2022年高考英语真题之全国甲卷阅读理解D篇

2022年高考英语真题之全国甲卷阅读理解D篇2022年高考英语全国卷试题评析（摘要）2022年高考英语落实立德树人根本任务，依据高校人才选拔要求和普通高中英语课程标准，坚持“方向是核心，平稳是关键”的原则，结合中学英语教学和复习备考实际，深化基础性，考查关键能力，进一步加强对学生德智体美劳全面发展的引导，加强教考衔接，服务“双减”工作，发挥高考的育人功能和积极导向作用。1.3关注时代发展，引导培养核心素养英语科试卷通过选择具有时代特征的语篇，倡导学生养成独立思考的学习习惯，培育乐于探究的科学精神，构建友好互助的人际关系。英语科试卷通过选取禁止开车使用手机、悉尼新旧文化冲突、新媒体对家庭教育和生活的影响、英国征收糖税的起因及效果等具有探讨性和思辨性的材料，引导学生形成独立思考的习惯，培养主动发现问题和解决问题的能力；通过选取高科技无人机在铁路交通中的应用、鹦鹉识别物体形状的实验、人类语言发展的研究及与捉迷藏相关的儿童心理发展实验等语篇，激发学生对科学实验与研究的兴趣；通过选取关爱养老院老人的研究项目、勇救坠楼儿童、修复父子亲情关系等语篇，倡导友好互助、彼此关爱的和谐人际关系。语篇解读关键词Sydney,culturallydiverse,progress,

tradition,confused,combination主旨概要本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了悉尼在传统与现代的碰撞中发展及不同身份的人的观点态度。

百科知识ferryboat

渡船，主要用于载运旅客、货物等渡过江河、湖泊。渡船是一种短程运输船舶，船体结构简单，具有良好的操纵性、稳定性。catamaran

双体船，是指在两个分离的水下船体上部用加强构架连接成一个整体的“船舶”。两个船体内各设一部主机和一个推进器。具有稳定性好、安全舒适和操纵灵活等优点，常用作中、小型客船和渡船，但结构复杂，摇摆周期短，中间体结构较弱。不宜远洋航行。原文出处网站链接语言知识

重难点词significantadj[学术词]

有重大意义的，显著的;discoverv

了解到，认识到；superbadj

极好的，绝佳的（近

excellent）；pilotv[名词动化]

领航（船只）；livingn

生计，谋生；shuttlev[新课标删减词]

频繁往来（于甲地和乙地之间）；runn

航程；partv

分别；elegantadj

漂亮雅致的；increasinglyadv[派生词]

不断增加地（increasing+-ly）；modernityn[派生词]现代（modern+-ity）；conflictn[学术词]

冲突；attractionn[派生词]

吸引力，诱惑力（attract+-tion）；thoughtfuladj[派生词]

沉思的，深思的（thought+-ful）；foundationn[派生词]

基础（found+-ation）；driven[熟词生义]

冲劲，干劲；dynamismn[派生

词]

精力

，劲

头（

dynamic+-ism

）；combinationn[派生词]

结合体，联合体（combine+-ation）重点词块oneafteranother

一个接一个地，陆续地；sortof

可以说；culturallydiverse

文化多元化的；backandforth

反复来回；shutdown

使（机器）停止运转；goyourseparateways

分道而行；alunchbreak

午餐时间；replace...with...

以……替换……；rushtodosth

做某事的热潮；sweepaside

拒不理会，无视；beconfusedabout

对……感到困惑；makeupone’smind

下定决心；ontheotherhand

另一方面；beattachedto

对……依恋

长难句分析ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.句意为：悉尼的官方历史学家雪莉•菲茨杰拉德告诉我，20

世纪

70

年代悉尼在奔向现代化的过程中，摒弃了许多过去的东西，包括许多精美建筑。本句为主从复合句，主干为

ShirleyFitzgeraldtoldme，that

引导宾语从句。thecity’sofficialhistorian

是ShirleyFitzgerald

的同位语，对其补充说明。initsrushtomodernityinthe1970s

是介词短语作状语。It’s

aprettyhardcombinationtobeat.句意为：这种结合得天独厚，无可匹敌。/

这种结合得天独厚，鲜有国家能与之匹敌。【原卷32-35题】

关键词

说明文

城市建设

文化发展沿革

城市发展问题与对策

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口号),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解决).”Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.32.

Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.

Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.

B.

TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.

ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.

D.

Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.33.

WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.

Hegoestoworkbyboat.

B.

Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.

Hepilotscatamaranswell.

D.

Heisattachedtotheoldferries.34.

WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.

Itislosingitstraditions.

B.

Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.

Itshouldexpanditspopulation.

D.

Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.

Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.

Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.

Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.

modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.

Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.32-35CDAA【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的问题。32.

C。主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.(20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了它的港口)”以及“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.(但是是港口造就了城市)”可知，本段主要介绍了悉尼发展的关键是港口。故选C。33.

D。细节理解题。根据第二段“AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotSydneyferryboatsforaliving.(30岁出头的AndrewReynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生)”、第三段“I’llmisstheseoldboats.(我会想念这些旧船的)”以及第五段“Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.(双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣)”可知，渡轮领航员AndrewReynolds喜欢老式渡船。故选D。34.

A。推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.(悉尼的官方历史学家ShirleyFitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”可推知，ShirleyFitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统。故选A。35.

A。推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Ontheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.(另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力。当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点)”以及最后一段“Heisright(他说得没错)”可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老。故选A。说明文变式训练

32-35-1【基础】EcoCityFarms

(生态城市农场)

arebecomingmorepopularincitiesandtownsaroundtheUnitedstates.EcoCityFarmsinEdmonton,Maryland,islocatednearshoppingcenters,carrepairshopsandhomes.Theneighborhoodisaworking-classcommunity(社区).Peopledonothaveverymuchmoney.Andtheyhavelimitedaccess(获得)tofreshfoodinmarkets.Overthepasttwoyears,thefarmhasattractedvolunteersfromthecommunitylikeMarcyClark.Sheschoolsherfourchildrenathome.OnarecentdayshebroughtthemtoEcoCityFarmsforalesson.HersonAlstonClarkthinkshisexperienceisveryvaluable.“Ilikecomingouthere,”hesays,“Youknow,youconnectwiththeearth,whereyourfoodcomesfrom.Youappreciatethefoodalittlebitmore.”MargaretMorganstartedEcoCityFarms.Shethinksofitasaplacewherepeoplecanlearntolivehealthierlives.“Growingfoodinacommunitybringspeopletogether,”shecontinues,“Everypieceofwhatwedohereisademonstration(示范)toshowpeopleeverythingabouthowtohaveaneco-friendlycommunity.”shesays.FromtheEcoCityFarmspeoplecometoknowthattheyarenotonlygrowingfoodandraisingchickensandbees,butimprovingthesoilwithcompost(肥料)madefromfoodwaste.EcoCityFarmsisanexperimentaloperation.Thefarmgetsitspowernotfromthelocalelectricitynetworks,butfromthesunwithsolarpanels.Inwinter,thegreenhouseuseageothermal(地热)system.Vegetablescanbegrownallyear.Soonceaweek,allwinterlong,neighborslikeChrisMossandherthreechildrenbiketothefarmtopickupashareoftheharvest.“Ilikeeatingthevegetables”saysfive-year-oldOwenMoss.32.

Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthepassage?A.

EcoCityFarmssavealotofenergy.B.

EcoCityFarmshelpstheworking-classlivebetter.C.

EcoCityFarmsareinfluencingcommunitylife.D.

EcoCityFarmsaregainingpopularity.33.

Accordingtothepassage,EcoCityFarmsareclosetothefollowingplacesEXCEPT______.A.

shoppingcentersB.

carrepairshopsC.

fast-foodrestaurantsD.

working-classcommunity34.

Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardEcoCityFarms?A.

Doubtful.

B.

Disappointed.C.

Surprised.

D.

Enthusiastic(热心的).35.

EcoCityFarmgetsitspowerfromA.

localelectricitynetworksB.

thesunwithsolarpanelsC.

thegreenhouseD.

ageothermalsystem32-35DCDB【解题导语】这篇文章介绍的是生态城市农场在美国的城市乡村越来越受欢迎，它如何运作，给环境带来的好处。32.

D考查主旨大意题。根据第一段的句子：EcoCityFarmsarebecomingmorepopularincitiesandtownsaroundtheUnitesStates.可知生态城市农场在美国的城市乡村越来越受欢迎。故选D。33.

C从第一段的句子：Maryland,islocatednearshoppingcenters,carrepairshopsandhomes.Theneighborhoodisaworking-classcommunity.Maryland位于购物中心、汽车修理店和住宅区附近，邻居是劳动阶级团体。由此判断A、B、D都是对的，故选C。34.

D考查判断推理题。A.Doubtful怀疑的；B.Disappointed失望的；C.Surprised吃惊的；D.Enthusiastic(热心的)。从字里行间，特别是第三段的句子;Everypieceofwhatwedohereisademonstration(范例)toshowpeopleeverythingabouthowtohaveaneco-friendlycommunity.我们在这里做的每一件事是向人们展示关于如何拥有一个生态美好的社区的范例。可知作者对生态城市农场是很有热情的。故选D。35.

B考查细节理解题。这篇文章介绍的是生态城市农场，这是以环保为理念的农场。根据文章第五段的EcoCityFarmsisanexperimentaloperation.Thefarmgetsitspowernotfromthelocalelectricitynetworks,butfromthesunwithsolarpanels

生态环保农场是一个试验操作。农场不是从当地的发电网络中获得电力，而是从太阳能板上获取太阳能。A.localelectricitynetworks当地的发电网络；B.thesunwithsolarpanels带有太阳能板的太阳能；C.thegreenhouse绿色家园；D.ageothermalsystem地热系统。故选B。32-35-2【基础】You’veflownhalfwayaroundtheworld;you’vesniffedoutthis

place

thatnobodyinFalongland

orThailand

seemstohaveeverheardof;sowhaton

earthistheretodohere?Youconsiderthisquestionasyousinkintoanoldwoodenbeachchairthat

holds

youabovethesand.It

wasalongjourneyfromBangkok

to

Huaplee.Bythetimeyoufoundthebusstationandgotyourselfsortedout,ittookalmostaslongastheflightfromFalongland.HuapleeislocatedjustsouthofHuaHin,abouttwohundredkilometresfromBangkok,downthewestsideoftheGulfofThailand.Notmanytouristsfindthisplace,andtheonesthatdowonderiffindingithas

beentheirpurposeallalong.There’sanapparentlazinessthatsurroundsyouhere.It’swhatthisplaceoffers,andit’sfreeofcharge.

Thesmallwavesthat

tap

theshorelineseemtosloweverythingdown.

Yousettleintoyourbeachchairinpreparationforalongrest.Yousitthereandwatchthesea.It’searlyafternoon,

sothecookcomesoutandaskswhatyou’dliketoeatthisevening.Beforelonghe’s

rushedofftothemarkettobuytheingredientsforwhateveritwasthatyouordered—everymealfreshandtoorder.Nomenuhere.Thereisnopoolsidenoisehere

but

justthatwonderfullywarm,clearbluesea.There’snostreetnoise.Theonlysoundsarethemurmursofnature.Fornowyoujustcountyourblessings

(福祉),listingtheminthesandwithyourtoe

(脚趾).

Youdon’thavetoworryaboutbeinglateforwork.Youdon’thavetodoanything.Thebeachtoyourrightstretchesofftothehorizon

(地平线),slowlynarrowingtonothingnessonlytore-emergeagainonyourleft,nowsteadilywideninguntilitcoversthechairbeneathyou.Sandtoyourleftandsandtoyourright;it’sunbroken,endless.Nostart,noend,justsand,sun,and

peace.Stepoffit,andyoure-entertheworldoftraffic,stress,work,andhurry.Normallyyou’rethetypewhocan’tsitstillformorethantenminutes,butyou’reonHuaplee

Lazy

Beachnowand,intherightframeofmind,itstretchesallthewayaroundtheworld.“Howcouldittakemesolongtofindit?”

youwonder.

32.Whentheauthorfirstwentto

Huaplee

Beach,______.A.hefounditunworthwhileB.hefailedtosorthimselfoutC.hebecamesensitivetosmellD.hehaddifficultyinfindingit33.

Whatisspecialaboutthefoodserviceat

Huaplee

Beach?A.Nomenu.B.Freefood.C.Selfservice.D.Quickdelivery.34.Intheauthor’sopinion,atouristcanenjoy

Huaplee

Beachmostwhenhe______.A.sitsinabeachchairB.forgetshisdailyroutineC.plansadetailedscheduleD.drawspicturesinthesand35.Whatdoestheauthorimplybyhisquestionattheendofthepassage?A.Heshouldn’thavecountedhisblessings.B.Heshouldhaveunderstoodthewonderofnature.C.

Heshouldn’thavespentsomuchtimeonthetrip.D.

Heshouldhavecometotheplaceearlier.32-35DABD32-35-3【巩固】Onemightexpectthattheever-growingdemandsofthetouristtradewouldbringnothingbutgoodforthecountriesthatreceivetheholiday-makers.Indeed,arosypictureispaintedforthelong-termfutureoftheholidayindustry.Everymonthseesthebuildingofanewhotelsomewhere.Andeverymonthanotherrock-boundPacificislandisadvertisedasthe'lastparadise(天堂)onearth'.However,thescaleandspeedofthisgrowthseemsettodestroytheverythingstouristswanttoenjoy.Inthosecountrieswheretherewasarushtomakequickmoneyoutofsea-sideholidaysover-crowdedbeachesandtheconcretejunglesofendlesshotelshavebeguntolosetheirappeal.Thosecountrieswithlittleexperienceoftourismcansuffermost.Inrecentyears,Nepalsetouttoattractforeignvisitorstofunddevelopmentsinhealthandeducation.Itsforests,fullofwildlifeandrareflowers,wereofferedtotouristsasonemoreuntouchedparadise.Infact,thenaturealltoosoonfelttheeffectsofthousandsofholiday-makerstravelingthroughtheforestland.Ancienttracksbecamemajorroutesforthewalkers,withtheconsequentexploitationofprecioustreesandplants.Notonlytheenvironmentofacountrycansufferfromthesuddengrowthoftourism.Thepeopleaswellrapidlyfeelitseffects.Farmlandmakeswayforhotels,roadsandairports;theoldwayoflifegoes.Theone-timefarmerisnowtheservantofsomemulti-nationalorganisation;heisnolongerhisownmaster.Onceitwashisbackthatborethepain;nowitishissmilethatisexploited.Nodoubthewonderswhetherhewasn'thappierinhisvillageworkinghisownland.

Thankfully,thetouristindustryiswakinguptotheresponsibilitiesithastowardsthosecountriesthatreceiveitscustomers.Theprotectionofwildlifeandthecreationofnationalparksgohandinhandwithtouristdevelopmentandinfactobtainfinancialsupportfromtouristcompanies.Atthesametime,touristsarebeingencouragedtorespectnotonlythecountrysidetheyvisitbutalsoitspeople.Thewaytourismishandledinthenexttenyearswilldecideitsfateandthatofthecountriesweallwanttovisit.Theirneedsandproblemsaremoreimportantthatthoseofthetouristcompanies.Increasedunderstandinginplanningworld-widetourismcanpreservethemarketforthesecompanies,ifnot,inafewyears'timetheverythingsthatattracttouristsnowmaywellhavebeendestroyed.31.WhatdoestheauthorindicateinthelastsentenceofParagraph1?A.ThePacificislandisaparadise.B.ThePacificislandisworthvisiting.C.Theadvertisementisnotconvincing.D.Theadvertisementisnotimpressive.32.TheexampleofNepalisusedtosuggest______.A.itsnaturalresourcesareuntouchedB.itsforestsareexploitedforfarmlandC.itdevelopswellinhealthandeducationD.itsuffersfromtheheavyflowoftourists33.WhatcanwelearnaboutthefarmersfromParagraph4?A.Theyarehappytoworktheirownlands.B.Theyhavetopleasethetouristsforaliving.C.Theyhavetostrugglefortheirindependence.D.Theyareproudofworkinginmulti-nationalorganizations.34.Whichofthefollowingdeterminesthefutureoftourism?A.Thenumberoftourists.

B.Theimprovementofservices.C.Thepromotionofnewproducts.

D.Themanagementoftourism.35.Theauthorsattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofthetouristindustryis______.A.optimistic

B.doubtful

C.objective

D.negative31-35CDBDC32-35-4【巩固】Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)

work?

Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?

Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?

Tofindananswer,

scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,

notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels,

scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,

forinstance,

consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)

alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),

thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,

theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,

itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)

ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,

theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,

wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,

scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,

wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,

whileonland,

wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,

thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,

scientistssay,becauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),

itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.32.

Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?A.

Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.B.

Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.C.

Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.D.

Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.33

Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?A.

Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.B.

Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.C.

Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.D.

Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.34.

WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?A.

Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.B.

Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.C.

Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.D.

Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.35.

Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?A.

Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.B.

Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.C.

Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.D.

Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.32-35

BDAD【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些食物网运行的关键原则。科学家们说一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。科学家们已经建立了一个基于数学模型的预警系统，该系统将会发出信号告诉我们人类活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，允许我们采取措施将生态系统从边缘拉回来。32.细节理解题。根据第一段中Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。故选B。33.推理判断题。根据第二段中Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。故选D。34.推理判断题。根据第四段Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,

wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,

whileonland,

wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.可知，无计划的人类活动证明了由顶级掠食者自上而下控制的想法是正确的。在海洋中，我们大规模捕捞鳕鱼等顶级捕食者，而在陆地上，我们杀死狼等大型捕食者。这些行为极大地影响了生态平衡。由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动会极大地破坏了生态系统。故选A。35.细节理解题。根据最后一段中Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warmingsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.可知，早期预警系统通过发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。32-35-5【提升】Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.32.

Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.

Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.

TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.

ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.

TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.33.

Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?A.

Ecologicalstudiesofforests.B.

Banningwoodcutting.C.

Limitinghousingdevelopment.D.

Firecontrolmeasures.34.

WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?A.

Inadequatesnowmelt.

B.

Alongerdryseason.C.

Awarmerclimate.

D.

Dampnessoftheair.35.

Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.

California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B.

CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC.

WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D.

PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia32-35

ADCA【解析】这是一篇说明文。根据一项研究显示，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，而气候变化似乎是其主要因素。32.

A。主旨大意题。第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A。33.

D。推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).可知，对野火的控制使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，与大树争夺资源，也就是对野火的控制是善意的，但对大树产生了不利的影响。故选D。34.

C。细节理解题。根据最后一段thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是温度升高，这导致树木向空气中流失更多的水分，以及更早的融雪，这减少了旱季对树木的供水量。故选C。35.

A。主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经损失了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A。31-35-6【真题】（2015湖南卷）Initsearlyhistory,Chicagohadfloodsfrequently,especiallyinthespring,makingthestreetssomuddythatpeople,horses,andcartsgotstuck.Anoldjokethatwaspopularatthetimewentsomethinglikethis:AmanisstuckuptohiswaistinamuddyChicagostreet.Askedifheneedshelp,hereplies,“No,thanks.I'vegotagoodhorseunderme.”Thecityplannerdecidedtobuildanundergrounddrainage(排水)system,buttheresimplywasn'tenoughdifferencebetweentheheightofthegroundlevelandthewaterlevel.TheonlytwooptionsweretolowertheChicagoRiverorraisethecity.AnengineernamedEllisChesbroughconvincedmethecitythatithadnochoicebuttobuildthepipesabovegroundandthencoverthemwithdirt.Thisraisedthelevelofthecity'sstreetsbyasmuchas12feet.Thisofcoursecreatedanewproblem:dirtpracticallyburiedthefirstfloorsofeverybuildinginChicago.Buildingownerswerefacedwithachoice:eitherchangethefirstfloorsoftheirbuildingsintobasements,andthesecondstoriesintomainfloors,or

hoist

theentirebuildingstomeetthenewstreetlevel.Smallwood-framebuildingscouldbeliftedfairlyeasily.Butwhataboutlarge,heavystructureslikeTremontHotel,whichwasasix-storybrickbuilding?That'swhereGeorgePullmancamein.Hehaddevelopedsomehouse-moving