2023年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析1

全国硕士硕士入学统一考试英语（一）

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions;

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankand

markA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomean

importantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_±_itslegitimacyasguardianofthe

ruleoflawjusticesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justices

actedinwaysthat_3_thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentand

impartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindof

activitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartial

judgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.

Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7to

therestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla

9betweenthecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapart

frompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto

12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystem

wasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely

14.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedin

fundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswith

socialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhy

decisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.

Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymaking

themselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelyto

beseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20、convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challenged[BJcompromised[C]suspected[D]accepted

5.[AJadvanced[BJcaught[C]bound[D]founded

6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[DJapplies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[A]so[Bjsince[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[BJsatisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied

15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions

16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls

17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[CJaddress[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing

A,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalf

forcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadsto

nogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenberg

contendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocial

cure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelp

individualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcurein

action:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainstthe

Hazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknown

asLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Her

critiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailto

mobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriously

flawedunderstandingofpsychology."Daretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke广

pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamong

teenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergargues

convincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,

soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergisless

persuasive.theClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenough

explorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressureso

powerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatit

doesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestate

fundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesis

limitedandmixed.

There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.An

emergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spread

throughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:

weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeer

groupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itsliketheteacherwhobreaksup

thetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.The

tacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromthe

outside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

|A|asupplementtothesocialcure

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

[B]learnfromadvertisers*experience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

|C|occurswithoutourrealizingit

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A|harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajor

energysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenit

announceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear

regulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot

challengetheconstitutionalityofVermonfsrulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperate

efforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It'sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince,whenthecorporationboughtVermonfsonly

nuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapproval

forthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast.

In,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebe

subjecttoVermontlegislature^approval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn't

foreseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofa

coolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raised

seriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement-

especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.Enragedby

Entergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowingan

extension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthattheagreementisinvalidbecauseofthe

legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.

Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdo

havesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcase

willofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalid

concernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.

ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontis

alreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.

Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblic

trust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrim

NuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhas

appliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.Butasthe

NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany'sapplication,it

shouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.l)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]condemning.

[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D]securing.

27.Byenteringintotheagreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.

[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

[A]managerialpractices.

[B]technicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.

[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewilltest

[A]Entergy*scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.

[B]thematureofstates*patchworkregulations.

[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

[D]thelimitsofstates,powerovernuclearissues.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]Entergy'sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.

[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermontsreputationmightbedamaged.

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobe

observedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryout

theirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsan

ambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontext

ofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,

whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesfor

misinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewly

stakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyand

acceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibility

process,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity's

anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,

unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthe

complexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editors

andreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsuse

thenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)

receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaim

worksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedand

competingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual's

discoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientific

worktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedas

incompleteorincorrectLittlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmation

ofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notresearch.Not

surprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthat

appeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeand

potentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitself

frequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbert

Azent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenand

thinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.0Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthought

andtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimes

yearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedand

appreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens"toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondsto

whatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind."Wereason

together,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachothefsreasoningandeachother's

conceptionsofreason/*

31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby

its

[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.

[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.

[C]logicalityandobjectivity.

[D]systematicnessandregularity.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires

[A]strictinspection.

[B]sharedefforts.

[C]individualwisdom.

[D]persistentinnovation.

33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

|B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

34.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.

[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.

[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

|B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.

[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobably

representcivilservant.WhenHoffa'sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,

onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.

InthenumberofunionistsinAmerica'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheir

fellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sector

workersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions*thriving.First,theycan

shutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,

theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sector

workershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centre

politics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsname

implies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,Ed

Miliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.Mark

BaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthe

state'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers*unionskeepaneyeon

schools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanin

theprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.

Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded"public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthe

payincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatare

alreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyin

education,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-out

battles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersis

themostimportantvariable,teachers*unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridof

badonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebegunto

clampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupporters

againstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthe

publicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsof

cultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadfor

highachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove

$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnited

States.Bankers1fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,buta

public-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbigger

problemforAmerica.

36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat

[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.

|C|unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.

[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.

37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

[A|Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.

[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.

[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.

38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris

[A]illegallysecured.

[B]indirectlyaugmented.

[C]excessivelyincreased.

[D]fairlyadjusted.

39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes.

[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.

[D]aredominantinthegovernment.

40.JohnDonahue'sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolerance.

|D]indifference.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethe

mostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo

extrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

(10points)

Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowand

realisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthana

brown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwoto

wonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.

Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,

entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasa

typewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,

themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesas

themodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseand

critique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.

Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwith

caution.(42)1callitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethatthere

arestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,

themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthe

significanceofwhattheyaredoing.

Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.

Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humans

areuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemto

createsuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluous

experiences-music,literature,religionandphilosophy.(43)

Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckin

downloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproduction

remains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroup

commentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojust

consume.(44J

Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevision

asksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.

(45)

Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof

"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.

[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumanculture

andultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculture

requiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeself

ofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.

[B]Applicationslike,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,words

andothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoadd

stickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.

|C|Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillennium

theyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsof

peopleeveryday.

[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloading

anduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewill

shapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.

[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformat

beingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.

[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepast

half-century,muchoftheworld'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-

television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.

[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,to

encouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterized

thescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefines

science.Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostof

differentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.

(46)Inphysics,on。approachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,

andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationfora】wesee.ltis

becominglessdear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,given

thedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsorts

remainsamajorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocial

sciencestoo.[47)Here,Danvinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumans

sharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycould

alsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyof

humancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection,perhaps

theworld'slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryare

governedbyuniversalfeatures.(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatis

sharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseand

whatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraits

publishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayattheUniversityof

Aucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwo

previousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,who

suggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage——acquisitioncapacity

thatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficientto

unfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencan

learnitsoquickly.

[49]Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachto

universalityidentifyingtraits[particularlyinwordorder]sharedbymany

languagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitive

constraints

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamily

treesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsk/s

grammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthe

familytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughitWhereasGreenbergianuniversality

predictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.

Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthe

structuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

51.Directions:

Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity.Writetheman

emailinthenameoftheStudents*Unionto

1)extendyourwelcomeand

2)providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourname

attheendoftheletter.Use"LiMingHinstead.

Donotwritetheaddress(10points)

PartB

52.Directions:writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyour

essayyoushould

1)describethedrawingbriefly

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and

3)