英语词汇学课件 chapter 6 formation of english wors

EnglishLexicologyChapter6TheFormationoftheEnglishWords–MinorTypesEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicology1.Whatarethewaysinwhichwordsareformedbymeansofabbreviation?2.Giveexamplestoillustratethemorphologicalfeaturesofacronymicword-formation.3.Doyouthinknetworkabbreviationsareconducivetoourdailycommunication?Arethereanyadvantagesand/ordisadvantagesofusingnetworkabbreviations?4.Howmanywaysarethereinwhichsomewordsmaybeformedbyjoiningpartofonewordwithpartofanother?5.Giveexamplestoindicatetheoverlappingfeaturesofreduplicationsandonomatopoeticwords.PiontsforThinking01AbbreviationEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyAbbreviationAbbreviationislexicallyregardedasoneoftheminor

meansinEnglishword‑formation.Fourhighlyproductiveways:ClippingInitialismAcronymBlendingEnglishLexicology1.1ClippingClipping:Shorteningarelativelylongwordwithoutchangingitsmeaning.Moreformal→longerterm;moreinformal→shorterterm.Newtermmayentirelyreplacetheoriginal.Examples:fax(facsimile),dormitory(dorm),flu(influenza),prof(professor).Orthographicabbreviations:

Dr.(doctor),Mr.(mister),AZ(Arizona),MB(megabyte).EnglishLexicology1.1ClippingType1:ClippingstakeplaceattheBeginningofthewords.aerodrome→drome,aeroplane/airplane→plane,bicycle→cycle,bulldozer→dozer,caravan→van,earthquake→quake,hamburger→burger,helicopter→copter,microfiche→fiche,omnibus→bus,parachute→chute,periwig→wig,raccoon→coon,telephone→phone,telescope→scope,violoncello→celloEnglishLexicology1.1ClippingType2:ClippingstakeplaceattheEndofthewords.advertisement→ad,automobile→auto,bicycle→bike,Coca‑Cola→coke,demobilize→demob,discotheque→disco,doctor→doc,demonstration→demo,dormitory→dorm,examination→exam,exposition→expo,facsimile→fax,gasoline→gas,gentleman→gent,helicopter→heli,hippopotamus→hippo,Japanese→Jap,kilogram→kilo,laboratory→lab,lavatory→lav,liberation→lib,literature→lit,mathematics→math,memorandum→memo,microphone→mike,miniskirt→mini,mitten→mitt,photograph→photo,pornography→porn,rhinoceros→rhino,stereophonic/stereotype→stereo,television→tele,trigonometry→trig,tuxedo→tuxEnglishLexicology1.1ClippingType3:ClippingstakeplaceatthebothBeginningandEndofthewordsinfluenza→flu,refrigerator→fridge,prescription→script,detective→tecType4:ClippingstakeplaceintheMiddleofthewordsassistant→asst,fluidonics→fluidics,fossilization→fossilation,idololatry→idolatry,mathematics→maths,pacificist→pacifist,symbolology→symbology,spectacles→specsEnglishLexicology1.1ClippingCommonExamplesofclippedwords:mum(chrysanthemum),pen(penitentiary),champ(champion),con(convict),pike(turnpike),co‑op(cooperative),ref(referee),cuke(cucumber),rev(revolution),stats(statistics),sub(submarine),grad(graduate),taxi(taxicab),gym(gymnasium),teen(teenager),tie(necktie),limo(limousine),typo(typographicalerror),vet(veteran/veterinarian)EnglishLexicologyI.Doyouknowtheoriginalformsofthefollowingclippingwords?1.Lunch 2.movie 3.pram 4.symbology 5.Pacifist 6.Wikipedia 7.Chimerica 8.jeggingsII.Lookatthefollowingpairsofwords.Consultadictionarytofindtheirmeanings.1.cute—acute2.mend—amend3.spy—espy 4.peel—appealNote:Theyarepairsofclippingsandoriginalwords.Thewordsineachpairhavedifferentmeanings.

TASKEnglishLexicologyKeyforI:1.Luncheon 2.moviepicture 3.perambulator4.Symbolology 5.pacificist6.wiki-wiki+encyclopedia;Wikipedia维基百科是一种采用wiki协作系统的在线百科。wiki-wiki一词来源于夏威夷语,原意为“快点快点”。7.China+America;oneofNewYorkTimes'buzzwordsfor2009;《纽约时报》评选出的2009年流行语之一,所谓“中美国”。8.Jeanleggings(牛仔打底裤:牛仔裤与打底裤的结合)。TASKEnglishLexicology1.2InitialismDefinition:Areductionprocessusinginitialsofwords.(Notapowerfulprocessinwordbuilding.)Manyexistinbureaucraciesandorganizations.Examples:HUD(DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment),SBA(SmallBusinessAdministration),FEMA(FederalEmergencyManagementAgency),WTO,SARS,WHO,WHAEnglishLexicology1.2InitialismType1(LettersRepresentFullWords)

AA—AutomobileAssociation(ofGreatBritain),AAA—AmericanAutomobileAssociation(tripleA),AAAA—AmateurAthleticAssociationofAmerica,ABC—AmericanBroadcastingCompany,AD/A.D.—AnnoDomini(intheyearoftheLord/sinceChristwasborn),AP—AssociatedPress,BBC—BritishBroadcastingCorporation,BC/B.C.—beforeChrist/BachelorofChemistry,BRT—BusRapidTransit,CNN—CableNewsNetwork,CNS—ChinaNewsService,DNA—deoxyribonucleicacid…EnglishLexicology1.2InitialismType2(LettersRepresentConstituentsorElementsofaword)

ABM—antiballisticmissile,BBQ—barbeque/barbecue,bd.—board/bond,CAL—computer-assistedlearning,Cdn—Canadian,CDR/Cdr./cdr.—commander,GHQ—GeneralHeadquarters,IA—Iowa,ID—identification(card),MSN—MicrosoftNetwork,TB—tuberculosis,TV—television,WBE—web-basededucation,wgt.—weight,WH/Wh/wh—watt-hour(s).EnglishLexicology1.2InitialismInterestingly,someinitial-wordscanbeusedtorepresentshortclausesorsentences:DIY—Doityourself,DK—don'tknow,DNF—didnotfinish, DNP—didnotplay,IOU—Ioweyou.EnglishLexicology1.2InitialismEventhoughsuchwordsareoriginallycreatedasinitialisms,speakersquicklyforgetsuchoriginsandtheinitialismsbecomenewindependentwords:ATM—automatedtellermachine,BBE—bachelorofbusinesseducation,CBD—centralbusinessdistrict,CEO—chiefexecutiveofficer,CPPCC—ChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference,CSE—CertificateofSecondaryEducation,CSM—corn,soya,milk(akindofmixedmilkpowder),D.J.—diskjockey,DJ/D-J—Dow-Jonesaverage,NETFS—NationalEducationalTelevisionFilmService,FAQ—frequentlyaskedquestions,FM—frequencymodulation,…EnglishLexicology1.2InitialismInitialismsfromcomputerscienceandtheInternet:ADSL—asymmetricaldigitalsubscriberline,AGP—acceleratedgraphicsport,AI—artificialintelligence,ASP—activeserverpage,ASCII—AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange,AV—audio-visual,BBS—bulletinboardsystem,CAD—computer-aideddesign,CAI—computer-assistedinstruction,CAM—computer-assistedmanufacturing,CDMA—codedivisionmultipleaccess,CDPD—cellulardigitalpacketdata,CD-R—compactdiskrecordable,CD-ROM—compactdiscread-onlymemory,…EnglishLexicology1.2InitialismInitialismsofglobaleconomyandinternationaltrade:B/L—billoflading,C/D—customsdeclaration,CFR—costandfreight,CIF—cost,insurance＆freight,CO—certificateoforigin,COD—cashondelivery,CPI—consumerpriceindex,D/A—documentsagainstacceptance,D/P—documentsagainstpayment,EBPP—electronicbillpresentmentandpayment,EBT—electronicbenefitstransfer,GDP/gdp/g.d.p.—grossdomesticproduct,GNP—grossnationalproduct,G.W.—grossweight,GSP—generalizedsystemofpreference,imp.—import/imported/importer,IMF—theInternationalMonetary…EnglishLexicologyI.ThefollowinginitialismsarefromLatin.Whatdotheystandfor?1.e.g.—2.id.—3.i.e.—4.etc.—5.viz—6.v.—II.Doyouoftenemploythefollowinginitialismsinthepracticalanddailywritings?1.c/o2.p.s.3.s/m/wTASKEnglishLexicologyKeyforI:1.examplegratia2.idem3.idest4.etcetera5.videlicet6.videKeyforII:1.careof2.postscript3.single/married/widow(er)TASKEnglishLexicology1.3AcronymAcronym:Greek,headsofnames.Definition:Awordcomposedofinitiallettersofaphrase,pronouncedasaword.Examples:AIDS,ASEAN,NATO,UNESCO,radar,laser,APEC,DOS,LAN,RAM,ROM,SARS,TOEFL,TESOL,WASPEnglishLexicologyI.Whatdothefollowingstandfor?1.nilk2.LOTAF3.GOKII.Howdoyousaythem?Whatdotheyreferto?1.sonar2.hipar3.colidar4.maser5.sofarTASKEnglishLexicologyI.Key:1.“noincome,lotsofkids”2.“lifestyleoftouchandfun”:Itreferstopeoplewhoareinterestedinandenjoyusingtouchscreendigitaldevices,suchasiTouchandiPhone.3.“Godonlyknows.”TASKEnglishLexicologyII.Key:1.soundnavigationandranging声纳,声波导航和测距装置2.highpoweracquisitionradar高功率探测雷达3.coherentlightdetectionandranging相干光探测器4.microwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation微波激射5.soundfixingandranging声发,声波水下远距离定位的海岸测音设备TASKEnglishLexicology1.4BlendingDefinition:Formingwordsbyjoiningpartofonewordwithpartofanother.Alsocalledportmanteauwords.Mayinvolveoverlappingsounds,overlappingletters,ornooverlap.Examples:biopic(biography+picture),camcorder(camera+recorder),motel(motor+hotel),smog(smoke+fog),brunch(breakfast+lunch),Oxbridge(Oxford+Cambridge)EnglishLexicology1.4Blending1.Thebeginningofonewordisaddedtotheendoftheother.Automobile+home→autome,binary+digit→bit,Channel+Tunnel→Chunnel,dove+hawk→dawk,education+entertainment→edutainment,gleam+shimmer→glimmer,information+commercial→infomercial,simultaneous+broadcast→simulcast,smoke+fog→smog,spoon+fork→spork,stagnation+inflation→stagflation,splash+spatter→splatter,squirm+wriggle→squiggle,video+telephone→videophoneEnglishLexicology1.4Blending2.Thebeginningoftwowordarecombined.American+Indian→Amerind/Amerindian,communication+satellite→comsat,cybernetic+organism→cyborg,formula+translation→Fortran,high+fidelity→hi-fi,high+technology→hi-tech,interconnection+network→internet,motor+pedal→moped,psychological+warfare→psywar,science+fiction→sci-fi,situation+comedy→sitcom,teletype+exchange→telex.EnglishLexicology1.4Blending3.Thebeginningofonewordisaddedtoanotherword.documentary+drama→docudrama,emotion+icon→emoticon,Europe+Asia→Eurasia,language+sign→lansign,medical+care→Medicare,medical+chair→medichair,motor+town→motown,parachute+troop→paratroop,television+diagnosis→telediagnosisEnglishLexicology1.4Blending4.Theendofonewordisaddedtotheendofanotherword.internet+etiquette→netiquette,internet+citizen→netizen,internet+grassroots→netroots,internet+espionage→netspionage

5.Awordisaddedtotheendoftheother.air+hotel→airtel,book+automobile→bookmobile,fact+fiction→faction,guess+estimate→guesstimate,slim+gymnastics→slimnastics,talk+marathon→talkathon,travel+catalogue→travelogueEnglishLexicology1.4Blending6.Twowordsareblendedaroundacommonsequenceofsounds(phoneticspeeling).Californication(California+fornication),high+jack→hijack,allcorrect→OK→okay,diskjockey→DJ→deejay,masterofceremony→MC→emcee,veryimportantperson→VIP→veepPartsofSpeechofblendwords:Nouns(most);Verbs:breathalyse(breath+analyse),meld(melt+weld);Adjectives:alphanumeric(alphabetic+numeric),fantabulous(fantastic+fabulous)EnglishLexicology

I.Doyouhappentoknowtheoriginsofthefollowingblendwords?1.Galumph 2.chortle 3.dawk 4.bit5.Telex 6.Amerind 7.Eurasia 8.mopedTASKEnglishLexicology

I.Doyouhappentoknowtheoriginsofthefollowingblendwords?Key:1.gallop+triumph 2.chuckle+snort 3.dove+hawk4.binary+digit 5.teleprinter+exchange 6.American+Indian7.Europe+Asia 8.motor-assisted+pedal-cycleTASKEnglishLexicology1.5NetworkAbbreviationsSpecialabbreviations/phoneticspellingsusedinemails,cellphones,andInternetwritings.Highlycolloquialandinformal. Examples:b/c(because),B4(before),4‑ever(forever),w/o(without)EnglishLexicology1.5NetworkAbbreviations1)Networkabbreviationsstandforwords:ADDR—address,ASL—age,soon,location,B—bad,BF—boyfriend,BY—bye-bye,DL—download,EZ—easy,FUD—fear,uncertainty,doubt,FW—forward,GD＆R—grinning,ducking＆running,GF—girlfriend,GR8—great,ID—identity,L8R—later,MSG—message,PLS—please,PPL—people,PSW—password,R—are,SRI—sorry,THX/TKS—thanks,U—you,UR—your,WE—whatever,Y—why.EnglishLexicology1.5NetworkAbbreviations2)Networkabbreviationsstandforphrases:AAMOF—asamatteroffact,ADN—anydaynow,AFK—awayfromkeyboard,AKA—alsoknownas,AMBW—allmybestwishes,ASAP—assoonaspossible,BAK—backatkeyboard,AWOL—absentwithoutleave,BBL—bebacklater,BBN—byebyenow,BFN—byefornow,BOT—backontopic,BRB—berightback,B2B—business-to-business,B2C—business-to-consumer,BTW—bytheway,BYAM—betweenyouandme,CMF—countmyfingers,CWOT—completewasteoftime,…EnglishLexicology1.5NetworkAbbreviations4)BuzzwordsandEmoticonsBritishrhymingslang:Brightonrock(sock),BritneySpears(beers),daisyroots(boots),frogandtoad(road),JayKay(takeaway),troubleandstrife(wife)AmericanIM‑speak:chickenhead,exogal,muffintop,prositot,squares,whaletail,DLERESPCNU,IWUNTTUBAROXSTREmoticons::)pleased,;)wink,:(sad,:-))veryhappy,:-0surprised/shocked02Back-formationEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyDefinition

Derivingwordsbyremovingactualorperceivedaffixes.Examples:burgle(fromburglar),peddle(frompeddler),edit(fromeditor),beg(frombeggar),preempt(frompreemption),televise(fromtelevision)EnglishLexicologyBack-formationVerbsfromNouns(-er,-ar,-or):audit←auditor,barnstorm←barnstormer,cobble←cobbler,commentate←commentator,dive‑bomb←divebomber,hawk←hawker,housekeep←housekeeper,lase←laser,name‑drop←name‑dropper,panhandle←panhandler,scavenge←scavenger,stoke←stoker,swindle←swindler,typewrite←typewriterEnglishLexicologyBack-formationVerbsfromActionNouns(-ion,-(a)tion,-ing)aggress←aggression,appreciate←appreciation,attrit←attrition,automate←automation,demarcate←demarcation,destruct←destruction,diagnose←diagnosis,donate←donation,emote←emotion,enthuse←enthusiasm,escalate←escalation,extradite←extradition,gangle←gangling,jell←jelly,negate←negation,proliferate←proliferation,reminisce←reminiscenceEnglishLexicologyBack-formationVerbsfromAdjectivescose←cosy,drowse←drowsy,groom←groomy,henpeck←henpecked,isolate←isolated,laze←lazy,sulk←sulkyNounsfromAdjectives:greed←greedy,peeve←peevishNounsfromnouns:lech←lecher,pup←puppyAdjectives:difficult←difficulty,ept←inept,flappable←unflappableEnglishLexicologyBack-formationProductiveType(NounCompounds)baby‑sit←baby‑sitter,backform←back‑formation,caretake←caretaker,daydream←daydreamer,eavesdrop←eavesdropping,firebomb←firebomber,free‑associate←freeassociation,gatecrash←gatecrasher,housekeep←housekeeper,lip‑read←lipreading,proofread←proofreading,spring‑clean←spring‑cleaning,tape‑record←taperecording,window‑shop←window‑shopping,muckrake←muckraking,one‑upman←one‑upmanship,mass‑produce←mass‑production,self‑actualize←self‑actualizationEnglishLexicologyDoyouknowthebackgroundstoriesofthefollowingback-formationwords?1.tobantbantingFrederickBanting2.tomaffickMafeking3.todeep-freeze“DeepFreezer”TASKEnglishLexicologyKey:1.Tobantisback-formedfrombanting,whichisnamedafteraCanadiandoctorFrederickBanting.2.TomaffickisderivedfromMafeking,whichisthenameofaplaceinSouthAfrica.3.Todeep-freezeisaback-formationderivedfrom“DeepFreezer”,afamousbusinessbrand.TASK03OnomatopoeiaEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyDefinition

Echo/echoicwordsimitatingsoundsmadebyhumans,animals,andthings.Highlyinformalorfamiliar.Example:“Iseethelightning.Flash!Flash!Flash!Ihearthethunder.Crash!Crash!Crash!Ihearthewindswingthegate.Bash!Bash!Bash!Iseeraindropsfalling.Splash!Splash!Splash!Iseepeoplerunning.Dash!Dash!Dash!”(WatchingtheStorm)EnglishLexicologyEchoWords1.Toimitatesoundsofhumans:babble—makeasoundlikeababywhocannottalkyet,boohoo/boo-hoo—showthatsomeoneiscrying,chuckle—laughquietly,especiallyinaprivateorsecretway,giggle—laughinanervous,excited,orsillywaythatisdifficulttocontrol,grumble—saysomethingcomplainingcontinuouslyinaquietway,EnglishLexicologyEchoWords1.Toimitatesoundsofhumans:murmur—makeasoftsound,especiallywhenspeakinginalowvoice,sob—crywhilebreathinginsuddenshortbursts,ta-ta—saygoodbyeinaninformalway,titter—laughquietly,especiallybecauseyouarenervousorembarrassed,whimper—makesmallsoundsofpain,fear,orsadness,whisper—saysomethingveryquietlysothatotherpeoplecannothear.EnglishLexicologyEchoWords2.ToimitatesoundsofAnimalsapes—gibber;bees—buzz;beetles—drone;birds—twitter;cocks—crow;dogs—bark,howl,growl,whine,yelp;ducks—quack;frogs—croak;hens—squawk;kittens—mew;lions—roar;mice—squeak;pigs—grunt;pigeons—coo;snakes—hiss.EnglishLexicologyEchoWords3.ToimitatesoundsfromnatureandotherthingsNaturalphenomena:thunder,growl,pattering,rollWater:bubble,ebb,lap,ooze,ripple,splash,trickleDoors/windows:bang,beatatattoo,rat‑a‑tatBallgames:ping‑pongEnglishLexicologyEchoWords3.ToimitatesoundsfromnatureandotherthingsClocks/watches/bells:chink,clang,clank,clink,ding,ding‑a‑ling,dingdong,gangle,jangle,jingle,knelling,pealing,ring,tap,tick‑tock,tink,tinkle,tinting,tollingGuns/cannons:bump,whine,pop,pompom,ack‑ackObjects:crack,snap,bang,clash,clink,thump,tinkle04ReduplicationEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyDefinitionAminormorphologicalprocessinwhichtheroot/stemofaword,orpartofit,isrepeatedtoformanewcompound.Twotypes:Totalreduplication:doublingtheentireword(e.g.,tick‑tick)Partialreduplication:doublingonlypart(e.g.,ticktack)Oftenexpressive,figurative,andiconicinmeaning.Mostlyinformalvocabulary.EnglishLexicologyReduplicationType1:RhymingReduplicationsa