武汉理工大学：侯慧-电氢综合能源系统架构性能策略及挑战综述

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

Electricity-hydrogenintegratedenergysystem:a

reviewofarchitecture,performance,

strategiesandchallengesfromthephysical-

informational-socialperspective

HuiHou

WuhanUniversityofTechnologyE-mail:houhui@

武馍理工大学

WUHANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

Contents

1Introduction

2Reviewmethodology

3PISarchitectureofEH-IES

4Multi-dimensionalperformanceassessment

5Cross-layeroperationalstrategiesofEH-IES

6Deploymentchallengesandfutureroadmap

7Conclusion

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

01Introduction

ResearchBackground

Rapidgrowthinrenewable

energycapacity

√Renewableintermittencyand

variabilityincreasetheneedfor

Hydrogenenergyisanimportantcarrier

fortheintegratedenergysystem

√Large-scaleandlong-termenergystoragecapacity√Couplingenergymediumsforvariousdomains

BidirectionalEnergyConversionEH-IES

√Hydrogensupplychaintechnology

√Long-durationstorage,cross-regional

inthe

energy

powersystemflexibility

Otherenergy

33GW|4.1%

Renewables

Wind

159GW

19.9%

≈800GW

2025global

additions

SolarNuclear

605GW|

75.9%

Fossil

withCCUS

Datasource:U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration.2025.

ConventionalStorageTransportation

Power

GenerationSynthetic

Fuels

UpgradingOil/

Biomass

Hydrogen

Waste

Ammonia/Fertilizer

H₂OHydrogen

Generation

Metals

Production

ElectricGrid

Infrastructure

Chemical/lndustrialProcesses

Gas

Infrastructure

Heat/Distributed

Power

Fig.1.Globalrenewablecapacity

additionsin2025.

Fig.2.Theapplicationpathwaysofhydrogensupplychain

technologyinthefuture.

Fig.3.Conceptualdiagramoftheelectricity-hydrogen

integratedenergysystem.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

01Introduction

ResearchBackground

Table1Comparisonofconventionalandrecentmaterialstrategiesforkeyconversionandstorage.

PEMEporous

transportlayer

[10,11]

ConventionalTi-basedPTL

Tailoredporosityandmesh-basedTiPTL

Improvedmasstransportand

interfacialcontactforflexible

renewableH₂production

Costandlong-term

durability

AEME

membrane/electrode[12,13]

PGM-intensivemembrane-

electrodesystems

Hydroxide-conducting

membraneswith

reduced/non-PGMelectrodes

Reducedcritical-material

dependenceforlow-

criticalityH₂production

Membranedurability

andmaturity

PEMFCcatalystlayer[14,15]

Pt-intensivecatalystlayers

Low-Ptcatalyst

layers

ImprovedPtutilizationforH₂

re-electrification

Catalyst/ionomer

degradation

Solid-stateH₂storage[16]

Conventionalmetal-hydridematerials

High-capacity

hydrogenstoragematerials

Thepossibilityofstoringmorehydrogeninasmaller

space

Thermalmanagement

andcyclingstability

Liquidorganic

H₂carriers[17]

ConventionalLOHC-

catalystsystems

Optimizedcarrier-

catalystsystems

Improved

hydrogenation/dehydrogenati

oncharacteristicsforlarge-

scaleH₂storageandtransport

Heatdemandand

catalyststability

AEME:anionexchangemembraneelectrolyzer;LOHC:liquidorganichydrogencarrier;PEME:protonexchangemembraneelectrolyzer;

PEMFC:protonexchangemembranefuelcell;PGM:platinumgroupmetals;PTL:poroustransportlayer.

AsillustratedinTable1.Theutilization

ofadvancedmaterialshasbeendemonstratedtoreducecritical-materialdependence,electrochemicallosses.

anddegradation.

Nonetheless.thedeploymentofthescalable(electricity-hydrogenintegratedenergysystem)EH-IESiscontingentupon

manufacturingmaturity,cost-effectiveness.

infrastructurereadiness.

andcross-layersystemintegration.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

01Introduction

Table2Comparisonofrepresentativereviews.

ResearchBackground

Perspective

Physical/Informational/Socialdimension

Cross-layerintegration

Existingreviewscanbe

groupedintofour

perspectives:

CPSS:Cyber-physical

coordinationanddigitaltwin(DT)applications.

Socio-technicalsystems

Policy,markets,stakeholderengagement,andpublicacceptance.Sectorcoupling:Multi-energyintegration,operationalcoordination,andflexibility.

EH-IES:Electricity-hydrogenconversion,optimization,anddeploymentchallenges.

Cyber-physical-social[18,19]

P:multi-energyinfrastructure;coupledphysicalassets

I:sensingandcommunication;AI/DT-enabledmodelling;stateestimation;cybersecurity

S:end-userpreferences;societalimpacts;stakeholderconsiderations

Cybercoordinationlinksphysical

operationwithmonitoringand

control,withemergingextensions

towardsocialinteractions

Socio-technical

[20]

P:energyinfrastructureanddeploymentcontexts

I:informationprovision;communication;feedbackmechanisms

S:publicacceptance;stakeholderparticipation;governance;distributionalconsiderations

Technologyandinformation

processesshapeacceptance,participation,andgovernance

Sector-coupling

[21,22]

P:cross-sectorenergyflowsandflexibility

I:multi-vectormodelling;uncertaintyanalysis

S:marketdesign;investmentconditions;regulatoryframeworks

Sectorintegrationthroughtechnicalcoordination,marketdesignand

economicrequirements

Electricity-

hydrogen[23,24]

P:hydrogenproduction,storage,conversion,andelectricity-hydrogencoupling;

I:systemoptimalmodelling;energymanagement

S:marketmechanisms;policyandregulatoryframeworks;deploymentconditions

Hydrogentechnologiesare

connectedwithsystemoperation,

services,anddeployment

PIS-orientedEH-

IESframework

AFC:alkalinefuelcel

P:electricity-hydrogenconversion,storage;multi-timescaleconstraints

I:AI-drivensensingandstateestimation;DT-enabledcoordination;energyandexergyflowtracing;cyber-physicalsecurity

S:institutionalregulation;stakeholdercoordination;marketincentives;userparticipation;socialacceptance

Physicalfeasibility,informational

coordination,andsocialmechanisms

areintegratedwith4Eperformance

assessmentandcross-layer

operationalstrategies

l;MCFC:moltencarbonatefuelcell;PAFC:phosphoricacidfuelcell.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

01Introduction

ResearchContribution

Physicalinfrastructure

Electrolyzer

Renewable-based

electricityHydrogenfuelcellHydrogen-blendedgasturbine

EH-IEScouplingmechanismUserfeedback

EnergypricesTradingmechanismsDemandresponseSafetystandards

4EperformanceevaluationPIStriplelayerperspective

EnergyExergyPhysicalfeasibilitySocialviability

EconomicAl-enhancedinformationalreliability

Environmental

Fig.4.ConceptuallogicforreviewingEH-IESthroughthePISperspective.

PISFrameworkandKeyContributions

1.Three-LayerPISFramework

PhysicalLayer:Energyconversion,storage,andoperationalconstraints.

InformationLayer:AI-andDT-enabled

monitoring,coordination,andcontrol.

SocialLayer:Marketmechanisms,regulations,andstakeholderacceptance.

2.ThreeKeyContributions

PISIntegration:Aunifiedframeworklinkingphysical,information,andsocialdimensions.

4EAssessment:Integratedevaluationofenergy,exergy,economic,andenvironmentalperformance.

Cross-LayerCoordination:Systematicanalysisofphysical-information,information-social,andphysical-socialinteractions.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

02Reviewmethodology

ReviewMethodologyandStudyAppraisal

InclusionScreeningIdentification

PRISMA2020-informedliteratureidentification,screening,eligibilityassessment,andinclusionprocess

Recordsidentifiedthroughdatabasesearching

WebofScienceCoreCollection(n=2,146)

Scopus(n=2,351)

Recordsafterduplicatesremoved

(n=3,621;duplicatesremoved=876)

Recordsscreenedbytitleandabstract

(n=3,621)

Recordsretainedforfull-textassessment

(n=433)

Full-textarticlesassessedforeligibility

(n=433)

Searchandscreeningprotocol

Searchdate:13September2026

Window:1January2016-31August2026

Searchfields:topic,title,abstractandkeywords

Searchstrings:CoreEH-IESquerywith5modulesZoteroduplicatedetection;manualreview

beforemerging

Supplementaryauthoritativesourcesidentified

Authoritativeinstitutionalandregulatorysources

Recordsexcluded(n=3,188)

·OutsideEH-IESscope

·Isolatedtechnologieswithoutsystem-levelrelevance

·Insufficientinformationforsynthesis

Full-texteligibilityandappraisaloutcomes

·Full-textarticlesexcluded(n=291)

·Eligiblepublicationsafterassessment(n=142)

-Notretainedafterfinalappraisal(n=41)

-Academicpublicationsincluded(n=101)

Supplementarysourcesappraised

forrelevance(n=21)

Supplementary

sourcesincluded

(n=14)

Supplementarysources

excluded(n=7)

Limitedrelevance

topolicy,standards,

certification,or

marketevidence

Academicpublicationsincludedinthecorereviewcorpus

(n=101)

Totaluniqueevidencesourcesincludedinsynthesis(N=115)

101academicpublications+14supplementaryauthoritativesources

Fig.5.PRISMA2020-informedliteratureidentification,screening,appraisal,andinclusionprocedure.

LiteratureSearchandStudySelection

Searchmethod:SALSAandPRISMA2020;WebofScienceandScopus(2016-2026).

FiveThemes:PIS,4E,LCA,operationalstrategies,anddeploymentchallenges.Screening:Deduplication,eligibilityassessment,andmethodologicalappraisal.

EvidenceBase:101academicpublicationsand14supplementarysources.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

02Reviewmethodology

Literaturecharacteristicsandcross-layercoverage

2026*:January-Augustonly

DF5-8

lifecycleassessmentprotonexchangemembranefuelcellenergystorage

artificialintelligencedigitaltwinenergytransitionfuelcell

decarbonization

DF3-4

alkalineelectrolysiselectrolysis

hydrogeneconomy

hydrogensupplychain

socialacceptance

anionexchangemembraneelectrolyzer

hydrogenproduction

multi-energysystemsolidoxidefuelcell

demandresponse

energyjusticehydrogenstorageprivacy-preservingwaterelectrolysis

DF=2

carbonneutralityenergyefficiency

distributedoptimizationdynamicpricingmechanism

homomorphicencryptionhydrogenproductiontechnologies

decentralizedenergysystemsenergymanagement

ionomerlevelizedcostofelectricitymulti-objectiveoptimizationmulti-timescale

optimizationalgorithmsproceduraljusticeprotonexchangemembranesolid-statehydrogenstorage

rollingoptimizationshiptransportsmartgrid

stackelberggametechno-economicassessmentwaterelectrolyzerprotonexchangemembraneelectrolysis

Fig.6.Annualdistributionofacademicpublications.Fig.7.Annualdistributionofacademicpublications.

PublicationTrendsandKeywordAnalysis

>PublicationTrends:101academicpublications,with34in2025and27inJanuary-August2026.

>KeywordAnalysis:Researchspansphysicaltechnologies,systemassessment,digitalmethods,andsocialandmarketissues.

KeyFinding:Thematiccoveragedoesnotnecessarilyindicatecross-layerintegration.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

02Reviewmethodology

Literaturecharacteristicsandcross-layercoverage

Numberofpublications

P-IPhysicaloperationlinkedwith25(24.8%)

information/controlmechanisms

90(89.1%)

Informationmechanismslinkedwith6(5.9%)

32(31.7%)market/user/governancedecisions

30(29.7%)Physicalinfrastructureoroperationlinked23(22.8%)

withsocial/marketoutcomes

4(4.0%)

P-I-SThreedimensionslinkedwithinacommon

systemordecisionboundary

Fig.8.Annualdistributionofacademicpublications.Fig.9.Annualdistributionofacademicpublications.

PISCoverageandCross-LayerIntegration

Physicalresearchdominates:90publications,comparedwith32informationaland30socialstudies.

>Cross-layerintegrationremainsuneven:P-I(25)andP-S(23)interactionsaremorecommonthanI-S(⑥)andfullPIS(4)integration.

>Aclearresearchgapremains:Limitedthree-layerintegrationhighlightstheneedforaunifiedPISframework.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

03PISarchitectureofEH-IES

Powerflow

Informationflow

Thehybridsystemconceptualframework

Informational

layer

Datacenter

Schedulingcenter

Communicationnetwork

Sociallayer

End-usersectors

Powergridcompany

Multi-energyaggregator

layer→Electricity

Hydrogenproduction

H₂02[02[

AlkalinewaterProtonexchangeSolidoxideAnionexchange

electrolyzermembraneelectrolyzer_-electrolyzer_membraneelectrolyzer

Hydrogenstorage

Waveenergyconvert

GaseousstorageLiquidstorageSolidstorage

Hydrogentransportation

Mainpowergrid,TruckPipelineShip

Hydrogenre-electrification

DemandsideHydrogenfuelcellHydrogen-blendedgasturbine

Physical

Renewable-basedelectricity

Photovoltaiccell

Windturbine

Fig.10.SchematicdiagramofthePISarchitectureofEH-IES.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

03PISarchitectureofEH-IES

PhysicalLayer

Anode

e

o2H₂

OH

Alkalinewater

electrolyzer

n

eO₂[

H₂O

Solidoxide

H₂

electrolyzer

Anode

e

H₂|

H₂O

O2

Protonexchange

membraneelectrolyzer

Anode

e

O2

H₂O

Anionexchange

H₂

membraneelectrolyzer

Cryo-compressedgaseous

GaseoushydrogenstorageHigh-pressurecompressedSubterraneangaseous

Cryogenicliquid

Liquidhydrogenstorage

Solidhydrogenstorage

Hydrogenstoragetechnology

Physicaladsorption

Chemicaladsorption

Liquidammonia

Liquidorganic

Fig.11.Hydrogenproductiontechnology.Fig.12.Categoriesofhydrogenstoragetechnology.

HydrogenProduction:AWE,PEME,SOE,andAEMEofferdistincttrade-offsincost,efficiency,operationalflexibility,andtechnologicalmaturity.

HydrogenStorage:Gaseous,liquid,andsolidstoragehelpbalancevariablerenewablegenerationandenergydemandacrossmultipletimescales.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

03PISarchitectureofEH-IES

PhysicalLayer

Table3Comparisonofhydrogentransportapproaches.

Transportmode/H₂

form

Maximu

m

transportcapacity

Transportefficiency

/hydrogen-lossrate

Operatingconditions

Capitalcost(S)

Truck/gaseous

H₂

0.4t

H₂/truck

94%per100km;

theratedependsontankcapacityand

operatingconditions

200bar;50℃

0.993

million/truck

Truck/liquidH₂

3.5t

H₂/truck

99%per100km;

0.3%day-1[47]

≤11bar;-253℃

1.26

million/truck

Pipeline/gaseousH₂

100tH₂h-1

>99.2%per100km;0.02%day-1[47]

10-20bar;<50

℃

2.85

million/km

Ship/liquidH₂

10,000t

H₂/ship

91.9%-96.1%[49];

0.5%day-¹[47]

5.0bar;-253℃

442

million/ship

Table4ComparisonofHFCscharacteristics.

Parameter

PEMFC

AFC

PAFC

MCFC

SOFC

Electrolyte

PEM

KOH

H3PO4

(Li,K)CO3

ZrO2

Temperature(℃)

<200

<100

150-200

600-700

500-1000

Pressure(bar)

1.3-13

1-3

0.7-7

1-10

0.7-1

Capacity(kW)

<300

<500

50-1000

300-

3000

250-2000

Efficiency(%)

42-60

45-60

35-55

45-60

35-60

Price($/kW)

1,834.5-3,209.8

203.5-739.8

4,207.8-5,271.4

1,695-

2,825

3,144.3-4,217.1

Voltage

degradationrate(mV/1000h)

36

12-14

2

0.8

2-5

>HydrogenTransport:Trucksofferflexibility,pipelinessupportcontinuoushigh-volumesupply,andliquidhydrogenshippingenableslong-distancebulktransport.

>Re-Electrification:PEMFCsproviderapidresponse,SOFCsenablecombinedheatandpower,andhydrogen-fueledgasturbinessupportlarge-scalepowergeneration.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

03PISarchitectureofEH-IES

InformationalLayer

Distributedmeasurments

Schedulingdecisions

Stateestimation&faultdiagnosis

Preprocessing&

anomalyscreening

Edgecomputing

Dataquality&interoperability

Data

inpu

EH-IES

informationallayer

Cross-layerfeedback

DTandAImodels

Fig.13.InformationallayerstructureforEH-IES.

Cybersecurity

Stateestimation

Scheduling

Physics-Digital

informedMLtwins

Fuseddatastreams

Modelfidelity&transferability

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

03PISarchitectureofEH-IES

SocialLayerTable5ComparisonofoperatingandperformancecharacteristicsforHFCstechnologies.

Electricitypriceanddemand-

responsepayment

Electrolyzerloadshifting;demand

response

Minutestohours

PGC→MEA/End-usersectors

Hydrogensupplycontract

Storagedispatch;transport

scheduling;

Hourstodays

MEA→End-usersectors

Carbon/Hydrogencredit

Low-carbonhydrogenproduction;

fossil-fueldisplacement

Monthstoyears

Regulatoryauthorities→Producers/MEA

Ancillaryservicepayment

Frequencyregulation;reservecapacity

Secondstominutes

PGC→MEA

Capacityremuneration

Resourceadequacy,seasonal

backup

Years

Regulatoryauthorities/PGC→

EH-IES

Safetyandsitingregulation

Physicalinfrastructureplacement;

safetylimits;operationalenvelope

Projectlifetime

Regulatoryauthorities→All

stakeholders

Communityparticipationand

benefit-sharing

Sitingdecisions;demand-sideparticipation;localbenefitallocation

Planningfortheproject

lifetime

MEA⇔End-usersectors/

Localcommunities

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

04Multi-dimensionalperformanceassessment

Notations:○Issuestobeimproved

*Assessesthemarketvalueandcost-effectiveness

Inherentlyinterconnected

*Perceptionofsocialvalue

>Economicreturns

Exergy

*Physicalefficiency

Physicalefficiency

Thermodynamic

analysis

Informationtraceability

Measuresecologicalexternalities

Environmentalbenefits

*Al-enhancedinformation

traceability

Independentscorecards

LocationPolicyalignment

MarketparticipationInfrastructureexpansion

Notations:Fundamentalisues

*Quantifiesthesystem'sphysicalconversionefficiency

Thermodynamicperformancerepresentedbyenergy

*Characterizesirreversiblelosses

Thermodynamicperformancerepresentedbyexergy

Measureslow-carbonbenefits

Socio-economicanalysis

The4Eframeworksupportsdecisionsregarding

Fig.14.Schematicdiagramofthe4EevaluationframeworkforEH-IES.

basis,

Table6PISoperationalpathwaysandrepresentativemetricsfor4Eassessment.

4E

dimension

PISinteractions/decisions

Representativemetrics

Assessment

requirements

Energy

Renewableavailability,

updatedforecasts,electricity

prices,andhydrogencontracts

shapeconversionandstorage

scheduleswithinphysicaland

deliveryconstraints

Energy

efficiency(%);renewable

energy

utilization(%)

Definedusefuloutputsandrenewable-

utilizationbasis;consistentsystem

boundary,assessment

period,andstorage

endpoints

Exergy

Measuredandestimated

operatingstatessupportconversionandstorage

decisionswithinequipment

constraints,affecting

thermodynamicirreversibility

Exergy

efficiency(%);

exergy

destruction(MJ)

Materialandenergy

flows;thermodynamic

properties;consistent

referenceenvironment

andassessmentperiod

Economic

Electricityandhydrogenprices,

hydrogencontracts,and

information-enabled

schedulingaffectoperating

expenditureandrevenue

Systemcost

andrevenue($)

Specifiedcost

categories,price

andassessment

horizon;discounting

whereapplicable

Environmental

Electricity-sourceinformationandoperationaldecisionsaffect

electricityuseandassociated

emissions

Carbon

emission

reduction(kgCO₂-eq)

Definedreference

systemandassessment

boundary;consistentemissionfactorsandassessmentperiod

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

04Multi-dimensionalperformanceassessment

EH-IES

Exos

Fig.15.Conceptualdiagramoftheexergyequipment.

ExergyAnalysisandFlowTracinginEH-IES

ExergyBalance:Quantifiesexergydestructioncausedbyirreversibleprocesses.

ExergyFlowModelling:Characterizesexergy

distributionandlossesacrosscomponentsandnetworks.ExergyFlowTracing:Identifiessource-loadrelationshipsandallocatesexergyflowswithinEH-IESnetworks.

KeyFinding:Exergyanalysisrevealsenergyqualitydegradationandsupportstheidentificationofconversionandnetworkinefficiencies.

Theoretical

foundation

EH-IESexergyflowmechanismmodel

Derivationverification

MatrixizationDerivation

verification

EH-IESexergyflowcalculationmodel

Matrix

transformation

Parameter

EH-IESexergymodel

basedonequivalent

transformation

EH-IESexergyflowtrackingmodel

EH-IESexergymodel

basedonbranching

network

EH-IESexergyanalysismodel

standardization

Fig.16.IntrinsicconnectionofEH-IESexergyflowmechanism,calculationand

trackingmodels.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

05Cross-layeroperationalstrategiesofEH-IES

Equipmentstatemonitoring

Multi-timescalescheduling

Digital-twinforecastingAI-enhancedregulation

Rollingoptimization

Cyber-resilientcontrolModeling&simulationAI-basedsensing

no

MarketsignalsPrivacyprotection

CarbonaccountingMulti-agentcoordination

ysitcal-socia

EH-IES

TechnicalflexibilityPhysicaldispatch

Valueconversion

Practical

applicationvalue

Hydrogencredit

Electricitytrading HydrogencontractsStakeholdercoordination

Userbehavior

Demandresponse

Hydrogenlogistics

Resiliencerequirements

Fig.17.Cross-layeroperationalstrategyframeworkforEH-IESfromthePISperspective.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

06Deploymentchallengesandfutureroadmap

Strategicsitingandinfrastructurescalability

6.1Service-fitsiting

·Flexibilityservice

·Hydrogendemandanchor

●Water&transportaccess

Missionspecification

Chainconfiguration

●Storageduration

·Transportcorridor

·Reconversionrequirement

Capacitymatch

Fig.18.Chapter-leveldeployment

6.3Valuesystem

·Capacityremuneration

●Hydrogenofftake

●Carbon&gridservices

Revenuecoverage

6.4Assurancepackage

·Standardizedcertification

●Datagovernance&audit

●Safety&permitting

Approvalreadiness

routeforEH-IES.

Service-FitSiting:

Shiftfromresource-

driventoservice-

drivenplanning.

ChainConfiguration:

Coordinatehydrogen

productionstorage,

transport,andre-

electrification.

▶ValueArchitecture:

Alignflexibilityserviceswithrevenuestreamsandmarketmechanisms.

AssurancePackaging:

Addresssafety,certification,regulation,andpublicacceptance.

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

06Deploymentchallengesandfutureroadmap

StagedresearchagendafrompilotstoPISinfrastructure

Table7Evidence-linkedstagedresearchagendaforEH-IESdeployment.

Researchpriority

Currentmaturity

Mainknowledge

gap

Responsible

stakeholdersanddependencies

Quantitativeassessmenttarget

Expected

implementationhorizon

Comparableand

auditable4Eassessment

Pilot/experimental

Inconsistent

assessmentboundaries

andreporting

Researchersandprojectdevelopers;harmonized

boundariesandoperational

data

≥1indicatorforeach4Edimension;units,systemboundaries,datasources,and

uncertaintyreported

Nearterm

(2027-2030)

Scalablephysical

infrastructureand

regionalhubs

Pilot/earlydeployment

Cross-stage

coordination;scalemismatch

Planners,operators;demandanchors,transport,permitting

Constraint-violationrateoveracontinuous12-monthassessment;costandsensitivityanalysisunderconsistentassumptions

Mediumterm

(2031-2035)

Standardized

certification,data

governance,andaudit

mechanisms

Project-

specific/fragmented

Interoperability;

assurance

fragmentation

Regulators,standardsbodies,operators;commondata

models,meteringrules

Traceabilityrateforcertificationandaudit

recordswithinthepredefinedassessment

scope

Mediumterm

(2031-2035)

Coordinatedmarket

mechanismsacross

electricity,hydrogen,andcarbonmarkets

Simulation/pilot

Cross-market

valuation;verification

Regulators,marketoperators,aggregators;certification,carbonaccounting

Traceabilityrateforsettlementrecords;

incidenceofdoublecountingunder

predefinedaccountingrules

Mediumterm

(2031-2035)

Climate-resilientPISinfrastructureandsocial

licensing

Conceptual/pilot

Resilienceintegration;

socialacceptance

Regulators,operators,communities;risk

assessment,participation

Energynotservedunderpredefined

disturbancescenarios;proportionof

predefinedstakeholdergroupsrepresented

intheassessment

Longterm

(2036-2040)

第41届中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业学术年会

06Deploymentchallengesandfutureroadmap

StagedresearchagendafrompilotstoPISinfrastructure

Near-termMedium-termLong-term

(2027-2030)(2031-2035)(2036-2040)

Interoperable

Diagnosablepilotsregionalhubs