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2026

USExportstoChina

GoodsExportstoChinaandtheJobsTheySupport,byState

ABOUTTHEUS-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL

Foundedin1973,theUS-ChinaBusiness

Council(USCBC)isaprivate,nonpartisan,

nonprofitassociationofaround270AmericancompaniesthatdobusinesswithChina.

Ourmembershipincludessomeofthe

largestandmosticonicAmericanbrands,in

additiontoprofessionalservicesfirmsand

small-andmedium-sizedenterprises.WeareheadquarteredinWashington,DC,withofficesinBeijingandShanghai.

AUTHORS

ErinSlawson

MiraAnderson

DESIGN

JasmineWu

TableofContents

4ExecutiveSummary

6USExportstoChina

12Oilseedsandgrainsinfreefall

15Otherfarmgoodsalsopaidtheprice

16Oilandgasexportsfroze

17Aerospaceproductsandpartstrendupward

18Semiconductorsandcomponentstickhigher

19MedicalexportstoChinalargelyspared

20ImpactonAmericanJobs

23Methodology

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL

3

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL4

ExecutiveSummary

ThisreportexploresthelatestdataonAmericanexportstoChinaandthejobstheysupportacrosstheUnitedStates.

Thesefiguresincludegoodsexports

duringcalendaryear2025.Thisreport

doesnotcaptureservicesexportstoChina.

AmericanexportstoChinaplummetedin2025.

Theplungewastheresultofunprecedentedtariffsinplaceformostoftheyear.China’sretaliatorytariffsimpactedallproduct

categories—especiallyagricultureandfossilfuels.

Fewregionsandindustriesweresparedfromeconomicpain.

Comparedtotheyearbefore,about

148,000fewerAmericanjobswere

supportedbyexportstoChina.Ruralandcoastalareasalikesawjobsfallbyseveralthousand.Texas,California,Louisiana,andIndianasufferedthesteepestdeclinesbydollaramount,witheachlosingbillionsinexportstoChina.

Thereweresomebrightspots.

Salesofnon-substitutableproducts,like

pharmaceuticals,medicines,andmedicalequipment,remainedstabledespitetariffs.Aerospace-andsemiconductor-related

exportsalsoperformedwell,butnotenoughtomakeupforcontractionselsewhere.

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL5

Despitethedownturn,China

remainstheUnitedStates’third-largestexportmarket.

BecauseofChineseimportsubstitution

duringthetradewar,however,multiple

exportsmaynotrecovertopre–tradewarlevels.Oncemarketsarelost,theyarehardtoregain.

Americancompaniesneedlastingtariffrelieffrombothgovernments.

Tradedataandpublicopinionpolling

stronglysupporttheuseofongoingtradenegotiationstoeasetariffburdensonkeyAmericanindustries,consumers,and

farmers,therebyexpandingmarketaccessforAmericancompanies.

−$36.3billion

DeclineinUSexportstoChina,2024-2025

−26%

PercentdeclineinUSexportstoChina,2024-2025

−148,000USjobs

EstimatedlossofjobssupportedbyexportstoChina,2024-2025

$86.6billion

TotalamountofextratariffspaidonChineseimports

29states

Sawa30%orsteeperdeclineinexportstoChinain2025

USExportstoChina

2025

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL7

In2025,tariffscrateredAmericanexportstoChina.Americancompaniesandfarmers

weresaddledwithanestimated$86.6billioninextratariffsontheirimportsfromChina,includingcriticalinputs.Thesame

companiesweresubjecttoretaliatorytariffsontheirexportstoChina.Asaresult,

exportsdeclinedby$36.3billion,thesteepestsingle-yeardeclineinrecenthistory.

Thelossesaffectedbottomlinesand

employmentdecisions,hurtingAmericancompetitivenessandwipingawaymarketshare.Accordingtoa

2026poll

,66%of

AmericansbelievetariffsonChinahave

beenbadfortheUSeconomy,and76%saythetariffshavebeenbadforaffordability.

USgoodsexportstoChina

$149.5B$151.4B

$144.6B$140.4B

$128B

$118.4B

$114B$113.8B

$123.1B

$104.7B

$104B

20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

TopUSexportmarkets,2025

Market

Exports

Growth(y/y)

Growth(10year)

1.Mexico

$327.1billion

1.4%

43.2%

2.Canada

$311.4billion

–7.3%

14.1%

3.China

$104billion

一25.9%

一8.7%

4.Netherlands

$91.6billion

8.5%

134.4%

5.UnitedKingdom

$90billion

23.3%

78.7%

6.Japan

$79.5billion

4.1%

30.6%

7.Germany

$79billion

10.5%

65.7%

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL8

Market

Exports

Growth(y/y)

Growth(10year)

8.Switzerland

$68.6billion

202.2%

263.5%

9.SouthKorea

$67.2billion

4.9%

57.6%

10.Taiwan

$52.8billion

29.8%

110.2%

Whencomparinglossesasa

percentageoftotalexportstoChinabyregion,America’s

agriculture-dominantheartlandstatessufferedmost.

Texas,California,andWashingtoncontinuetoexportthemostgoodstoChina.New

MexicohasbecomeamajorexportertoChina,joiningthetop10forthefirsttimeduetoasignificantboostinexportsof

semiconductorsandtheircomponents.

Top10goodsexporterstoChinabystate,2025

State

Exports

Growth(y/y)

Growth(10year)

1.Texas

$14.5billion

–32.9%

36%

2.California

$10.2billion

–31.1%

–26.5%

3.Washington

$9.3billion

40%

–40.3%

4.NorthCarolina

$6.7billion

11.1%

191.4%

5.Oregon

$5.4billion

–3.6%

16%

6.Kentucky

$4.8billion

2%

115.5%

7.Indiana

$3.4billion

–43.6%

64.4%

8.Illinois

$3.4billion

–37.7%

–38%

9.Ohio

$3.1billion

–15.5%

–5.4%

10.NewMexico

$3.1billion

57%

2,297.8%

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL9

PercentchangeingoodsexportstoChinabystate,2024-2025

WA

NH

ME

−27%

40%

VT−10%−17%\

ND

−77%

SD

−69%

MT

−72%

MN

−43%

OR

−4%

一MA−27%

ID

−59%

NY

−19%

WI

MI

−32%

−42%

WY

\RI7%

CT−36%

NJ−8%

−89%

PA

−24%

IA

NE

−65%

NV

OH

−56%

IN

IL

−38%

UT

−20%

−41%

DE−26%

MD−46%

−15%

−44%WV

CO

VA

KS

−58%

CA

−27%

KY−49%

MO

−22%

−31%

−58%

2%

NC

TN

−30%

OK

−48%

11%

AR

−61%

AZ

SC

−46%

NM

−7%

57%

MS

−31%

AL

−52%

GA

TX

−33%

−3%

LA

−75%

AK

FL

−47%

2%

HI

−46%

−100%0100%

Acrossthecountry,onlysixstatesexportedmoretoChinalastyearthantheyearprior,andtheseverityofdeclinesvariedacross

therest.StateswhoseChinaexportsare

concentratedinagricutureorfossilfuelssawthesteepestdeclinesyearoveryear,with

Texas,California,Louisiana,andIndianalosingthemostonanabsolutebasis.

WhencomparinglossesasapercentageoftotalexportstoChinabyregion,America’sagriculture-dominantheartlandstates

sufferedmost.Seein-depthstatebreakdownson

ourwebsite

.

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL10

USgoodsexportstoChinabycategory,2025

Allothers,$22.8B

Aerospaceproducts&parts,$15.9B

Navigational&

meas.instruments,

$5.3B

Basicchemicals,

$4.9B

Resins&

syntheticfibers,$4B

Semiconductors&components,$11.4B

Oilseeds&

grains,$3.2B

Industrial

machinery,

$2.5B

Misc.

general

purpose

machinery,$2.4B

Pharmaceuticals&medicines,$10.1B

Oil&gas,

$4B

Medical

equipment&supplies,

$3.5B

Motor

vehicles,

$2.2B

Meat

products,$2.2B

Misc.fabricatedmetalproducts,$1.9B

Electrical

equipment&

components,$1.7B

Comm.&

serv.

Computerindustry

equipment,machinery,$1.6B$1.6B

Nonferrousmetalproducts,

$1.3B

Electrical

equipment,$1.3B

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL11

Swingsinkeycategories,*2024-2025

Gainsdwarfedbylossesacrossnearlyeverycategory

一$11.5B

OilseedsandgrainsOilandgas

Motorvehicles

Scrapproducts

IndustrialmachineryMeatproducts

Coalandpetroleumgases

Misc.crops

Resinsandsyntheticfibers

Basicchemicals

Navigationalandmeas.instrumentsPharmaceuticalsandmedicines

Comm.andserv.industrymachineryPulpandpaperboardmillproductsMisc.chemicalpreparations

Computerequipment

Misc.generalpurposemachinery

Electricalequipmentandcomponents

一$8.1B

一$2.6B

一$2.2B

一$2B

一$1.7B

一$1.4B

一$1.4B

一$1.4B

一$1B

一$778.4M

一$768.8M

一$535.3M

一$391.2M

一$384.1M

一$172.5M

一$101.5M

一$71.8M

Medicalequipmentandcomponents Misc.fabricatedmetalproductsSemiconductorsandcomponentsAerospaceproductsandparts

$37.5M

$184.2M

$879M

$4.3B

*Keycategoriesarethosewithexportsof$1.5billionormoretoChinain2024.

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL12

OilseedsandgrainsinfreefallChineseretaliatorytariffssentAmerican

oilseedsandgrainsexportstoChina

plummetingin2025,causingfinancialandemploymentstrainthatfarmersarestill

enduring.Soyandsorghumwerehitwith

10%tariffsfromAprilthroughNovember,

andcornandwheatweresubjectto15%

tariffsoverthesameperiod.Theseduties

wereleviedontopofbroadretaliatory

tariffs,whichpeakedat125%inApril2025andsettledat10%fromMayonward.ThelossofChinesedemandshrankmarketsforUSproducers,weighedonfarm-gateprices,andfurthersqueezedalreadythinmarginsforfarmers.

OilseedsandgrainsexportstoChina

Shipmentshittheirlowestvalueinadecade

$25.4B

$21.8B

$18.3B

$17.1B

$14.7B

$8.3B

$3.8B

20182019202020212022202320242025

−78.1%y/y

$3.2B

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL13

Soybeangrowersmadeup$1.5billionofthe

China,despiteeschewingAmerican

$9.2billioninlossesbysellingtoother

soybeansformostofthebuyingseason,

marketsincalendaryear2025—just16

increaseditstotalimportsofthecropin

centsperdollarlost.IllinoisandIowa

2025,purchasingsignificantlymorefrom

sufferedthemost,witheachexportingat

BrazilandArgentinaandcementinga

least$1billionlessofsoybeansglobally.

patternoflostmarketshareforAmerican

farmersthatbeganduringthefirsttrade

war.

Breakdownofoilseedsandgrains

exportstoChina

AftertheUnitedStatesandChinareacheda

Soybeanstooka$9.2Bhit,

othersdisappeared

tradetruceinOctober2025,China

committedtoincreaseitspurchasesofAmericansoybeans,measuredinmillion

metrictonspercropyear,overthenext

$331M

Corn

Wheat

Othergrains

Soybeans

$484.8M

$1.2B

$12.3B

$2.4M

$16.1M

$88.6M

$3.1B

severalyears.WhileChinarestarted

importingAmericansoyinearnestin2026,asignificantshortfallduringthenormal

purchasingseasonoffall2025hadalreadytakenitstollonAmericanfarmers.

AsofJuly2026,soybeanexportstoChinawereonparwith2024byexportvalue,andtheUSDepartmentofAgriculturehas

confirmedChinaisontracktomeetits

volume-basedcommitments.However,

soybeanswereconspicuouslyexcluded

fromthefirsttrancheoftariffrelief

announcedinSeptember2026,another

signthatregainingmarketsharecouldbe

difficultwhileChinausesitsdominanceinsoybeandemandasastrategicassetintradenegotiations.ThevolumeofChina’s

purchasesisunlikelytoreturntothehigh-watermarkof2016.

20242025

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL14

MT

−$149.6M

ID

−$181.5M

WY

−$20.4M

UT

−$3.6MCO

CA

−$33.5M

ExportsofothergrainstoChina,mainly

comprisedofsorghum,fellby$1.1billionin2025,andfarmerswereunabletofindothercustomerstomakeupthelosses.Kansas,

Idaho,NorthDakota,andTexaseachsawtheirglobalexportsinthiscategoryfallbymorethan$100million.ExportsofcornandwheattoChinadisappeared,both

fallingatleast97%yearoveryearandamountingtohundredsofmillionsofdollarsinlostsales.

TheestimatedjobssupportedbyoilseedsandgrainsexportstoChinafelltolessthan20,900,78%lowerthanin2024.Inlate

2025,theTrumpadministrationannounced$12billioninaidfordistressedfarmers,andithasrequestedasecondaidpackagefromCongressthathasyettopass.

LostexportsofoilseedsandgrainstoChinabystate,2024-2025

−$41.6M

OR

−$10.1M

WA

ND

−$653.9M

SD

−$537.6M

NE

−$690.4M

MN

−$897M

WI

−$272.8M

IA

−$1.3B

IL

−$1.7B

MO

−$654.4M

−$76.7M

KS

−$653.7M

ME

−$2.1M

NY

MI

−$253.2M

−$43.3M

PA

OH

IN−$692.1M

−$68.1M

NJ−$27M

DE−$17.9M

MD−$58.3M

VA

−$755.1MWV

−$0.1M

KY−$91M

−$247.1MNC

TN

OK

−$178.5M

AZ

−$8.0M

AR

−$367.7M

SC

NM

−$0.4M

−$172.4M

−$61.7M

GA−$47.1M

MS

AL−$20.6M

TX

−$194.9M

−$34.3M

−$260M

LA

−$97.3M

AK

FL

−$2.1M

−$0.4M

−$1.6B$0

StateswithoutvaluesdidnotexportanyoilseedsandgrainstoChinain2024or2025.

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL15

OTHERFARMGOODSALSOPAIDTHEPRICE

Inadditiontooilseedsandgrains,nearlyallmajorfarmandranchexportstoChinafellsharplyduetothetradewar.Theywerealsoamongthefirstexportsimpactedbytheconflict,subjectto10%retaliatorytariffsfromMarch4toNovember10.Totalagriculturallosses—includingoilseedsandgrainsandthecategoriesvisualizedbelow—amountedto$15.6billion,a69%

contractionfromtheyearprior.Anotablecategorynotpicturedbutaffectedbyagriculture-

specifictariffsisdairyproducts,whichdeclinedby$55.3million(-9.4%)in2025.

InSeptember2026,ChinaannounceditwillreducetariffsonthevastmajorityofagricultureimportsfromtheUnitedStates.Addressingremainingtariffs,aswellasthelongstandingnon-tariffbarrierstoAmericanmarketaccessinChina’sagriculturesector,shouldbeatoppriorityoftheBoardofTradeandrecentlyannouncedagricultureworkinggroup.

MeatproductsPoultryandeggs

$5.3B

$50M

$5B

$4.4B

−44.1%y/y−98.2%y/y

$3.9B

$3.9B

$22.7M

$2.2B

$2B

$17.9M

$1.4B

$14.4M

$0.9M

$7.3M$41.3K$15.2K

2018201920202021202220232024202520182019202020212022202320242025

MiscellaneouscropsFruitsandtreenuts$1.1B

$0.9B

$1B

$4B

$0.8B

$0.7B

$0.7B

−83.5%y/y

−62.7%y/y

$2.6B

$0.4B

$2.4B$2.4B$2.3B

$1.5B

$1.2B

$0.2B

$0.8B

2018201920202021202220232024202520182019202020212022202320242025

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL16

Oilandgasexportsfroze

OilandgasexportstoChina

Approachedtradewar1.0low

$17.6B

一66.9%y/y

$12.1B

$12.5B

$11.1B

$9.3B

$7.1B

$4B

$3.1B

20182019202020212022202320242025

Declinesinoilandgasexportsbystate

Gulfstatesfeltthesqueeze

TexasLouisianaAlaskaPennsylvania

一$306.6M

一80.7%y/y

一$2.7B

一91.5%y/y

一$131.9M

一46.2%y/y

一$5B

一58.4%y/y

AnothercasualtyofthetradewarwasUS

exportsofoilandgastoChina,alongwiththejobsandincomestheysupport.In2025,energyexportstoChinaplummeted66.9%,withsupportedjobsdroppingbytwo-

thirds.

Thesteepdropwasduetothe10%and15%retaliatorytariffsthatChinaimposedonUScrudeoilandliquefiednaturalgasin

responsetonow-defuncttariffsundertheInternationalEmergencyEconomicPowersAct(IEEPA).Despitetheabolitionofthesetariffs,China’sretaliatorydutiesremaininplace,effectivelyfreezingmuchofthe

energytrade.

EveniftheUnitedStatesandChinareachadealonenergy,thetradewarhasadded

urgencytoChina’slong-termpushto

diversifyitsenergymixandenergy

suppliers,whichcouldleadtolowerlong-termsalestoChina.

Louisiana(–91.5%),Alaska(–80.7%),Texas(–58.4%),andPennsylvania(–46.2%)

experiencedthemostsevereexportlosses,amountingtoover$8billion.

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL17

Aerospaceproductsandpartstrendupward

AerospacewasthestrikingexceptiontothebroadercollapseinUSexportstoChina.

Whiletotalexportsdeclinedsubstantially,aerospaceexportsjumped37.3%in2025,extendingthesector’sstrongreboundin

2024andrisingfasterthantotalUS

aerospaceexportstotherestoftheworld.Theincreaseoccurreddespitebrief

Chinese

restrictions

onaerospaceimports,includingthedelayandcancelationof

plannedaircraftpurchasesinretaliationforApril2025tariffsunderIEEPA.

Chinahassinceresumedthesedeliveries,andearlierthisyear,itpledgedfurther

purchases.

AerospaceexportstoChinasupportmorethan55,400Americanjobs,and

WashingtonandKentuckyarethemainsources,exporting$8billionand$3.3billion,respectively.

SouthCarolinarecordedthemostdramaticincreaseintheseexportsin2025,with

aerospaceexportstoChinaleaping875%

overtheyearearlier,hittingafour-year

highandsupportinganadditional600jobs.Thesurgewasprimarilytheresultof

increasedaircraftdeliveriesandthe

expansionofproductioncapabilityinthestate.

AerospaceproductsandpartsexportstoChina

Strikingexceptiontobroaderexportcollapse

$18.2B+37.3%y/y

$15.9B

$11.6B

$10.4B

$6.8B

$5.5B

$4.7B

$4.4B

20182019202020212022202320242025

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL18

Semiconductorsand

componentstickhigher

Semiconductorspresentedaparadoxin

2025:Chinacontinuedbuyingmore

Americanchipsevenasbothgovernmentstookstepstorestrictthetrade.US

semiconductorexportstoChinagrewby8.4%overthepreviousyearandsupportedmorethan36,000Americanjobs.Exportgrowthslowedcomparedto2024,inlinewithabroaderslowdowninUSchip

exportsworldwide.

Thebenefitswereconcentratedina

handfulofstates.Oregon($4.5billion),NewMexico($2.9billion),andTexas($1.8

billion)comprised82%ofthe$11.4billionoftotalchipexportstoChina.

InNewMexico’scase,exportssurged68.7%over2024.HighChinesedemandfor

memorychips,alongwiththedevelopmentandexpansionoffabricationandpackagingplantsunderfundingfromtheCHIPSandScienceAct,explainsmostofthegrowth.

California,anothertopexporter,movedintheoppositedirection,withsemiconductorexportstoChinadecliningmorethan$560million,partlyduetoproductioncapacityshiftingtootherstates.

DespiteexpandingtheirexportstoChinainrecentyears,advancedchipmanufacturersarefeelingthestrainontheirmarket

position.TheUnitedStatesmaintainsstrictcontrolsonadvancedsemiconductor

exportstoChina,andChinahasissued

explicitguidancetodomesticfirmsagainstusingcertainUSchipsaspartofitsself-

sufficiencydrive.

SemiconductorsandcomponentsexportstoChina

Rosedespiterestrictionsfrombothsides

$14.2B

+8.4%y/y

$12B

$11.4B

$10.5B

$11B

$9.7B

$8.1B

$6.5B

2018

2019

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2020

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL19

MedicalexportstoChinalargelyspared

Pharmaceuticalsandmedicinesaswellasmedicalequipmentandsupplieswere

amongthefewmajorexportcategoriesthatremainedstablein2025.Manyproducts

werenotreadilysubstitutable,includingtheoncologydrugs,specializedmedicines,andmedicalequipmentonwhichChinese

hospitalsandpatientscontinuedtodepend.Advanceshippingalsoeasedsomeofthe

blowascompaniesanticipatedtariff

pressureandbulkedupinventoriesaheadoftariffannouncements.

Shortlyafter“LiberationDay,”theChinesegovernmentgrantedtariffexemptionsandotherpreferentialtreatmenttosome

medicalproductsinordertoshieldChinesepatientsandhospitals.Thegovernmenthasnotformallypublicizedmostofthese

measures,makingitimpossibletoestimatetheextentanddurabilityoftariffrelief.

Stabilityinthefaceofatradewarbenefitedthemorethan74,000Americanworkers

whosejobsaresupportedbymedical

exportstoChina.NorthCarolinaledwith$4.6billioninthissector’sexportstoChina,followedbyIndianawith$1.9billion,

Californiawith$1.5billion,andTennesseewith$916.2million.

MedicalexportstoChina

Largelysparedduetolackofsubstitutes

$3.5B

$3.5B

$3.5B

$3.5B

+1.1%y/y

$3.4B

$2.8B

$3.1B

$10.8B

$11.2B$10.8B

$10.1B

$2.7B

一7.1%y/y

$5.9B

$5.9B

$5.5B

$4B

2018

2019

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2020

Medicalequipment&suppliesPharmaceuticals&medicines

ImpactonAmericanJobs

2025

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL21

In2025,theUS-Chinatradewarhada

severeimpactonAmericanemployment.Thecollapseinexportsmeantthattheynolongersupportedmorethanaquarterof

relatedjobscomparedtotheyearprior—anestimateddeclineofroughly148,000jobsnationwide.

ThetollonAmericanemployment

ExportstoChinasupportingthemostemploymentin2025

Jobssupported

Change(y/y)

Growth(y/y)

1.Pharmaceuticalsandmedicines

59,168

−4,524

−7.1%

2.Aerospaceproductsandparts

55,409

15,044

37.7%

3.Semiconductorsandcomponents

36,395

2,810

8.4%

4.Navigationalandmeas.instruments

21,129

−3,076

−12.7%

5.Oilseedsandgrains

20,864

−74,505

−78.1%

6.Basicchemicals

17,740

−3,648

−17.1%

7.Medicalequipmentandsupplies

15,487

165

1.1%

8.Resinsandsyntheticfibers

14,458

−5,026

−25.8%

9.Motorvehiclesandparts*

12,283

−11,204

−47.7%

10.Electricalequipmentandcomponents

11,675

−491

−4%

11.Comm.andserv.industrymachinery

11,470

−3,808

−24.9%

12.Industrialmachinery

10,994

−8,676

−44.1%

13.Misc.generalpurposemachinery

10,313

−442

−4.1%

14.Meatproducts

8,067

−6,374

−44.1%

15.Engines&turbines

6,594

−886

−11.8%

AllexportstoChina

404,333

–147,765

–26.8%

*Includesmotorvehicles,parts,andbodiesandtrailers

US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL22

Thedamagetouchedmostsectors.Exports

declinedin12ofthe15leadingproduct

categories,includingoilseedsandgrains,

motorvehiclesandparts,industrial

machinery,meatproducts,basicchemicals,andelectricalequipmentandcomponents.Oilandgasfelloffthelistoftopjobs-

supportingsectorsentirely—theseexportstoChinasupported15,765jobsin2024,butthoseshrankby66.9%in2025,alossof

morethan10,500jobs.Similarly,exportsofmiscellaneouscropstoChinasupported

9,000fewerjobsin2025thantheydidtheyearprior.

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