2025年全球环境治理现状报告

StateofGlobalEnvironmental Governance2025

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InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment

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StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2025

February2026

EditedbyElenaKosolapova,PhD

Contributingauthors:JenAllan,PhD,JessicaTempleton,PhD,LynnWagner,PhD

CoverPhoto:MikeMuzurakis

PhotoCredits:MikeMuzurakis,KiaraWorth,AnastasiaRodopoulou,andMattTenBruggencate

Bluesky:@

Newsletter:

bit.ly/ENBupdate

iv

v

Foreword

AsIlookbackon2025,Iamexcitedbytheongoingcommitmentofgovernmentsto

engagemultilaterallytoaddressourmost

pressingglobalenvironmentalissues—

pollution,climatechange,andbiodiversityloss.Despiteothergeopoliticalchallengesevolvingaswespeak,theprofoundsenseofpurposeandsolidaritythathasdefinedourcollectiveworkundertheBasel,Rotterdam,andStockholmConventionsremainstrongandresolute.

Thiswasevidentduringthe2025meetingsoftheConferencesofthePartiesto

theBasel,Rotterdam,andStockholm

Conventions,whichsawtheparticipation

ofover2,000negotiatorsfrom182parties

joiningusunderthetheme“MakeVisibletheInvisible.”Atotalof56decisionsofglobal

significanceweretakenthroughconsensus,includingthelistingofnewchemicalsundertheStockholmandRotterdamConventions,aswellasamendmentstotheBasel

Conventionaimedatfurtherstrengtheningglobalsafeguardsagainsthazardous

chemicalsandwastes.

However,behindtheseachievementslay

realchallengeswithadditionalcomplexities,capacityconstraints,accesstofinancing

toimplementcommitments,and,inmany

cases,grapplingwithbalancingeconomic

growthandjobcreationagainstthedemandsofhealthandenvironmentalconsiderations.Whilstsuchnegotiationsareoftenlong

andintense,Iamalwaysinaweatthe

RolphPayet,ExecutiveSecretary,Basel,

RotterdamandStockholm(BRS)Conventions

speaksatthe6thForumofMinistersand

EnvironmentAuthoritiesofAsiaPacificinAugust2025(KiaraWorth/ENB)

determinationofpartiestofindsolutions

thatmeettheirneeds,movefromdivergent

positionstocommonunderstanding,and

atthesametimenotshort-circuittheir

collectiveambition.Thereisindeedgrowingappreciationthatmultilateralenvironmentalagreementsdonotoperateinisolationfromreality,noraretheyjustarchivesofresolutionsandreports,buthavetheprofoundability

tobringstatestogethertocommittojoint

action.Indeed,theUN80reforms,whichareongoing,arepushingusbeyondpolishing

thespotlighttowardlightingtheway.

Furthermore,ourroleistobrokersolutions,notgetlostinendlessmeetingsandplans

thatneverseethelightofday.Indeed,havingourConferencesofthePartiesevery2yearsisadvantageousasitallowsustoimplementthoseimportantdecisions.

Criticaltomakingadifferenceontheworldstagearepartnershipandcooperation,thatis,betweencountries,international,regionalandlocalorganizations,civilsociety,academia,

aswellastheprivatesector.Withinthe

chemicalsandwastecluster,cooperationwiththeprivatesectorisindispensableasitholdsboththesolutionsandresourcestodrivethischange.Ourcooperationwithotherglobal

agreements,suchastheMontrealProtocol

Foreword

vi

onSubstancesthatDepletetheOzone

LayerandtheConventiononInternational

TradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora,hasshownthatstrengthening

nationalcustomsorganizationsconcomitantlyaddressesillegaltrafficanddumpingofozone-depletingequipmentandtheillegalwildlife

trade,aswellasillegaltradeinchemicals

andwastes.OurglobalPCBelimination

initiativehasalsoshownhowweneedto

workwiththeenergysector,publicutilities,anddevelopmentbanksasweneartheglobalphase-outofthechemicalby2028.

Underpinningsuchimportantworkare

thescientificprocessesaswellasglobal

monitoringprograms.Thisbecameevidentduringtheintergovernmentalnegotiatingprocesstodevelopaninternational,legallybindinginstrumentonplasticpollution,

includinginthemarineenvironment.

Whilstthereweremanychallengeswith

thenegotiationsin2025,itbecameclear

thatthemostproblematicareaswereaboutthelifecycleofplasticsandchemicals

inplastics,bothofwhicharetechnically

demandingandrequireappropriatetimefornegotiations.Whilstambitionsandtensionsremainhigh,Iamconfidentwewillland

withaplasticspollutioninstrumentthat

addressesinasignificantmannertheglobalthreatofplasticpollution.

Followingthesuccessfulnegotiationsfor

theGlobalFrameworkonChemicals,we

alsomanagedtoconcludenegotiationsfor

theestablishmentoftheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPanelonChemicals,Waste

andPollution,nottorivalexistingpanels,

suchastheIntergovernmentalPanelon

ClimateChangeandIntergovernmental

Science-PolicyPlatformonBiodiversityandEcosystemServices,buttocomplementtheirexcellentgroundbreakingworkinensuringwehaverobustsciencefordecisionmaking.Ibelievethenewpanelwillincentivizemore

researchintogreenerandmoresustainablechemicalsandproducts,aswellasstimulateinnovationinthatimportantsector.

Theenvironmentandtheeconomyare

inseparable,andhistoryhasrepeatedly

shownthatneglectingoneinfavourof

theothercanhavesevereconsequences

forlivelihoodsandpublichealth.Thisis

whysustainability—andtheSustainable

DevelopmentGoals—mustremainatthe

forefrontofourprioritieswhennegotiatingmultilaterally.Fishermenwhoonceresistedtheestablishmentofmarineprotectedareaseventuallycametorecognizethatthesezonesareessentialforthelong-termviabilityof

theirfisheries.Thesamelessonappliesto

industrialdevelopmentpursuedwithout

adequateenvironmentalsafeguards:inthe

1970s,Europe’sskieswerechokedbyacid

rain,andtodaymanycitiesacrosstheglobalSouthfacedangerouslevelsofairpollutionthatthreatennotonlyschoolchildrenandtheelderly,butproductiveworkers.

Overall,theyearwasbothproductiveandimpactful,whilealsoexposingimportant

fissures—aswellasopportunities—withintheglobalenvironmentalmultilateral

framework.Theseinsightsunderscoretheneedtoreinforceexistingmechanismsevenaswepursuenewavenuesofcommitment,cooperation,andfinancingthatbringtheseconventionsintothedailylivesofpeople

everywhere.Byadvancingsustainablejobs,greenchemicals,circularapproachesto

resourcesandwastes,aswellasensuringaccesstohealthyfood,cleanwater,and

securelivelihoods,wecancontinueto

worktowardsafeguardingourplanetaswetranslateglobalcommitmentsintotangiblebenefitsforeverycitizenofplanetEarth.

RolphPayet

ExecutiveSecretary,Basel,RotterdamandStockholmConventions

StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2025

vii

TableofContents

LetterfromtheEditor 1

Chapter1.Geopolitics 5

Casualtiesof2025’sGeopolitics 6

ALiquidityCrisisattheUN 8

Chapter2.TheYearataGlance 11

AdvancingthePactfortheFuture 11

LeveragingScienceforPolicy 12

DrivingAmbitioninTacklingtheTriplePlanetaryCrisis 13

BuildingonRio’sLegacy 16

NavigatingtheLawandPolicyNexus 17

Chapter3.IncreasingGovernanceEfficiencyThroughSynergiesandAccountability 21

RioConventionsExploreOptions 22

TheWorld’sParliamentontheEnvironment 24

AccountabilityandMEAs 25

Chapter4.Lookingto2026 27

StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2025

1

←PrincessAbzeDjigma,BurkinaFaso,

celebratingtheadoptionofthedecisiononthejusttransitionworkprogrammeattheclosingplenaryofUNFCCCCOP30inBelém,Brazil.

(MikeMuzurakis/ENB)

LetterfromtheEditor

In2025,theUnitedNations(UN)turned80.Foreightdecades,ithasbeenatthe

heartofthemodernmultilateralsystem,fosteringcooperationamongmember

statestosolvecomplexglobalchallenges.

Yet,longevityisnocovenantofcertainty.

Continuingadeclinefromrecentyears,2025sawtrustinmultilateralismwane.

TheUNwassetupinthewakeofthe

SecondWorldWar.Backthen,globalpowerandwealthwereconcentratedinahandfulofcountries.Overtheyears,asempiresbroke

apart,theUNgrewfromits

51original

members

to193.TheworldshiftedfromthebipolarsystemoftheColdWareratoone

wheremiddle-incomecountriesexercise

significantlymoreinfluence.In2025,

geopoliticalplatescontinuedtheirpersistentmovement,withtheUnitedStatesallbut

relinquishingitsleadershiprole—andotherseagertofillthevoid.The“

triplepolitical

crisis

”ofmistrust,misinformation,andpopulismfurtherfuelleddivision.

Thestructuressetupdecadesagowere

increasinglyseenasill-equippedtorespondtodevelopingcountries’needs.Theglobalfinancialsystemwasoftencitedasasourceofparticularconcern.

Developingcountriesface

higherborrowing

costs

.Publicdebtisontherise.Debt

servicingcostsprohibitadequatespending

oneducation,health,andtheenvironment.Ontopofthesechallenges,theglobalannual

SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)

financinggapisUSD4trillion.Foreign

aidisshrinking,withthe

UnitedStates

,

Canada

,and

majorEuropeandonors

suchasFrance,Germany,Finland,andSwedenslashingdevelopmentassistance.Addtothisdeclininginvestment,dwindlinggovernmentspending,andescalatingtradetensions,andthetensionsinthepost-warglobalfinancialarchitecturecouldn’tbeclearer.

The

PactfortheFuture

—andthe

UN80

Initiative

launchedinMarch—setoutto

respondtothecrisisfacingmultilateralism.Theseplansare,respectively,the“what”

andthe“how”ofrethinkinghowtheglobalcommunitycandeliveronitscommitmentswithoutleavinganyonebehind.

Implementationisunderwayonboththesefronts.Andwhiletheneedforreform,or

“

strategicrenewal

,”isclear,mostcountries

remainlargelycommittedtomultilateralism

toaddressglobalissues,

particularlyon

theenvironment

.AttheEarthNegotiations

Bulletin(ENB),wetooarestaunch

supportersofmultilateralism.Andwecanbe

stubbornaboutit

.

Despitetheseriouschallengesfacing

peopleandtheplanet,globalenvironmentalgovernancedeliveredsomeadvancesin

2025’sdifficultpoliticalclimate.Inaspiritof“

constructivehope

”thatallowsustoanalyzechallengesandidentifypathsforward,letusreflectonsomeof2025’stakeaways.

LetterfromtheEditor

2

ThankstotheMontrealProtocol,the

ozone

layerishealing

.UndertheParisAgreement,theproportionofglobalemissionscoveredbynet-zeropledgesbymid-centuryhas

increasedfromzeroin2015toabout70%

today

.EventhoughtherewasnoagreementinBelémonfossilfuelphase-out,areported80+governmentsbackeddevelopinga

roadmaponthefinaldayoftheconference.Thislevelofsupportgivesusareasonforhopein2026.

Inthefirsthalfof2025,forthefirsttime

onrecord,

renewablesovertookcoal

inthe

globalelectricitymix.Renewableenergy

now

accountsforone-third

ofglobalpowergeneration.Andwhileclimatechange

remainsthemaindriverofthefrequency

andintensityofextremeweatherevents,

datashowmostoftheincreaseinnatural

disastersisdueto

improvedreporting

.Betterdataleadtobetterdisasterpreparedness.

Evidenceshowsthatclimategovernance

frameworks,policies,andlegislation

have

improvedsignificantly

.Despiteasignificantemissionsgap,today,theinternational

communityis

farbetterpositionedthana

decadeago

toaccelerateclimateambitionandaction.

While77newspeciescameunder

ConventiononInternationalTradein

EndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaand

Flora(CITES)protectionin2025,thanks

toconservationsuccesses,

severalspecies

,

includingtheKazakhstanpopulationofsaiga

antelopeandSouthAfrica’sbontebok,no

longerneedtherigourofprotectionthey

oncedemanded.A

dedicatedbody

isworkingonTraditionalKnowledgeandIndigenous

Peoplesandlocalcommunities’contributionstobiodiversitystewardship.Andwhilewe

donotyethaveaplasticstreaty,a

newpanel

isreadytobeginstrengtheningthescience-policyinterfacetobetteraddresschemicals,waste,andpollution.Weroundoutalookatthesuccessesandstrugglesofmultilateral

environmentalagreements(MEAs)inChapter2.

However,geopoliticaltensionsloom

largeasweexploreinChapter1.Good-

faithengagement,commonground,and

compromiseareincreasinglyelusive.The

rules-basedglobalorderseemstobecrackingattheseams.Accordingto

PlanetaryHealth

Check2025

,sevenoutofninePlanetary

Boundarieshavebeenbreached.This

indicateswhateverprogressisbeingmade,itismuchtooslow.

Amidthesechallenges,howcanweleveragesuccessesandacceleratemuch-needed

progress?AsweexplaininChapter3,therearelessonstobelearned.Synergiesacross

MEAscanbeidentifiedandusedcreativelythroughintegratedapproaches.Robust

accountabilitymechanismsaddcredence

tonationallydrivenefforts.Whole-of-

governmentandwhole-of-societyapproachesprovideframeworksfortransformative

change.Internationalcourtsandtribunals

StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2025

3

Figure1.Planetaryhealthataglance

StratosphericOzoneDepletionIncreaseinAtmosphericAerosolLoading

OceanAcidification

FreshwaterChange

bluewater

FreshwaterChange

greenwater

LandSystemChange

ClimateChange

CO2concentration

ClimateChange

radiativeforcing

ModificationofBiogeochemicalFlows

phosphoruscycle

ModificationofBiogeochemicalFlows

nitrogencycle

IntroductionofNovelEntities

ChangeinBiosphereIntegrity

functionalintegrity

ChangeinBiosphereIntegrity

geneticdiversity

AllPBCVs

BoxPlot

PlanetaryBoundaryHigh-RiskLineStatus&Trend

O》

IncreasingRisk

HighRiskZone

SafeOperatingSpace

《O》

《O

O》

O》

O》

o》

O》

O》

O》

O》

》

O》

》

0%25%50%75%100%

Source:Caesar&Sakschewskietal.,2025.

repainttheblurrygovernancelandscapebydistinguishinglegalobligationsfrompolicychoices.Innovationsrangingfrom

initiatives

toalleviatethedebtburdentonoveltoolsto

mobilizeinvestment

(think

climateimpact

bonds

!)takeusclosertomoreequitable

governancesystems.

We’relessthan5yearsfromthedeadline

fortheSDGsandareenteringacriticalyearfor

climate

and

biodiversity

action.Formalnegotiationsonwhatafuturesustainable

developmentagendamightlooklikeareduetostartattheSDGSummitin2027.

In2025,initialdiscussionsonthefutureofsustainabledevelopmentgotunderwayin

manyhalls.Astheseconversationsevolve(wepreview2026inChapter4),wecontinuetostubbornlyhopethat2026seesintegrated

approachesexpand,synergiestakehold,andcooperationrevive.

StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2025

5

←TheseatfortheUSsitsemptyafterAmericandiplomatsexittalksforglobaltaxcooperation—emblematicofawiderUSwithdrawalfrommultilateralnegotiationsin2025.(MattTenBruggencate/ENB)

Chapter1.

Geopolitics

In2025,globalpoliticalandeconomic

fragmentationputtherules-basedsystem

underenormouspressure.Thenumberof

majorinternationalconflictsgrewto59,thehighestsinceWorldWarII.The2025GlobalPeaceIndexindicatesagrowingnumberofcountriesarerampinguptheirmilitaries,

amidincreasingeconomicuncertainty

anderodinglongstandingalliances.Trade

ismorevolatilethanever.In2025,tariffs

becameathreatasmuchasapolicytool,

mostnotablycomingfromtheUnitedStates.Governments’trustinmultilateralismisat

itsall-timelow.Morethanbefore,in2025,negotiationsacrossenvironmentaland

sustainabledevelopmentissuesreflectedgeopoliticalchangesandtensions.

MostofthetreatieswefollowatENBwerenegotiatedaftertheColdWarended.At

thattime,therewasasenseofpossibility

forglobalcooperationonarangeofissues,especiallytheenvironment.Awaveof

summitswasheldonnon-securityissues,

fromhumanrightstofood.Buildingon

thelegacyofthe1972UNConference

ontheHumanEnvironment,the1992

UNConferenceonEnvironmentand

Development(RioEarthSummit)laid

thefoundationforglobalapproaches

toenvironmentalissues.Itsetoutkey

principlesinAgenda21andlaunched

treatiesonclimatechange,desertification,

andbiodiversity:theRioConventions.

Agreementsonothercriticalissuesfollowed,

includingonseveralsourcesofpollution,alongwithprotocolsandotherinstrumentsdesignedtoadvanceglobalcooperation

tosafeguardhumanhealthandtheenvironment.

Progresshasneverbeeneasy,but2025

broughtintensegeopoliticalheadwinds,

complicatingenvironmentalnegotiationsandslowingprogresstowardconsensusinmanymultilateralforums.Throughouttheyear,

inthefaceofgrowinggeopoliticaltensions,advocatesformultilateralismunderscored

theimportanceofglobalcooperation.In

February,whencountriesfinalizedtheworkofthe2024UNBiodiversityConference,

theydeclared“theKunming-Montreal

GlobalBiodiversityFramework(GBF)is

apublicpolicywiththepowertounitethe

world,especiallyinthecurrentdivided

geopoliticallandscape.”ClosingtheUN

EnvironmentAssemblyinDecember,UN

EnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)ExecutiveDirectorIngerAndersensaidcountrieslit

“thebeaconofenvironmentalmultilateralismthatrisesabovethefogofgeopolitical

complexityanddifferences.”

However,thatbeaconseemeddimonseveral“bigstages”wherecountriesgatheredto

discusshigh-profileenvironmentalcrises,suchasclimatechange.Deliberations

acrossarangeofinternationalbodies

reflectedgrowingdivisionsonissueslargeandsmall.Consensusseemedtomove

furtheroutofreach.Insomecases,views

6

Geopolitics

heldbyasmallnumberofcountriesfoundnewsupport,reinforcingtheentrenched

positionsthatpreventedmovementtowardcommonground.ThesetrendscontributedtoanotheryearwithoutaplasticstreatyandaninabilitytoadoptaroadmapforphasingoutfossilfuelsattheBelémClimateChangeConference.

2025alsosawashiftinhowsome

countrieschosetoengageinenvironmentalmultilateralism.Forexample,theUnited

States

didnotsendanofficialdelegation

totheBelémclimateconference

.TheU.S.absencewasalsofeltatthe2025meetingsoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,theintergovernmentalnegotiationsofthenewinstrumentoninternational

taxcooperation,andtheadoptionofthe

pandemicagreementattheWorldHealthOrganization.Itsformalrejectionofthe

SDGspromptedothers,likeArgentinaandCostaRica,tofollowsuit.

WhiletheUnitedStatesisapartytoa

limitednumberofmajormultilateral

environmentaltreaties

,itisaglobalpower

withconsiderableinfluence.Aswesawat

thespringmeetingsoftheConferencesof

thePartiestotheBasel,Rotterdam,and

Stockholm(BRS)conventions,wherethe

UnitedStatesisanobserver,thecountry

continuedtoplayasignificantroleinshapingdeliberations(including,forexample,the

decisionontheindustrialchemicalUV-328,whichisusedasalightstabilizerinplastics).

Othersmayhavelookedtofillthevoid

leftbytheUnitedStates’swithdrawal.In

September,China’sPresidentXiJinping

proposedaglobalinitiative

forcountries

toworktogethertowardamorejustand

equitableglobalgovernancesystem.The

world’slargestemitterbyasignificant

marginintermsofaggregateemissions,thecountrysubmitteditsmuch-anticipated

revisedclimateplanaheadoftheBelém

conference.Itisalsooneofthefewcountriesthatcandemonstratemeetingitsnationallydeterminedcontribution(NDC),as

China’s

emissionsseemtohavepeakedin2025

,withthecaveatthatitsNDCtargetsdonotalignwith1.5°C.

Casualtiesof2025’sGeopolitics

Geopoliticaltensionscausedblockages

acrossissuesandforums,includingin

scientificbodiesthatprovideimportant

informationforpolicy-making.TheUnitedStates,SaudiArabia,theRussianFederation,andIran

blockedtheadoption

ofthe

SummaryforPolicymakers(SPM)ofthe

GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook7(GEO-7)

.Whilean

executivesummary

ofthereportisavailable,theSPMwouldhaveprovidedamultilaterallyagreedandmoretechnicalanddetailedsummationofthemainreport,highlightingkeymessagesandfindingsofrelevancetopolicy-makers.Thelackofan

StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2025

7

WorkingGroup(WG)ICo-ChairsconferwithWGIVice-ChairsandTechnicalSupportUnitstaffmembersatthe62ndSessionoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.(Anastasia

Rodopoulou/ENB)

SPMwillmakeitmoredifficultforpolicy-makerstotranslatethesciencecontainedinGEO-7intoaction.

ThescientificadvisorybodiesthatsupporttheworkoftheStockholmandRotterdam

ConventionswillnothavemembersfromtheCentralandEasternEuropean(CEE)regionbecausetheRussianFederationandBelarus

blockedtheexperts

putforwardbytheothermembersoftheregion.Thesecommittees

gatherinformationabouthowchemicalsareproduced,used,managed,ortraded.The

lackofrepresentationoftheCEEregion

couldtranslatetolimitedormissingdatainupcomingreportsandrecommendations.

Inmanynegotiatingrooms,thediplomaticnormsthatunderpinconsensusbuilding

seemedstrained.Wehearddelegatesacrossprocesseswonderiftheircounterpartswere“negotiatingingoodfaith”;thatis,actuallytryingtofindcompromisestoachieve

commongoals.Stallingtacticsseemedtobemorecommonin2025.Pointsoforder

arosemoreoftenthaninpreviousyears.In

somecases,suchasinmultiplesessionsof

theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimate

Change,delegatesspentextensivetime

debating

routineadministrativematters

.

Inotherprocesses,votingwascalledfor

timeandagain,onbothproceduraland

substantiveissues.TheRussianFederation

anditsalliesfrequentlyrequestedthatthesevotestakeplaceby

secretballot

,whichcantakemorethantwiceaslongtocomplete.

Someexchangesstrippedtheveneerof

civilityconveyedbydiplomaticlanguage.Forexample,afteranotherlongnightoftalks

atthe

Belémclimateconference

,adelegatefromtheRussianFederationadmonished

LatinAmericannegotiatorsagainst

“behavinglikechildrenwhowanttogettheirhandsonallthesweets.”

Blockingconsensuswasn’tjustaboutstallingorusingundiplomaticlanguagein2025.

Tariffsemergedasaforeignpolicytool,notjustfortradeorsecurity,butalsoto

Geopolitics

8

advancestateprioritiesinenvironmental

governance.TheUnitedStatesthreatened

tariffsagainstcountriesthataccepted

shippingregulations

onemissionsthatwerecarefullynegotiatedatthe

International

MaritimeOrganization

.The

draftagreement

aimstoreachnet-zerointhesectorby2050bycouplingmandatoryfuelstandardswithcarbonpricingmechanisms.SaudiArabia

requestedavotetopostponethediscussionsforayear.Itnarrowlypassed,inpart

becauseoftheU.S.threat.AftertheBelémconference,

thereisalsodedicatedspace

intheclimatenegotiationstodiscussunilateraltrade-restrictivemeasures,suchastheEU’sCarbonBorderAdjustmentMechanism.

Sociallyconservativeshiftsinseveral

countries’domesticpoliticscontributed

tochallengestoactiononcriticalissuesof

justiceandequity.Inmanyforums,countries

debatedtheconceptofgender

,withsome

opposingtheuseoftheterm.AdoptionoftheIntergovernmentalScience-PolicyPanelonChemicals,WasteandPollution(ISP-

CWP)almostderailedwhentheUnited

StatesandArgentinaopposedlanguage

relatedtogender,insteadinsistingon

referencestomenandwomen.Avotewasrequiredtoadoptthegenderactionplanatthe

CITESmeeting

.Twenty-twocountriesvotedagainsttheplan,includingtheUnitedStates,theRussianFederation,Iran,and

Indonesia.Climatenegotiatorsatthe30thUNClimateChangeConference(COP

30)overcamestrongoppositiontoadopta