TPO模拟阅读试题（全真真题风格）

TPO模拟阅读试题（全真真题风格）考试说明：本套试题完全贴合托福TPO阅读命题规则，文章为学术科普题材，题型包含词汇题、事实信息题、否定事实信息题、推断题、句子简化题、插入文本题、主旨小结题。答题时间参考：20分钟/篇，共14道题目。Passage:TheFormationofDesertLandscapesDesertsarecommonlydefinedasaridregionswhereannualprecipitationfallsbelow250millimeters,andwherehighevaporationratesfarexceedrainfall.Contrarytothecommonpublicimpressionofdesertsasendlessstretchesofflatsanddunes,desertlandscapesaregeologicallydiverse,shapedbylong-termwindandwatererosion,temperaturefluctuations,andsparsevegetationcoverage.Theuniquelandformsofdesertsarenotformedovernightbutaretheresultofmillionsofyearsofgradualgeologicalandclimaticchanges.Windactionisoneoftheprimaryforcesreshapingdesertsurfaces.Inaridenvironments,thelackofdenseplantcoverleavessurfacesoilandrockfullyexposed.Strong,persistentwindssweepacrossbarrenterrain,liftingfinesandandsiltparticlesandcarryingthemoverlongdistances.Thisprocess,knownasaeoliantransport,consistsoftwomainmodes:saltationandsuspension.Saltationreferstotheshort,bouncingmovementofcoarsesandgrainsclosetotheground,whichaccountsformostsandmovementindeserts.Suspensioninvolvestinydustparticlesthatremainairborneforhoursorevendays,travelinghundredsofkilometersbeforesettlingdown.Constantwindabrasionpolishesrocksurfaces,createsstreamlinedwind-carvedridges,andaccumulatessandintodunesofvaryingshapesandsizes.Althoughwinddominatesdailydeserterosion,runningwaterplaysadecisiveroleinshapingmajordesertlandforms.Desertrainfallisextremelyscarce,yetitoftenoccursintheformofintense,short-durationthunderstorms.Whensuddendownpourshitbaredesertground,thewatercannotinfiltratethehard,compactedsoilrapidly.Instead,itformsviolentsurfacerunoffthatrushesdownslopesandvalleychannels.Thesetemporaryflashfloodscarrymassiveamountsofsediment,includinggravel,sand,andmud,carvingdeepgulliesandwidealluvialfansatthefootofmountainranges.Mostdesertvalleysandcanyonsystemsvisibletodaywereprimarilysculptedbysuchepisodicfloodeventsratherthangradualwinderosion.Extremetemperaturevariationfurtheracceleratesdesertrockweathering.Desertstypicallyexperienceextremediurnaltemperaturedifferences:daytimesurfacetemperaturesmaysoarabove50degreesCelsius,whilenighttimetemperaturescandropclosetofreezing.Repeatedheatingandcoolingcausecontinuousexpansionandcontractionofrockminerals.Overtime,thisthermalstresscreatestinycracksinrocksurfaces,whichgraduallywidenanddeepen.Eventually,largerockmassesbreakapartintosmallerfragmentsandloosegravel.Thisphysicalweatheringprocess,combinedwithwindandwatererosion,continuouslybreaksdownbedrockandsuppliessedimentfordesertlandformdevelopment.Vegetation,thoughsparseindeserts,alsoexertsanoticeableinfluenceonlandscapeevolution.Drought-resistantshrubsandgrasseshaveshallow,widespreadrootsystemsthatbindsurfacesoilparticlestogether,reducingwindandwatererosioninlocalizedareas.Plantdebristhataccumulatesinsmalldepressionstrapsfinesedimentandmoisture,graduallyformingsmallpatchesoffertilesoil.Incontrast,areascompletelydevoidofvegetationsufferseveresurfaceerosion,formingbarrenrockplainsandshiftingsandfields.Theunevendistributionofdesertvegetationcreatesapatchylandscapepatternthatdistinguishesdesertterrainfromuniformlyflatbarrenlands.Overgeologicaltime,theinteractionofwind,water,temperaturechange,andbiologicalactivityhascreatedthecomplex,variedtopographyofmoderndeserts.Farfrombeingstatic,lifelesswastelands,desertsaredynamicgeologicalsystemsconstantlyundergoingslowbutcontinuoustransformation.Questions1.VocabularyQuestion

Theword“persistent”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto:

A.occasional

B.constant

C.gentle

D.changeable2.FactualInformationQuestion

Accordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutsaltation?

A.Itmovestinydustparticlesoverextremelylongdistances.

B.Itisthemainwaysandmovesindesertenvironments.

C.Itoccursonlyduringseverethunderstorms.

D.Itpolisheslargerockformationsintosmoothridges.3.NegativeFactualInformationQuestion

Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueofdesertflashfloodsEXCEPT:

A.Theyformbecauserainwatercannotquicklysinkintodesertsoil.

B.Theycarrylargequantitiesofsedimentandrockdebris.

C.Theyoccurasaresultoflong-termlightrainfall.

D.Theycarvegulliesandalluvialfansindesertregions.4.InferenceQuestion

Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutdesertlandforms?

A.Winderosionhaslittletonoeffectondesertsurfacechanges.

B.Mostmajordesertvalleyswereformedbysuddenfloodevents.

C.Desertcanyonsstopchangingoncerainfallends.

D.Slow,steadywaterflowshapesmostdesertterrain.5.VocabularyQuestion

Theword“episodic”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto:

A.occasional

B.continuous

C.rapid

D.powerful6.FactualInformationQuestion

Accordingtoparagraph4,whydodesertrockscrackandbreakapart?

A.Chemicalreactionsbetweenrockandrainwatercorroderocklayers.

B.Extremedailytemperaturechangescreatestressinrockminerals.

C.Strongwindsdirectlysmashlargerocksintosmallfragments.

D.Plantrootspenetratedeepintobedrockandsplitrocksapart.7.SentenceSimplificationQuestion

Whichsentencebestsimplifiesthefollowingsentence(paragraph4):

Repeatedheatingandcoolingcausecontinuousexpansionandcontractionofrockminerals.Overtime,thisthermalstresscreatestinycracksinrocksurfaces,whichgraduallywidenanddeepen.

A.Long-termthermalstressfromrepeatedtemperaturechangesproducesgrowingcracksindesertrocks.

B.Frequenttemperatureshiftsinstantlycreatelargecracksonthesurfaceofdesertbedrock.

C.Rockmineralsexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooledinallclimatezones.

D.Thermalstressistheonlyfactorthatdamagesdesertrocksurfacesovertime.8.FactualInformationQuestion

Accordingtoparagraph5,desertvegetationhelpsshapedesertlandscapesby:

A.increasinglocalrainfallandsoilmoisture.

B.preventingsedimentaccumulationinlow-lyingareas.

C.stabilizingsurfacesoilandreducingerosion.

D.changingtheregionaltemperaturedistribution.9.NegativeFactualInformationQuestion

Accordingtoparagraph5,vegetation-freedesertareastendto:

A.developseveresurfaceerosion.

B.formbarrenrockplains.

C.producestablefertilesoilpatches.

D.generateshiftingsandfields.10.InferenceQuestion

Whatcanbeinferredaboutdesertlandscapesfromtheentirepassage?

A.Theyareformedbyasingledominantgeologicalforce.

B.Theyarestaticandrarelychangeovertime.

C.Theirdiversityresultsfrommultipleinteractingnaturalfactors.

D.Sanddunesarethemostcommonandcomplexdesertlandform.11.InsertTextQuestion

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thisgradualbreakdownprocessprovidestherawsedimentthatwindandwaterfurtherredistributeacrossdesertterrain.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Paragraph4:Extremetemperaturevariationfurtheracceleratesdesertrockweathering.Desertstypicallyexperienceextremediurnaltemperaturedifferences:daytimesurfacetemperaturesmaysoarabove50degreesCelsius,whilenighttimetemperaturescandropclosetofreezing.[■]Repeatedheatingandcoolingcausecontinuousexpansionandcontractionofrockminerals.[■]Overtime,thisthermalstresscreatestinycracksinrocksurfaces,whichgraduallywidenanddeepen.[■]Eventually,largerockmassesbreakapartintosmallerfragmentsandloosegravel.[■]

A.Firstsquare

B.Secondsquare

C.Thirdsquare

D.Fourthsquare12.ProseSummaryQuestion

Anintroductorysentenceforasummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthepassage.

Desertlandscapesarecomplexanddynamiclandformsshapedbymultiplenaturalforcesovermillionsofyears.

AnswerChoices:

1.Winderosiontransportssandanddust,carvingandreshapingdesertsurfacefeatures.

2.Intenseseasonalsnowfallaccumulatesandformsdesertglaciersinhigh-altitudedeserts.

3.Episodicflashfloodsfromsuddenrainfallcreatemajordesertvalleyandcanyonsystems.

4.Extremedailytemperaturechangescausephysicalweatheringandbreakdowndesertbedrock.

5.Humanagriculturalactivitieshavedrasticallyalteredmostmoderndesertlandscapes.

6.Desertvegetationcreatesunevenlandscapepatternsbyreducingerosioninlocalizedareas.AnswerKey&DetailedExplanations1.B解析：persistent意为“持续的、持久的”，与constant同义。