【《水体中重金属铬的污染现状及其治理办法文献综述》2700字】

VI)的形式存在，其中，Cr(III)是一种基本的微量营养素，对生物体的正常功能至关重要ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zafra-Stone</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>140</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>140</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615985273">140</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zafra-Stone</author><author>S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Benefitsofchromium(III)complexesinanimalandhumanhealth</title></titles><pages>183-206</pages><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Zafra-Stone,2007#140"4]。据报道，它负责控制哺乳动物的葡萄糖和脂质代谢ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Kotas,2000#103"5]，人体含铬量约为每升0.03mg，每日推荐摄入量为15-200mg。然而，Cr(VI)是一种公认的化学致癌物，在环境中具有很强的流动性。Cr(VI)对生物系统有毒害作用，发现接触六价铬化合物会导致多种临床问题，吸入和滞留含Cr(VI)的物质可导致鼻中隔穿孔、哮喘、支气管炎、肺炎、喉部和肝脏的炎症，并增加支气管癌的发生率ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Gad,1989#104"6,\o"Lee,1989#105"7]。BrowningADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Browning</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>141</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>141</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615985375">141</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Browning,CynthiaL.</author><author>Wise,JohnPierce</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ProlongedexposuretoparticulatechromateinhibitsRAD51nuclearimportmediatorproteins</title><secondary-title>ToxicologyandAppliedPharmacology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ToxicologyandAppliedPharmacology</full-title></periodical><pages>101-107</pages><volume>331</volume><keywords><keyword>Nuclearimport</keyword><keyword>Particulatechromium(VI)</keyword><keyword>RAD51C</keyword><keyword>BRCA2</keyword><keyword>RAD51cytoplasmicaccumulation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/09/15/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0041-008X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0041008X17302363</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.030</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Browning,2017#141"8]发现了Cr(VI)微粒能引起肺部系统的癌变。Cr(VI)化合物与皮肤接触可引起皮肤过敏、皮炎、皮肤坏死和皮肤腐蚀ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Shanker</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>135</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>135</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615984755">135</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="BookSection">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shanker,A.K.</author><author>Venkateswarlu,B.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Nriagu,J.O.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Chromium:EnvironmentalPollution,HealthEffectsandModeofAction</title><secondary-title>EncyclopediaofEnvironmentalHealth</secondary-title></titles><pages>650-659</pages><keywords><keyword>Apoptosis</keyword><keyword>Bioremediation</keyword><keyword>Carcinogenesis</keyword><keyword>Chromiumspeciation</keyword><keyword>Diabetes</keyword><keyword>Glucosetolerancefactor</keyword><keyword>Industrialpollution</keyword><keyword>Phytoremediation</keyword><keyword>Toxicity</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/01/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Burlington</pub-location><publisher>Elsevier</publisher><isbn>978-0-444-52272-6</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/B9780444522726003901</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00390-1</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Shanker,2011#135"9]，如误食饮用，可致腹部不适及腹泻等中毒症状。因此，Cr(VI)被环境保护署列为前20名有毒污染物。在许多国家Cr(VI)的半致死浓度范围为50-100mg/kgADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"GracePavithra,2019#142"10]。Cr(VI)的毒理学影响源于其本身的氧化作用及其在细胞内被还原为Cr(III)的过程中形成的自由基ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Vincent</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>136</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>136</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615984980">136</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vincent,J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheNutritionalBiochemistryofChromium(III)</title></titles><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Vincent,2007#136"11]。水体中的Cr(III)主要由于吸附作用存在于沉积物中，而六价铬则多溶于水中。三价铬和六价铬可以在一定条件下互相转化，因此对于铬污染物的水质标准是按照总铬的浓度规定的，而不是六价铬。例如，中国皮革行业废水中规定的铬出水浓度小于1.5mg/LADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ye</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>128</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>128</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615982894">128</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ye,Yuxuan</author><author>Jiang,Zhao</author><author>Xu,Zhe</author><author>Zhang,Xiaolin</author><author>Wang,Dandan</author><author>Lv,Lu</author><author>Pan,Bingcai</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EfficientremovalofCr(III)-organiccomplexesfromwaterusingUV/Fe(III)system:NegligibleCr(VI)accumulationandmechanism</title><secondary-title>WaterResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WaterResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>172-178</pages><volume>126</volume><keywords><keyword>Cr(III)complexes</keyword><keyword>UVphotocatalyticoxidation</keyword><keyword>Decomplexation</keyword><keyword>Cr(VI)</keyword><keyword>Tanningwastewater</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/12/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0043-1354</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0043135417307753</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.021</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Ye,2017#128"12]。图1-1土壤和水体中铬的来源及影响ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"GracePavithra,2019#142"10]Fig.1-1OriginandimpactofchromiuminsoilandwaterbodiesADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"GracePavithra,2019#142"10]1.2铬污染治理方法铬污染主要存在于土壤和水体中，对于大部分工业生产铬污染首先是伴随工业废水产生，然后进一步进入水体或者土壤污染环境，所以对于工业废水中的含铬污染物进行处理就显得特别重要了。但是含铬废水在现场进行处理时，却是个较为棘手的事情，且随着我国经济发展对其生态环境的保护及自身健康日益重视，国家对其进行废水处置的技术要求也日益高涨。因其巨大的危害性含铬废水一直是研究的重点，更是工业废水中处理的重要领域。目前，含铬废水处理方法多样，比如吸附法、膜分离法、电解法、化学沉淀法、光化学还原法等。（1）吸附法吸附法处理含铬废水，是利用多孔、比表面积大的吸附剂材料ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bishnoi</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>155</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>155</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615987142">155</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bishnoi,N.R.</author><author>Bajaj,M.</author><author>Sharma,N.</author><author>Gupta,A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>GuruJambheshwarUniv,DeptEnvironmSci&Engn,Hisar125001,Haryana,India. Bishnoi,NR(correspondingauthor),GuruJambheshwarUniv,DeptEnvironmSci&Engn,Hisar125001,Haryana,India. nrbisbnoi@</auth-address><titles><title>AdsorptionofCr(VI)onactivatedricehuskcarbonandactivatedalumina</title><secondary-title>BioresourceTechnology</secondary-title><alt-title>Bioresour.Technol.</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BioresourceTechnology</full-title><abbr-1>Bioresour.Technol.</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>BioresourceTechnology</full-title><abbr-1>Bioresour.Technol.</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>305-307</pages><volume>91</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>activatedricehuskcarbon(ARH)</keyword><keyword>activatedalumina(AA)</keyword><keyword>adsorption</keyword><keyword>chromium(VI)</keyword><keyword>Freundlichisotherm</keyword><keyword>removal</keyword><keyword>Agriculture</keyword><keyword>Biotechnology&AppliedMicrobiology</keyword><keyword>Energy&Fuels</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-8524</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000188981700011</accession-num><work-type>Article</work-type><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000188981700011</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00204-9</electronic-resource-num><language>English</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Bishnoi,2004#155"13]，例如稻壳活性炭、粉煤灰ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Banerjee</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>154</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>154</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615987035">154</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Banerjee,S.S.</author><author>Joshi,M.V.</author><author>Jayaram,R.V.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RemovalofCr(VI)andHg(II)fromaqueoussolutionsusingflyashandimpregnatedflyash</title><secondary-title>SeparationScienceAndTechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SeparationScienceAndTechnology</full-title></periodical><pages>1611-1629</pages><volume>39</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>May</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0149-6395</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000221958000011</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000221958000011</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1081/ss-120030778</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Banerjee,2004#154"14]等吸附废水中的铬金属离子，其优点是处理简单，结构灵活，具有高选择性和高效率，避免了化学法和生物法中污泥产生ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Hua,2012#145"15-17]。但是体积大小的影响和吸附剂再生是吸附法处理含铬废水的局限性ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Saravanan,2017#149"18]。近年来，人们也致力于研究各种新型吸附剂，例如，Panda等人研究ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Panda</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>152</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>152</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615986701">152</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Panda,H.</author><author>Tiadi,N.</author><author>Mohanty,M.</author><author>Mohanty,C.R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Studiesonadsorptionbehaviorofanindustrialwasteforremovalofchromiumfromaqueoussolution</title><secondary-title>SouthAfricanJournalofChemicalEngineering</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SouthAfricanJournalofChemicalEngineering</full-title></periodical><pages>132-8</pages><volume>23</volume><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>June</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1026-9185</isbn><accession-num>INSPEC:17362182</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://INSPEC:17362182</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.sajce.2017.05.002</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Panda,2017#152"19]发现Dolochar作为吸附剂，在pH为3.4时，对于Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到82%，Dolochar实质上是来自压榨厂的未燃烧的煤，将它用自来水清洗并加热到100摄氏度，其比表面积达到15.365m2/g，实现了零成本去除Cr(Ⅵ)，降低了吸附剂材料成本。此外，还有研究发现通过溶胶凝胶法制备的HCB-TiO2以及可溶解浸渍焦油可以实现对铬的有效去除ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sakulthaew</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>156</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>156</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615987287">156</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sakulthaew,Chainarong</author><author>Chokejaroenrat,Chanat</author><author>Poapolathep,Amnart</author><author>Satapanajaru,Tunlawit</author><author>Poapolathep,Saranya</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Hexavalentchromiumadsorptionfromaqueoussolutionusingcarbonnano-onions(CNOs)</title><secondary-title>Chemosphere</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Chemosphere</full-title><abbr-1>Chemosphere</abbr-1></periodical><pages>1168-1174</pages><volume>184</volume><keywords><keyword>Adsorptioncapacity</keyword><keyword>Adsorptionisotherm</keyword><keyword>Carbonnano-onions</keyword><keyword>Hexavalentchromium</keyword><keyword>Adsorptionkinetics</keyword><keyword>Metaladsorption</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/10/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0045-6535</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0045653517309979</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.094</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Sakulthaew,2017#156"20]。（2）电化学法电化学法对于金属铬的处理常用的方法为还原沉降法，Cr(VI)在阴极还原为Cr(=3\*ROMANIII)，然后再通过加碱沉降去除。在一项研究中ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Browning</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>141</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>141</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615985375">141</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Browning,CynthiaL.</author><author>Wise,JohnPierce</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ProlongedexposuretoparticulatechromateinhibitsRAD51nuclearimportmediatorproteins</title><secondary-title>ToxicologyandAppliedPharmacology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ToxicologyandAppliedPharmacology</full-title></periodical><pages>101-107</pages><volume>331</volume><keywords><keyword>Nuclearimport</keyword><keyword>Particulatechromium(VI)</keyword><keyword>RAD51C</keyword><keyword>BRCA2</keyword><keyword>RAD51cytoplasmicaccumulation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>2017/09/15/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0041-008X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S0041008X17302363</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.030</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Browning,2017#141"8]，用软钢电极进行电化学还原-沉淀法去除Cr(VI)，在没有任何化学物质干预，pH较高的条件下，通过电化学生成Fe(II)，在单一工艺步骤中进行还原和沉淀。在另一项研究中，研究了在单极模式下使用金属铁棒去除Cr(VI)。不同的电解质NaCl，NaNO3andNa2SO4中分别将Cr(VI)还原Cr(III)，随着酸性pH的增加，NaCl的还原更高ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Lakshmipathiraj</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>144</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>144</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1615985950">144</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Lakshmipathiraj,P.</author><author>BhaskarRaju,G.</author><author>RaviatulBasariya,M.</author><author>Parvathy,S.</author><author>Prabhakar,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>RemovalofCr(VI)byelectrochemicalreduction</title><secondary-title>SeparationandPurificationTechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SeparationandPurificationTechnology</full-title></periodical><pages>96-102</pages><volume>60</volume><number>1</number><keywords><keyword>Hexavalantchromium</keyword><keyword>Electrochemicalreduction</keyword><keyword>Steelelectrodes</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Removal</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>2008/04/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1383-5866</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S1383586607003607</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.053</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Lakshmipathiraj,2008#144"21]。（3）膜处理法膜技术是一种先进的、应用广泛的水处理技术，利用选择性以及透过膜两侧压力差、浓度差、电位差等物性差异为推动力使物质进行分离ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wilderer</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>245</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>245</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1616151791">245</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wilderer,P.A.</author><author>Paris,S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Membranetechnologyrevolutionizeswatertreatment</title><secondary-title>WaterScience&TechnologyAJournaloftheInternationalAssociationonWaterPollutionResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WaterScience&TechnologyAJournaloftheInternationalAssociationonWaterPollutionResearch</full-title></periodical><pages>11-20</pages><volume>55</volume><number>7</number><dates><year>2007</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Wilderer,2007#245"22]，通常有电渗析、反渗透、超滤、膜生物反应器、纳滤等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>谭平华</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>217</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>217</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1616070068">217</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>谭平华</author><author>林金清</author><author>肖春妹</author><author>曹学功</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>膜技术在废水处理中的应用</title><secondary-title>江西化工</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>江西化工</full-title></periodical><pages>33-38</pages><volume>000</volume><number>004</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"谭平华,2003#217"23]，膜处理的优点为适应性强、占地面积小，但是也存在制膜成本高，膜污染以及膜重复利用率低问题。但Giagnorio等人ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Ghosh,2017#157"24]设计的用于去除铬的中试纳滤厂的研究中，发现确定合适的膜材料能够克服诸如膜污垢和系统运行性能不佳等缺点。Yao等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Yao</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>158</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>158</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1616030139">158</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Yao,Yunjin</author><author>Hu,Yi</author><author>Yu,Maojing</author><author>Lian,Chao</author><author>Gao,Mengxue</author><author>Zhang,Jie</author><author>Li,Guanwei</author><author>Wang,Shaobin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nitrogen-dopedcarbonencapsulatingmolybdenumcarbideandnickelnanostructuresloadedwithPVDFmembraneforhexavalentchromiumreduction</title><secondary-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ChemicalEngineeringJournal</full-title></periodical><pages>535-544</pages><volume>344</volume><keywords><keyword>PVDFmembrane</keyword><keyword>Hexavalentchromium</keyword><keyword>Molybdenumcarbide</keyword><keyword>Reductionreaction</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>2018/07/15/</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1385-8947</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/S1385894718304479</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.089</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Yao,2018#158"25]的研究表明，以甲酸为还原剂，热处理MoxNiy@N-C催化剂负载的聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）膜可以将有毒的Cr(VI)还原为Cr(III)。采用浸渍法在超滤陶瓷膜上包覆纳米CuO，并用于去除Cr(VI)，铬去除率为88.08%ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Choudhury,2018#159"26]。（4）光催化法光催化之所以能够引起人们的注意，是因为它能够降解绝大多数污染物ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Wang,2004#160"27]，比如可以氧化或还原各种有毒金属颗粒包括Hg(II)、Cd(II)、Cu(II)等。在光催化技术中，当光催化剂与紫外线或可见光相接触时，产生具有能量的活性自由基。在Sane等人ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Sane,2018#161"28]的探索中，燃烧合成的TiO2被用于光催化还原Cr(=6\*ROMANVI)。Han研究ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Han,2017#162"29]发现硫化锡/氧化石墨烯通过光催化对Cr(=6\*ROMANVI)的降解率较高。即使经过多次循环,也能实现对Cr(=6\*ROMANVI)的有效去除。钛掺杂的羟基磷灰石（TiHAP）被用作新型的光催化剂，它被认为具有比普通半导体更高效率的光催化半导体，可以净化和降低天然毒素的含量ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Feng</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>163</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>163</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1616031177">163</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Feng,Xiang</author><author>Shang,Jing</author><author>Chen,Juncheng</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>PhotoelectrocatalyticreductionofhexavalentchromiumbyTi-dopedhydroxyapatitethinfilm</title><secondary-title>MolecularCatalysis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>MolecularCatalysis</full-title></periodical><pages>11-17</pages><volume>427</volume><dates><year>2017</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2468-8231</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000400547600002</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000400547600002</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.molcata.2016.09.031</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Feng,2017#163"30]。光催化的优点是产生的二次污染少，产物无害，反应时间短，而界面电荷转移，带隙依赖性是光催化的局限性。除了以上技术外对于含铬废水的处理还经常采用技术联合以达到更好的处理效果，在Hsu的研究中，提出了一种光电催化与阳离子交换膜相结合的技术来降低Cr(VI)和氧化EDTA。在pH值为3和的电流密度为4mA/cm2下，所提出的联合处理有效地降低了Cr(VI)，添加EDTA同样可以促进Cr(VI)的降低，因为EDTA的氧化抑制了空穴-电子的重组ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Hsu,2013#164"31]。混合膜生物反应器是通过活性污泥和电絮凝去除制革废水中的COD、染料以及铬ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[\o"Suganthi,2013#165"32]。为了提高铬的去除率，还有的研究使用了活性污泥和粉末活性炭吸附相结合的方法ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>FerroOrozco</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>166</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[33]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>166</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="x00drddarfa9peep2afxat5avsvr5dz990d0"timestamp="1616032342">166</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>FerroOrozco,A.M.</author><author>Contreras,E.M.</author><author>Zaritzky,N.E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectsofcombiningbiologicaltreatmentandactivatedcarbononhexavalentchromiumreduction</title><secondary-title>BioresourceTechnology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BioresourceTechnology</full-title><abbr-1>Bioresour.Technol.</abbr-1></periodical><pages>2495-2502</pages><volume>102</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0960-8524</isbn><accession-num>WOS:000286904500050</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url><GotoISI>://WOS:000286904500050</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.041</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"FerroOrozco,2011#166"33]。参考文献[1] RauchJN,PacynaJM.Earth'sglobalAg,Al,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ni,Pb,andZncycles[J].GlobalBiogeochemicalCycles,2008,32(2):GB2008..[2] DrincicA,Zulian