2026年外研版初中英语下册第8章同步练习题及答案

2026年外研版初中英语下册第8章同步练习题及答案第1页共1页2026年外研版初中英语下册第8章同步练习题及答案一、单项选择题（共10小题，每题2分）1.Whatdoes"sustainabledevelopment"meanaccordingtothetext?A.DevelopingasquicklyaspossibleB.ProtectingtheenvironmentwhiledevelopingC.DevelopingonlyinbigcitiesD.Developingwithoutusingnaturalresources参考答案：B2.Whichsentenceisagoodexampleofthepassivevoice?A.Iboughtabookyesterday.B.Thebookwasboughtbymeyesterday.C.Sheisreadingabooknow.D.Theywillvisitusnextweek.参考答案：B3.Howmanycontinentsarethereintheworldaccordingtothemap?A.FiveB.SevenC.SixD.Eight参考答案：B4.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.ThehistoryoftheinternetB.HowtheinternetchangedourlivesC.TheinventionofthefirstcomputerD.Thefutureoftechnology参考答案：B5.Whichwordbestdescribesthemeaningof"resilient"?A.StrongB.LazyC.FriendlyD.Shy参考答案：A6.Whatisthecorrectwaytosay"Iamgoingtothelibrary"inFrench?A.JevaisàlabibliothèqueB.JevaisàlabibliothèqueC.JevaisàlabibliothèqueD.Jevaisàlabibliothèque参考答案：A7.Howdoyousay"thankyouverymuch"inSpanish?A.GraciasB.MuchasgraciasC.GraciasmuchoD.Muchasgracias参考答案：B8.Whatisthepasttenseof"togo"?A.WentB.GoingC.GaveD.Goin参考答案：A9.Whichcountryisknownasthe"LandoftheRisingSun"?A.ChinaB.JapanC.SouthKoreaD.Thailand参考答案：B10.Whatistheoppositeof"happy"?A.SadB.AngryC.ExcitedD.Tired参考答案：A二、填空题（共10小题，每题2分）1.TheweatherinLondonisoften______insummer.参考答案：hot2.Mysisterisgoodatplayingthe______.参考答案：piano3.WearegoingtovisittheGreatWallnextmonth.It'safamous______inChina.参考答案：scenicspot4.Couldyoupleasepassmethe______salt?参考答案：shaker5.Iusuallygotoschoolbybike,buttodayIgoonfootbecausemybikeis______.参考答案：broken6.Theboyis______tenyearsold.参考答案：eleven7.Whattimeisitnow?It's______o'clock.参考答案：seven8.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Ihavereadit______.参考答案：twice9.Sheis______tolearnEnglishwellbecausesheisverydiligent.参考答案：capable10.Thestudentsare______ameetingintheclassroomnow.参考答案：having三、判断题（共10小题，每题2分）1.The8thchapteroftheNewForeignLanguagetextbookforjuniorhighschoolin2026focusesmainlyondailylifecommunication.参考答案：√2.InEnglishgrammar,thestructure"subject+verb+object"isalwaysusedfortransitiveverbs.参考答案：×3.Theword"happen"isanirregularverbinEnglish.参考答案：√4."Couldyoupleasepassmethesalt?"isapolitewaytoaskforsomethinginEnglish.参考答案：√5.Thepastcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeanactionthatwasongoingataspecificpointinthepast.参考答案：√6.Therelativepronouns"who"and"which"canbeusedinterchangeablyinallsentences.参考答案：×7.InEnglish,thepresentperfecttenseisformedwith"have/has+pastparticiple."参考答案：√8.Theword"beautiful"isanadjective.参考答案：√9."It'srainingcatsanddogs"isacommonEnglishidiommeaningitisrainingveryheavily.参考答案：√10.Thepassivevoiceisusedwhenthesubjectofthesentenceperformstheaction.参考答案：√四、简答题（共8小题，每题2分）1.Whatarethemainfunctionsofthenervoussystem?参考答案：Thenervoussystemcontrolsandcoordinatesthebody'sactivities,processessensoryinformation,andfacilitatescommunicationbetweendifferentpartsofthebody.2.Describetheprocessofphotosynthesisinplants.参考答案：Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantsconvertlightenergyintochemicalenergy,usingcarbondioxideandwatertoproduceglucoseandoxygen.3.Howdoesthesolarsystemformaccordingtothenebularhypothesis?参考答案：Thesolarsystemformedfromalargecloudofgasanddustcalledthesolarnebula,whichcollapsedunderitsowngravitytoformtheSunandtheplanets.4.Explaintheconceptofosmosisinbiology.参考答案：Osmosisisthemovementofwatermoleculesacrossasemipermeablemembranefromanareaoflowersoluteconcentrationtoanareaofhighersoluteconcentration.5.Whatarethekeydifferencesbetweenmitosisandmeiosis?参考答案：Mitosisandmeiosisarebothprocessesofcelldivision,buttheyhavedifferentpurposesandoutcomes.Mitosisresultsintwogeneticallyidenticaldaughtercells,whilemeiosisresultsinfourgeneticallydiversedaughtercells.6.Describetheroleofenzymesinbiologicalreactions.参考答案：Enzymesarebiologicalcatalyststhatspeedupchemicalreactionsinlivingorganismsbyloweringtheactivationenergyrequiredforthereactionstooccur.7.HowdoplatetectonicsaffecttheEarth'ssurface?参考答案：PlatetectonicsarethemovementsoftheEarth'slithosphere,whichisdividedintoseverallargeplates.Thesemovementscancauseearthquakes,volcaniceruptions,andtheformationofmountains.8.ExplainthebasicprinciplesofNewton'slawsofmotion.参考答案：Newton'slawsofmotiondescribetherelationshipbetweenabodyandtheforcesactinguponit,anditsmotioninresponsetothoseforces.Thethreelawsare:1)Anobjectatreststaysatrest,andanobjectinmotionstaysinmotionwiththesamespeedandinthesamedirectionunlessacteduponbyanunbalancedforce(firstlaw).2)Theaccelerationofanobjectisdirectlyproportionaltothenetforceactingonitandinverselyproportionaltoitsmass(secondlaw).3)Foreveryaction,thereisanequalandoppositereaction(thirdlaw).五、阅读理解题（共8小题，每题3分）TheschoolscienceclubisplanningaspecialeventtocelebrateEarthDay.Theydecidedtoorganizeatree-plantingactivityintheschoolgarden.TheeventwilltakeplaceonSaturday,April22nd,from9:00AMto12:00PM.Allstudentsareencouragedtoparticipate.Volunteerswillhelpdigholes,plantseedlings,andwaterthenewtrees.Theclubisalsoarrangingasmallworkshoptoteachstudentsabouttheimportanceoftreesfortheenvironment.Refreshmentswillbeprovided.Ifyouareinterestedinjoining,pleasesignupintheschoolofficebyApril15th.Let'smakeadifferenceforourplanet!1.Whenwillthetree-plantingactivitytakeplace?A.OnSunday,April23rdB.OnSaturday,April22ndC.From8:00AMto11:00AMD.From1:00PMto4:00PM参考答案：B2.Howlongwilltheeventlast?A.OnehourB.TwohoursC.ThreehoursD.Fourhours参考答案：C3.Whoisencouragedtoparticipateintheevent?A.OnlyscienceclubmembersB.OnlystudentsfromGrade7C.AllstudentsD.Onlyteachers参考答案：C4.Whatwillvolunteersdoduringtheevent?A.Theywilltalkabouttheenvironment.B.Theywilldigholes,plantseedlings,andwatertrees.C.Theywillproviderefreshments.D.Theywillteachaworkshop.参考答案：B5.Whenshouldstudentssignupiftheywanttojoin?A.OnApril22ndB.ByApril15thC.AftertheeventD.Anytimebeforetheevent参考答案：B6.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheevent?A.TohaveapartyB.TocelebrateEarthDayC.TostudyscienceD.Toselltrees参考答案：B7.Wherewilltheworkshopbeheld?A.IntheschoolofficeB.IntheschoolgardenC.InthesciencelabD.Intheauditorium参考答案：B8.Willrefreshmentsbeprovidedattheevent?A.No,therewillbenorefreshments.B.Yes,refreshmentswillbeprovided.C.Onlyforvolunteers.D.Onlyforstudentswhosignupearly.参考答案：B标准答案与解析一、单项选择题1.参考答案：B解析：根据题干中的“sustainabledevelopment”，我们需要理解这个概念的含义。选项A“Developingasquicklyaspossible”表示快速发展，与可持续发展的理念不符。选项B“Protectingtheenvironmentwhiledeveloping”表示在发展的同时保护环境，符合可持续发展的定义。选项C“Developingonlyinbigcities”表示只在大城市发展，与可持续发展的理念不符。选项D“Developingwithoutusingnaturalresources”表示不使用自然资源来发展，这显然是不可能的。因此，正确答案是B。2.参考答案：B解析：被动语态的特点是主语是动作的承受者，而不是动作的执行者。选项A“Iboughtabookyesterday.”是主动语态，主语“I”是动作的执行者。选项B“Thebookwasboughtbymeyesterday.”是被动语态，主语“Thebook”是动作的承受者。选项C“Sheisreadingabooknow.”是主动语态，主语“She”是动作的执行者。选项D“Theywillvisitusnextweek.”是主动语态，主语“They”是动作的执行者。因此，正确答案是B。3.参考答案：B解析：根据题干中的“themap”，我们需要知道地图上有多少个大洲。通常，世界地图上显示有七个大洲：亚洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲、南极洲、欧洲和大洋洲。选项A“Five”表示五个大洲，这是错误的。选项B“Seven”表示七个大洲，这是正确的。选项C“Six”表示六个大洲，这是错误的。选项D“Eight”表示八个大洲，这是错误的。因此，正确答案是B。4.参考答案：B解析：根据题干中的“themainideaofthispassage”，我们需要找出文章的主要观点。选项A“Thehistoryoftheinternet”表示互联网的历史，这不是文章的主要观点。选项B“Howtheinternetchangedourlives”表示互联网如何改变了我们的生活，这是文章的主要观点。选项C“Theinventionofthefirstcomputer”表示第一台计算机的发明，这不是文章的主要观点。选项D“Thefutureoftechnology”表示技术的未来，这不是文章的主要观点。因此，正确答案是B。5.参考答案：A解析：根据题干中的“resilient”，我们需要找出这个词的最佳释义。选项A“Strong”表示强壮，与resilient的意思相近。选项B“Lazy”表示懒惰，与resilient的意思相反。选项C“Friendly”表示友好，与resilient的意思无关。选项D“Shy”表示害羞，与resilient的意思无关。因此，正确答案是A。6.参考答案：A解析：根据题干中的“Jevaisàlabibliothèque”，我们需要找出正确的法语表达。选项A“Jevaisàlabibliothèque”是正确的法语表达，意思是“我要去图书馆”。选项B、C、D都是错误的表达。因此，正确答案是A。7.参考答案：B解析：根据题干中的“Muchasgracias”，我们需要找出正确的西班牙语表达。选项A“Gracias”表示“谢谢”，但没有“verymuch”的意思。选项B“Muchasgracias”表示“非常感谢”，这是正确的表达。选项C“Graciasmucho”是错误的表达。选项D“Muchasgracias”是重复的选项，显然是错误的。因此，正确答案是B。8.参考答案：A解析：根据题干中的“togo”，我们需要找出它的过去式。选项A“Went”是“togo”的过去式，这是正确的。选项B“Going”是现在分词，不是过去式。选项C“Gave”是“togive”的过去式，不是“togo”的过去式。选项D“Goin”是错误的表达。因此，正确答案是A。9.参考答案：B解析：根据题干中的“LandoftheRisingSun”，我们需要找出这个称号所指的国家。选项A“China”表示中国，但中国通常被称为“神州”或“华夏”，而不是“LandoftheRisingSun”。选项B“Japan”表示日本，日本被称为“LandoftheRisingSun”，因为太阳从东方升起，而日本位于东方。选项C“SouthKorea”表示韩国，韩国没有这个称号。选项D“Thailand”表示泰国，泰国也没有这个称号。因此，正确答案是B。10.参考答案：A解析：根据题干中的“oppositeofhappy”，我们需要找出“happy”的反义词。选项A“Sad”表示悲伤，是“happy”的反义词。选项B“Angry”表示生气，不是“happy”的反义词。选项C“Excited”表示兴奋，不是“happy”的反义词。选项D“Tired”表示疲倦，不是“happy”的反义词。因此，正确答案是A。二、填空题1.参考答案：hot解析：考查形容词。句意：伦敦的夏天经常很热。根据句意和常识，伦敦夏天天气炎热，因此用hot（热的）来形容。其他选项如cool（凉爽的）、warm（温暖的）、sunny（晴朗的）都不符合句意。2.参考答案：piano解析：考查名词。句意：我的姐姐擅长弹钢琴。playthe+乐器是固定搭配，piano（钢琴）是乐器名词，符合句意。guitar（吉他）、violin（小提琴）、drum（鼓）等乐器名词都不符合句意。3.参考答案：scenicspot解析：考查名词。句意：我们下周要去参观长城。长城是中国著名的景点。scenicspot（景点）符合句意。city（城市）、country（国家）、building（建筑物）等名词都不符合句意。4.参考答案：shaker解析：考查名词。句意：你能把盐递给我吗？salt（盐）是不可数名词，前面需要用量词。shaker（盐瓶）是装盐的容器，符合句意。cup（杯子）、plate（盘子）、box（盒子）等名词都不符合句意。5.参考答案：broken解析：考查形容词。句意：我通常骑自行车去上学，但今天我走路去，因为我的自行车坏了。根据句意，自行车不能骑，因此是broken（坏的）。new（新的）、old（旧的）、clean（干净的）等形容词都不符合句意。6.参考答案：eleven解析：考查基数词。句意：那个男孩十岁。根据句意，男孩的年龄是十岁，因此用eleven（十一）来表示。ten（十）、twelve（十二）、thirteen（十三）等基数词都不符合句意。7.参考答案：seven解析：考查基数词。句意：现在几点了？七点钟。根据句意，时间是七点钟，因此用seven（七）来表示。six（六）、eight（八）、nine（九）等基数词都不符合句意。8.参考答案：twice解析：考查副词。句意：这本书很有趣。我读过它两次。根据句意，已经读过两次，因此用twice（两次）来表示。once（一次）、threetimes（三次）、fourtimes（四次）等副词都不符合句意。9.参考答案：capable解析：考查形容词。句意：她很能干，所以她能学好英语。根据句意，她有能力学好英语，因此用capable（有能力的）来形容。happy（快乐的）、sad（悲伤的）、tired（疲倦的）等形容词都不符合句意。10.参考答案：having解析：考查动词ing形式。句意：学生们现在在教室里开一个会议。根据句意，学生们正在开会，因此用havingameeting（开一个会议）来表示。readingabook（读书）、writinganessay（写文章）、watchingTV（看电视）等动词ing形式都不符合句意。三、判断题1.参考答案：√解析：The8thchapteroftheNewForeignLanguagetextbookforjuniorhighschoolin2026indeedfocusesmainlyondailylifecommunication,asthisisacommonthemeinEnglishlanguageteachingmaterialsdesignedforthislevel.Thechaptertypicallycoverstopicssuchasgreetings,makingrequests,expressingpreferences,anddiscussingdailyroutines,allofwhichareessentialforeverydaycommunication.2.参考答案：×解析：Thestatementisincorrectbecausewhilethe"subject+verb+object"structureiscommonlyusedfortransitiveverbs,itisnotalwaystheonlystructure.Transitiveverbscanalsobeusedinthepassivevoice,suchas"ThebookwasreadbyJohn,"wherethestructureis"subject+passiveverb+by+agent."Additionally,sometransitiveverbscanbeusedwithoutanobject,suchas"Hereads."3.参考答案：√解析：Theword"happen"isindeedanirregularverbinEnglish.Itspasttenseformis"happened,"anditspastparticipleformisalso"happened."Thisisanexampleofanirregularverbthatdoesnotfollowthestandardpatternforformingpasttenseandpastparticipleforms.4.参考答案：√解析："Couldyoupleasepassmethesalt?"isapolitewaytoaskforsomethinginEnglish.Theuseof"could"inthissentencemakestherequestmorepoliteandlessdemandingcomparedtousing"can."ThisisacommonpracticeinEnglishtoshowpolitenessinsocialinteractions.5.参考答案：√解析：Thepastcontinuoustenseisusedtodescribeanactionthatwasongoingataspecificpointinthepast.Forexample,"IwaswatchingTVwhenthephonerang."Thistenseemphasizesthecontinuityoftheactionataparticularmomentintime.6.参考答案：×解析：Therelativepronouns"who"and"which"cannotbeusedinterchangeablyinallsentences."Who"isusedtorefertopeople,while"which"isusedtorefertothingsoranimals.Forexample,"Thegirlwhoissittingnexttomeismysister"(referringtoaperson),and"Thebookwhichisonthetableismine"(referringtoathing).7.参考答案：√解析：InEnglish,thepresentperfecttenseisformedwith"have/has+pastparticiple."Forexample,"Ihavefinishedmyhomework"or"ShehaslivedinLondonforfiveyears."Thistenseisusedtodescribeactionsthathaverelevancetothepresentmoment.8.参考答案：√解析：Theword"beautiful"isindeedanadjective.Itisusedtodescribenounsandisformedbyadding"-ful"totheadjective"beauty."Adjectivesareusedtomodifynounsandprovidemoreinformationaboutthem.9.参考答案：√解析："It'srainingcatsanddogs"isacommonEnglishidiommeaningitisrainingveryheavily.Thisidiomisanexampleofafigurativeexpressionthatisnotmeanttobetakenliterally.Itisusedtodescribeaheavydownpourofrain.10.参考答案：√解析：Thepassivevoiceisusedwhenthesubjectofthesentenceperformstheaction.Forexample,"TheletterwaswrittenbyJohn"(passivevoice)vs."Johnwrotetheletter"(activevoice).Thepassivevoiceisoftenusedwhentheagentperformingtheactionisunknownorunimportant.四、简答题1.参考答案：Thenervoussystemcontrolsandcoordinatesthebody'sactivities,processessensoryinformation,andfacilitatescommunicationbetweendifferentpartsofthebody.解析：Thenervoussystemisresponsiblefortransmittingsignalsbetweenthebrainandtherestofthebody,enablingfunctionssuchasmovement,thought,andfeeling.Itconsistsofthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)andtheperipheralnervoussystem(PNS).TheCNSincludesthebrainandspinalcord,whilethePNSincludesallthenervesthatextendfromtheCNStotherestofthebody.Thenervoussystemalsoplaysacrucialroleinmaintaininghomeostasisandrespondingtoexternalstimuli.2.参考答案：Photosynthesisistheprocessbywhichplantsconvertlightenergyintochemicalenergy,usingcarbondioxideandwatertoproduceglucoseandoxygen.解析：Photosynthesisoccursinthechloroplastsofplantcells,wherechlorophyllcaptureslightenergy.Theprocesscanbedividedintotwomainstages:thelight-dependentreactionsandthelight-independentreactions(Calvincycle).Duringthelight-dependentreactions,lightenergyisusedtosplitwatermolecules,releasingoxygenandgeneratingATPandNADPH.Theseenergy-richmoleculesarethenusedintheCalvincycletoconvertcarbondioxideintoglucose.PhotosynthesisisessentialforlifeonEarthasitprovidestheprimarysourceofenergyformostorganismsandproducesoxygen.3.参考答案：Thesolarsystemformedfromalargecloudofgasanddustcalledthesolarnebula,whichcollapsedunderitsowngravitytoformtheSunandtheplanets.解析：Accordingtothenebularhypothesis,about4.6billionyearsago,acloudofinterstellargasanddustbegantocollapseduetogravitationalforces.Asthecloudcollapsed,itspunfaster,flatteningintoadisk-shapedprotoplanetarynebula.Thecenterofthediskbecameincreasinglydense,eventuallyformingtheSun.Theremainingmaterialinthediskclumpedtogetherduetogravity,formingplanetesimals,whichcollidedandmergedtoformtheplanets,moons,andotherobjectsinthesolarsystem.4.参考答案：Osmosisisthemovementofwatermoleculesacrossasemipermeablemembranefromanareaoflowersoluteconcentrationtoanareaofhighersoluteconcentration.解析：Osmosisisapassivetransportprocessthatoccursinlivingcells.Itisdrivenbytheconcentrationgradientofsolutesacrossthesemipermeablemembrane.Forexample,ifacellisplacedinahypotonicsolution(lowersoluteconcentrationoutsidethecell),waterwillmoveintothecell,causingittoswell.Conversely,ifthecellisplacedinahypertonicsolution(highersoluteconcentrationoutsidethecell),waterwillmoveoutofthecell,causingittoshrink.Osmosisiscrucialformaintainingthebalanceofwaterandsolutesincells.5.参考答案：Mitosisandmeiosisarebothprocessesofcelldivision,buttheyhavedifferentpurposesandoutcomes.Mitosisresultsintwogeneticallyidenticaldaughtercells,whilemeiosisresultsinfourgeneticallydiversedaughtercells.解析：Mitosisisatypeofcelldivisionthatoccursinsomaticcells,resultingintwodaughtercellsthataregeneticallyidenticaltotheparentcell.Itconsistsofseveralphases:prophase,metaphase,anaphase,andtelophase,followedbycytokinesis.Meiosis,ontheotherhand,isatypeofcelldivisionthatoccursingermcells,resultinginfourdaughtercellsthataregeneticallydiverseduetotheprocessofcrossingoverandindependentassortment.Meiosisconsistsoftworoundsofdivision:meiosisIandmeiosisII.6.参考答案：Enzymesarebiologicalcatalyststhatspeedupchemicalreactionsinlivingorganismsbyloweringtheactivationenergyrequiredforthereactionstooccur.解析：Enzymesareproteinsthatareinvolvedinnearlyallcellularprocesses.Theyworkbybindingtospecificsubstratesandconvertingthemintoproducts.Enzymesarehighlyspecific,meaningthateachenzymecatalyzesonlyonetypeofreactionoraspecificsetofreactions.Theefficiencyofenzymesisinfluencedbyfactorssuchastemperature,pH,andthepresenceofinhibitorsoractivators.7.参考答案：PlatetectonicsarethemovementsoftheEarth'slithosphere,whichisdividedintoseverallargeplates.Thesemovementscancauseearthquakes,volcaniceruptions,andtheformationofmountains.解析：TheEarth'slithosphereisdividedintoseverallargeplatesthatfloatonthesemi-fluidasthenospherebeneaththem.Theseplatesmoveduetoconvectioncurrentsinthemantle,whicharedrivenbytheheatfromtheEarth'score.Theinteractionsbetweentheseplatescancausevariousgeologicalphenomena.Forexample,whentwoplatescollide,theycanformmountains,whilewhentwoplatesmoveapart,theycancreatemid-oceanridgesandvolcanicactivity.8.参考答案：Newton'slawsofmotiondescribetherelationshipbetweenabodyandtheforcesactinguponit,anditsmotioninresponsetothoseforces.Thethreelawsare:1)Anobjectatreststaysatrest,andanobjectinmotionstaysinmotionwiththesamespeedandinthesamedirectionunlessacteduponbyanunbalancedforce(firstlaw).2)Theaccelerationofanobjectisdirectlyproportionaltothenetforceactingonitandinverselyproportionaltoitsmass(secondlaw).