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2026
USExportstoChina
GoodsExportstoChinaandtheJobsTheySupport,byState
ABOUTTHEUS-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL
Foundedin1973,theUS-ChinaBusiness
Council(USCBC)isaprivate,nonpartisan,
nonprofitassociationofaround270AmericancompaniesthatdobusinesswithChina.
Ourmembershipincludessomeofthe
largestandmosticonicAmericanbrands,in
additiontoprofessionalservicesfirmsand
small-andmedium-sizedenterprises.WeareheadquarteredinWashington,DC,withofficesinBeijingandShanghai.
AUTHORS
ErinSlawson
MiraAnderson
DESIGN
JasmineWu
TableofContents
4ExecutiveSummary
6USExportstoChina
12Oilseedsandgrainsinfreefall
15Otherfarmgoodsalsopaidtheprice
16Oilandgasexportsfroze
17Aerospaceproductsandpartstrendupward
18Semiconductorsandcomponentstickhigher
19MedicalexportstoChinalargelyspared
20ImpactonAmericanJobs
23Methodology
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL
3
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL4
ExecutiveSummary
ThisreportexploresthelatestdataonAmericanexportstoChinaandthejobstheysupportacrosstheUnitedStates.
Thesefiguresincludegoodsexports
duringcalendaryear2025.Thisreport
doesnotcaptureservicesexportstoChina.
AmericanexportstoChinaplummetedin2025.
Theplungewastheresultofunprecedentedtariffsinplaceformostoftheyear.China’sretaliatorytariffsimpactedallproduct
categories—especiallyagricultureandfossilfuels.
Fewregionsandindustriesweresparedfromeconomicpain.
Comparedtotheyearbefore,about
148,000fewerAmericanjobswere
supportedbyexportstoChina.Ruralandcoastalareasalikesawjobsfallbyseveralthousand.Texas,California,Louisiana,andIndianasufferedthesteepestdeclinesbydollaramount,witheachlosingbillionsinexportstoChina.
Thereweresomebrightspots.
Salesofnon-substitutableproducts,like
pharmaceuticals,medicines,andmedicalequipment,remainedstabledespitetariffs.Aerospace-andsemiconductor-related
exportsalsoperformedwell,butnotenoughtomakeupforcontractionselsewhere.
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL5
Despitethedownturn,China
remainstheUnitedStates’third-largestexportmarket.
BecauseofChineseimportsubstitution
duringthetradewar,however,multiple
exportsmaynotrecovertopre–tradewarlevels.Oncemarketsarelost,theyarehardtoregain.
Americancompaniesneedlastingtariffrelieffrombothgovernments.
Tradedataandpublicopinionpolling
stronglysupporttheuseofongoingtradenegotiationstoeasetariffburdensonkeyAmericanindustries,consumers,and
farmers,therebyexpandingmarketaccessforAmericancompanies.
−$36.3billion
DeclineinUSexportstoChina,2024-2025
−26%
PercentdeclineinUSexportstoChina,2024-2025
−148,000USjobs
EstimatedlossofjobssupportedbyexportstoChina,2024-2025
$86.6billion
TotalamountofextratariffspaidonChineseimports
29states
Sawa30%orsteeperdeclineinexportstoChinain2025
USExportstoChina
2025
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL7
In2025,tariffscrateredAmericanexportstoChina.Americancompaniesandfarmers
weresaddledwithanestimated$86.6billioninextratariffsontheirimportsfromChina,includingcriticalinputs.Thesame
companiesweresubjecttoretaliatorytariffsontheirexportstoChina.Asaresult,
exportsdeclinedby$36.3billion,thesteepestsingle-yeardeclineinrecenthistory.
Thelossesaffectedbottomlinesand
employmentdecisions,hurtingAmericancompetitivenessandwipingawaymarketshare.Accordingtoa
2026poll
,66%of
AmericansbelievetariffsonChinahave
beenbadfortheUSeconomy,and76%saythetariffshavebeenbadforaffordability.
USgoodsexportstoChina
$149.5B$151.4B
$144.6B$140.4B
$128B
$118.4B
$114B$113.8B
$123.1B
$104.7B
$104B
20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
TopUSexportmarkets,2025
Market
Exports
Growth(y/y)
Growth(10year)
1.Mexico
$327.1billion
1.4%
43.2%
2.Canada
$311.4billion
–7.3%
14.1%
3.China
$104billion
一25.9%
一8.7%
4.Netherlands
$91.6billion
8.5%
134.4%
5.UnitedKingdom
$90billion
23.3%
78.7%
6.Japan
$79.5billion
4.1%
30.6%
7.Germany
$79billion
10.5%
65.7%
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL8
Market
Exports
Growth(y/y)
Growth(10year)
8.Switzerland
$68.6billion
202.2%
263.5%
9.SouthKorea
$67.2billion
4.9%
57.6%
10.Taiwan
$52.8billion
29.8%
110.2%
Whencomparinglossesasa
percentageoftotalexportstoChinabyregion,America’s
agriculture-dominantheartlandstatessufferedmost.
Texas,California,andWashingtoncontinuetoexportthemostgoodstoChina.New
MexicohasbecomeamajorexportertoChina,joiningthetop10forthefirsttimeduetoasignificantboostinexportsof
semiconductorsandtheircomponents.
Top10goodsexporterstoChinabystate,2025
State
Exports
Growth(y/y)
Growth(10year)
1.Texas
$14.5billion
–32.9%
36%
2.California
$10.2billion
–31.1%
–26.5%
3.Washington
$9.3billion
40%
–40.3%
4.NorthCarolina
$6.7billion
11.1%
191.4%
5.Oregon
$5.4billion
–3.6%
16%
6.Kentucky
$4.8billion
2%
115.5%
7.Indiana
$3.4billion
–43.6%
64.4%
8.Illinois
$3.4billion
–37.7%
–38%
9.Ohio
$3.1billion
–15.5%
–5.4%
10.NewMexico
$3.1billion
57%
2,297.8%
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL9
PercentchangeingoodsexportstoChinabystate,2024-2025
WA
NH
ME
−27%
40%
VT−10%−17%\
ND
−77%
SD
−69%
MT
−72%
MN
−43%
OR
−4%
一MA−27%
ID
−59%
NY
−19%
WI
MI
−32%
−42%
WY
\RI7%
CT−36%
NJ−8%
−89%
PA
−24%
IA
NE
−65%
NV
OH
−56%
IN
IL
−38%
UT
−20%
−41%
DE−26%
MD−46%
−15%
−44%WV
CO
VA
KS
−58%
CA
−27%
KY−49%
MO
−22%
−31%
−58%
2%
NC
TN
−30%
OK
−48%
11%
AR
−61%
AZ
SC
−46%
NM
−7%
57%
MS
−31%
AL
−52%
GA
TX
−33%
−3%
LA
−75%
AK
FL
−47%
2%
HI
−46%
−100%0100%
Acrossthecountry,onlysixstatesexportedmoretoChinalastyearthantheyearprior,andtheseverityofdeclinesvariedacross
therest.StateswhoseChinaexportsare
concentratedinagricutureorfossilfuelssawthesteepestdeclinesyearoveryear,with
Texas,California,Louisiana,andIndianalosingthemostonanabsolutebasis.
WhencomparinglossesasapercentageoftotalexportstoChinabyregion,America’sagriculture-dominantheartlandstates
sufferedmost.Seein-depthstatebreakdownson
ourwebsite
.
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL10
USgoodsexportstoChinabycategory,2025
Allothers,$22.8B
Aerospaceproducts&parts,$15.9B
Navigational&
meas.instruments,
$5.3B
Basicchemicals,
$4.9B
Resins&
syntheticfibers,$4B
Semiconductors&components,$11.4B
Oilseeds&
grains,$3.2B
Industrial
machinery,
$2.5B
Misc.
general
purpose
machinery,$2.4B
Pharmaceuticals&medicines,$10.1B
Oil&gas,
$4B
Medical
equipment&supplies,
$3.5B
Motor
vehicles,
$2.2B
Meat
products,$2.2B
Misc.fabricatedmetalproducts,$1.9B
Electrical
equipment&
components,$1.7B
Comm.&
serv.
Computerindustry
equipment,machinery,$1.6B$1.6B
Nonferrousmetalproducts,
$1.3B
Electrical
equipment,$1.3B
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL11
Swingsinkeycategories,*2024-2025
Gainsdwarfedbylossesacrossnearlyeverycategory
一$11.5B
OilseedsandgrainsOilandgas
Motorvehicles
Scrapproducts
IndustrialmachineryMeatproducts
Coalandpetroleumgases
Misc.crops
Resinsandsyntheticfibers
Basicchemicals
Navigationalandmeas.instrumentsPharmaceuticalsandmedicines
Comm.andserv.industrymachineryPulpandpaperboardmillproductsMisc.chemicalpreparations
Computerequipment
Misc.generalpurposemachinery
Electricalequipmentandcomponents
一$8.1B
一$2.6B
一$2.2B
一$2B
一$1.7B
一$1.4B
一$1.4B
一$1.4B
一$1B
一$778.4M
一$768.8M
一$535.3M
一$391.2M
一$384.1M
一$172.5M
一$101.5M
一$71.8M
Medicalequipmentandcomponents Misc.fabricatedmetalproductsSemiconductorsandcomponentsAerospaceproductsandparts
$37.5M
$184.2M
$879M
$4.3B
*Keycategoriesarethosewithexportsof$1.5billionormoretoChinain2024.
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL12
OilseedsandgrainsinfreefallChineseretaliatorytariffssentAmerican
oilseedsandgrainsexportstoChina
plummetingin2025,causingfinancialandemploymentstrainthatfarmersarestill
enduring.Soyandsorghumwerehitwith
10%tariffsfromAprilthroughNovember,
andcornandwheatweresubjectto15%
tariffsoverthesameperiod.Theseduties
wereleviedontopofbroadretaliatory
tariffs,whichpeakedat125%inApril2025andsettledat10%fromMayonward.ThelossofChinesedemandshrankmarketsforUSproducers,weighedonfarm-gateprices,andfurthersqueezedalreadythinmarginsforfarmers.
OilseedsandgrainsexportstoChina
Shipmentshittheirlowestvalueinadecade
$25.4B
$21.8B
$18.3B
$17.1B
$14.7B
$8.3B
$3.8B
20182019202020212022202320242025
−78.1%y/y
$3.2B
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL13
Soybeangrowersmadeup$1.5billionofthe
China,despiteeschewingAmerican
$9.2billioninlossesbysellingtoother
soybeansformostofthebuyingseason,
marketsincalendaryear2025—just16
increaseditstotalimportsofthecropin
centsperdollarlost.IllinoisandIowa
2025,purchasingsignificantlymorefrom
sufferedthemost,witheachexportingat
BrazilandArgentinaandcementinga
least$1billionlessofsoybeansglobally.
patternoflostmarketshareforAmerican
farmersthatbeganduringthefirsttrade
war.
Breakdownofoilseedsandgrains
exportstoChina
AftertheUnitedStatesandChinareacheda
Soybeanstooka$9.2Bhit,
othersdisappeared
tradetruceinOctober2025,China
committedtoincreaseitspurchasesofAmericansoybeans,measuredinmillion
metrictonspercropyear,overthenext
$331M
Corn
Wheat
Othergrains
Soybeans
$484.8M
$1.2B
$12.3B
$2.4M
$16.1M
$88.6M
$3.1B
severalyears.WhileChinarestarted
importingAmericansoyinearnestin2026,asignificantshortfallduringthenormal
purchasingseasonoffall2025hadalreadytakenitstollonAmericanfarmers.
AsofJuly2026,soybeanexportstoChinawereonparwith2024byexportvalue,andtheUSDepartmentofAgriculturehas
confirmedChinaisontracktomeetits
volume-basedcommitments.However,
soybeanswereconspicuouslyexcluded
fromthefirsttrancheoftariffrelief
announcedinSeptember2026,another
signthatregainingmarketsharecouldbe
difficultwhileChinausesitsdominanceinsoybeandemandasastrategicassetintradenegotiations.ThevolumeofChina’s
purchasesisunlikelytoreturntothehigh-watermarkof2016.
20242025
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL14
MT
−$149.6M
ID
−$181.5M
WY
−$20.4M
UT
−$3.6MCO
CA
−$33.5M
ExportsofothergrainstoChina,mainly
comprisedofsorghum,fellby$1.1billionin2025,andfarmerswereunabletofindothercustomerstomakeupthelosses.Kansas,
Idaho,NorthDakota,andTexaseachsawtheirglobalexportsinthiscategoryfallbymorethan$100million.ExportsofcornandwheattoChinadisappeared,both
fallingatleast97%yearoveryearandamountingtohundredsofmillionsofdollarsinlostsales.
TheestimatedjobssupportedbyoilseedsandgrainsexportstoChinafelltolessthan20,900,78%lowerthanin2024.Inlate
2025,theTrumpadministrationannounced$12billioninaidfordistressedfarmers,andithasrequestedasecondaidpackagefromCongressthathasyettopass.
LostexportsofoilseedsandgrainstoChinabystate,2024-2025
−$41.6M
OR
−$10.1M
WA
ND
−$653.9M
SD
−$537.6M
NE
−$690.4M
MN
−$897M
WI
−$272.8M
IA
−$1.3B
IL
−$1.7B
MO
−$654.4M
−$76.7M
KS
−$653.7M
ME
−$2.1M
NY
MI
−$253.2M
−$43.3M
PA
OH
IN−$692.1M
−$68.1M
NJ−$27M
DE−$17.9M
MD−$58.3M
VA
−$755.1MWV
−$0.1M
KY−$91M
−$247.1MNC
TN
OK
−$178.5M
AZ
−$8.0M
AR
−$367.7M
SC
NM
−$0.4M
−$172.4M
−$61.7M
GA−$47.1M
MS
AL−$20.6M
TX
−$194.9M
−$34.3M
−$260M
LA
−$97.3M
AK
FL
−$2.1M
−$0.4M
−$1.6B$0
StateswithoutvaluesdidnotexportanyoilseedsandgrainstoChinain2024or2025.
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL15
OTHERFARMGOODSALSOPAIDTHEPRICE
Inadditiontooilseedsandgrains,nearlyallmajorfarmandranchexportstoChinafellsharplyduetothetradewar.Theywerealsoamongthefirstexportsimpactedbytheconflict,subjectto10%retaliatorytariffsfromMarch4toNovember10.Totalagriculturallosses—includingoilseedsandgrainsandthecategoriesvisualizedbelow—amountedto$15.6billion,a69%
contractionfromtheyearprior.Anotablecategorynotpicturedbutaffectedbyagriculture-
specifictariffsisdairyproducts,whichdeclinedby$55.3million(-9.4%)in2025.
InSeptember2026,ChinaannounceditwillreducetariffsonthevastmajorityofagricultureimportsfromtheUnitedStates.Addressingremainingtariffs,aswellasthelongstandingnon-tariffbarrierstoAmericanmarketaccessinChina’sagriculturesector,shouldbeatoppriorityoftheBoardofTradeandrecentlyannouncedagricultureworkinggroup.
MeatproductsPoultryandeggs
$5.3B
$50M
$5B
$4.4B
−44.1%y/y−98.2%y/y
$3.9B
$3.9B
$22.7M
$2.2B
$2B
$17.9M
$1.4B
$14.4M
$0.9M
$7.3M$41.3K$15.2K
2018201920202021202220232024202520182019202020212022202320242025
MiscellaneouscropsFruitsandtreenuts$1.1B
$0.9B
$1B
$4B
$0.8B
$0.7B
$0.7B
−83.5%y/y
−62.7%y/y
$2.6B
$0.4B
$2.4B$2.4B$2.3B
$1.5B
$1.2B
$0.2B
$0.8B
2018201920202021202220232024202520182019202020212022202320242025
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL16
Oilandgasexportsfroze
OilandgasexportstoChina
Approachedtradewar1.0low
$17.6B
一66.9%y/y
$12.1B
$12.5B
$11.1B
$9.3B
$7.1B
$4B
$3.1B
20182019202020212022202320242025
Declinesinoilandgasexportsbystate
Gulfstatesfeltthesqueeze
TexasLouisianaAlaskaPennsylvania
一$306.6M
一80.7%y/y
一$2.7B
一91.5%y/y
一$131.9M
一46.2%y/y
一$5B
一58.4%y/y
AnothercasualtyofthetradewarwasUS
exportsofoilandgastoChina,alongwiththejobsandincomestheysupport.In2025,energyexportstoChinaplummeted66.9%,withsupportedjobsdroppingbytwo-
thirds.
Thesteepdropwasduetothe10%and15%retaliatorytariffsthatChinaimposedonUScrudeoilandliquefiednaturalgasin
responsetonow-defuncttariffsundertheInternationalEmergencyEconomicPowersAct(IEEPA).Despitetheabolitionofthesetariffs,China’sretaliatorydutiesremaininplace,effectivelyfreezingmuchofthe
energytrade.
EveniftheUnitedStatesandChinareachadealonenergy,thetradewarhasadded
urgencytoChina’slong-termpushto
diversifyitsenergymixandenergy
suppliers,whichcouldleadtolowerlong-termsalestoChina.
Louisiana(–91.5%),Alaska(–80.7%),Texas(–58.4%),andPennsylvania(–46.2%)
experiencedthemostsevereexportlosses,amountingtoover$8billion.
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL17
Aerospaceproductsandpartstrendupward
AerospacewasthestrikingexceptiontothebroadercollapseinUSexportstoChina.
Whiletotalexportsdeclinedsubstantially,aerospaceexportsjumped37.3%in2025,extendingthesector’sstrongreboundin
2024andrisingfasterthantotalUS
aerospaceexportstotherestoftheworld.Theincreaseoccurreddespitebrief
Chinese
restrictions
onaerospaceimports,includingthedelayandcancelationof
plannedaircraftpurchasesinretaliationforApril2025tariffsunderIEEPA.
Chinahassinceresumedthesedeliveries,andearlierthisyear,itpledgedfurther
purchases.
AerospaceexportstoChinasupportmorethan55,400Americanjobs,and
WashingtonandKentuckyarethemainsources,exporting$8billionand$3.3billion,respectively.
SouthCarolinarecordedthemostdramaticincreaseintheseexportsin2025,with
aerospaceexportstoChinaleaping875%
overtheyearearlier,hittingafour-year
highandsupportinganadditional600jobs.Thesurgewasprimarilytheresultof
increasedaircraftdeliveriesandthe
expansionofproductioncapabilityinthestate.
AerospaceproductsandpartsexportstoChina
Strikingexceptiontobroaderexportcollapse
$18.2B+37.3%y/y
$15.9B
$11.6B
$10.4B
$6.8B
$5.5B
$4.7B
$4.4B
20182019202020212022202320242025
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL18
Semiconductorsand
componentstickhigher
Semiconductorspresentedaparadoxin
2025:Chinacontinuedbuyingmore
Americanchipsevenasbothgovernmentstookstepstorestrictthetrade.US
semiconductorexportstoChinagrewby8.4%overthepreviousyearandsupportedmorethan36,000Americanjobs.Exportgrowthslowedcomparedto2024,inlinewithabroaderslowdowninUSchip
exportsworldwide.
Thebenefitswereconcentratedina
handfulofstates.Oregon($4.5billion),NewMexico($2.9billion),andTexas($1.8
billion)comprised82%ofthe$11.4billionoftotalchipexportstoChina.
InNewMexico’scase,exportssurged68.7%over2024.HighChinesedemandfor
memorychips,alongwiththedevelopmentandexpansionoffabricationandpackagingplantsunderfundingfromtheCHIPSandScienceAct,explainsmostofthegrowth.
California,anothertopexporter,movedintheoppositedirection,withsemiconductorexportstoChinadecliningmorethan$560million,partlyduetoproductioncapacityshiftingtootherstates.
DespiteexpandingtheirexportstoChinainrecentyears,advancedchipmanufacturersarefeelingthestrainontheirmarket
position.TheUnitedStatesmaintainsstrictcontrolsonadvancedsemiconductor
exportstoChina,andChinahasissued
explicitguidancetodomesticfirmsagainstusingcertainUSchipsaspartofitsself-
sufficiencydrive.
SemiconductorsandcomponentsexportstoChina
Rosedespiterestrictionsfrombothsides
$14.2B
+8.4%y/y
$12B
$11.4B
$10.5B
$11B
$9.7B
$8.1B
$6.5B
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2020
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL19
MedicalexportstoChinalargelyspared
Pharmaceuticalsandmedicinesaswellasmedicalequipmentandsupplieswere
amongthefewmajorexportcategoriesthatremainedstablein2025.Manyproducts
werenotreadilysubstitutable,includingtheoncologydrugs,specializedmedicines,andmedicalequipmentonwhichChinese
hospitalsandpatientscontinuedtodepend.Advanceshippingalsoeasedsomeofthe
blowascompaniesanticipatedtariff
pressureandbulkedupinventoriesaheadoftariffannouncements.
Shortlyafter“LiberationDay,”theChinesegovernmentgrantedtariffexemptionsandotherpreferentialtreatmenttosome
medicalproductsinordertoshieldChinesepatientsandhospitals.Thegovernmenthasnotformallypublicizedmostofthese
measures,makingitimpossibletoestimatetheextentanddurabilityoftariffrelief.
Stabilityinthefaceofatradewarbenefitedthemorethan74,000Americanworkers
whosejobsaresupportedbymedical
exportstoChina.NorthCarolinaledwith$4.6billioninthissector’sexportstoChina,followedbyIndianawith$1.9billion,
Californiawith$1.5billion,andTennesseewith$916.2million.
MedicalexportstoChina
Largelysparedduetolackofsubstitutes
$3.5B
$3.5B
$3.5B
$3.5B
+1.1%y/y
$3.4B
$2.8B
$3.1B
$10.8B
$11.2B$10.8B
$10.1B
$2.7B
一7.1%y/y
$5.9B
$5.9B
$5.5B
$4B
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2020
Medicalequipment&suppliesPharmaceuticals&medicines
ImpactonAmericanJobs
2025
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL21
In2025,theUS-Chinatradewarhada
severeimpactonAmericanemployment.Thecollapseinexportsmeantthattheynolongersupportedmorethanaquarterof
relatedjobscomparedtotheyearprior—anestimateddeclineofroughly148,000jobsnationwide.
ThetollonAmericanemployment
ExportstoChinasupportingthemostemploymentin2025
Jobssupported
Change(y/y)
Growth(y/y)
1.Pharmaceuticalsandmedicines
59,168
−4,524
−7.1%
2.Aerospaceproductsandparts
55,409
15,044
37.7%
3.Semiconductorsandcomponents
36,395
2,810
8.4%
4.Navigationalandmeas.instruments
21,129
−3,076
−12.7%
5.Oilseedsandgrains
20,864
−74,505
−78.1%
6.Basicchemicals
17,740
−3,648
−17.1%
7.Medicalequipmentandsupplies
15,487
165
1.1%
8.Resinsandsyntheticfibers
14,458
−5,026
−25.8%
9.Motorvehiclesandparts*
12,283
−11,204
−47.7%
10.Electricalequipmentandcomponents
11,675
−491
−4%
11.Comm.andserv.industrymachinery
11,470
−3,808
−24.9%
12.Industrialmachinery
10,994
−8,676
−44.1%
13.Misc.generalpurposemachinery
10,313
−442
−4.1%
14.Meatproducts
8,067
−6,374
−44.1%
15.Engines&turbines
6,594
−886
−11.8%
AllexportstoChina
404,333
–147,765
–26.8%
*Includesmotorvehicles,parts,andbodiesandtrailers
US-CHINABUSINESSCOUNCIL22
Thedamagetouchedmostsectors.Exports
declinedin12ofthe15leadingproduct
categories,includingoilseedsandgrains,
motorvehiclesandparts,industrial
machinery,meatproducts,basicchemicals,andelectricalequipmentandcomponents.Oilandgasfelloffthelistoftopjobs-
supportingsectorsentirely—theseexportstoChinasupported15,765jobsin2024,butthoseshrankby66.9%in2025,alossof
morethan10,500jobs.Similarly,exportsofmiscellaneouscropstoChinasupported
9,000fewerjobsin2025thantheydidtheyearprior.
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