejoiningtheParisAgreementemphasizingrebuildingalliancesstrengtheningglobalcooperationoneconomicandenvironmentalchallengesTrumpAdministration:SecondTermAmericainthe21stCenturyA43-daygovernmentshutdownthelongestinU.S.historycontinuingpoliticaldivisionsandfiscalchallengesReaffirming“AmericaFirst”prioritiesWithdrawingfromtheParisAgreementagainPART06QuizFunFactsandKnowledgeCheckWhenColumbusarrivedintheCaribbean,wheredidhethinkhewas?A)China.B)India.C)Japan.D)Africa.ANSWERB)IndiaColumbusmistakenlybelievedhehadreachedtheEastIndies,whichiswhyhenamedtheindigenouspeoples"Indians."Q1WheredidthePilgrimsintendtolandwhentheysailedontheMayflower?A)Virginia.B)Massachusetts.C)Pennsylvania.D)NewYork.A)VirginiaTheywereoriginallyboundforVirginia,butstormsblewthemoffcourse,andtheyfinallylandedatPlymouth,Massachusetts.Q2ANSWERWhichbattleconvincedFrancetoformaformalalliancewiththeU.S.?A)Lexington&Concord.B)Saratoga.C)Yorktown.D)Jamestown.B)SaratogaThe1777victoryatSaratogawastheturningpointofthewarandresultedinaformalalliancewithFrance.Q3ANSWERWhatwasPresidentLincoln'sfirstprioritywhenhetookoffice?A)Abolishingslavery.B)Expandingterritory.C)PreservingtheUnion.D)PunishingtheSouth.C)PreservingtheUnionLincoln'stopprioritywastopreventnationaldissolution.Framingthewaragainstslaverylaterhelpedwinsupport.Q4ANSWERTheEmancipationProclamationdidNOTimmediatelyfreeallslaves.Whichamendmentfinallyabolishedslavery?A)The10thAmendment.B)The11thAmendment.C)The12thAmendment.D)The13thAmendment.D)The13thAmendmentRatifiedin1865,the13thAmendmentconstitutionallyabolishedslaveryandinvoluntaryservitude.Q5ANSWERWhichcountryrefusedtoratifytheTreatyofVersailles?A)Britain.B)France.C)TheUnitedStates.D)Germany.C)TheUnitedStates.DespitePresidentWilson'sefforts,theU.S.Congressrefusedtoratifythetreaty,markingamajorpoliticaldefeat.Q6ANSWERWhatwasthepurposeoftheSanFranciscoconferenceinApril1945?A)ToplanD-Day.B)TodrafttheUNCharter.C)ToacceptGermany'ssurrender.D)TodeclarewaronJapan.B)TodrafttheUNCharterFiftynationsmettodrafttheUNCharter.TheUnitedNationswasofficiallyestablishedafewm