2023年考研外语冲刺密卷5

考研外语冲刺密卷5

一、UseofEnglish

1>Oneofthemostimportantresultsofresearchintoageing

hasbeentopinpointthesignificanceofshort-termmemory.

Thisfacultyiseasily(1)asageingadvances.Whatseems

to(2)____isthatinformationisreceivedbythebrain,

(3)scansitformeaninginordertodecodeitatsome

futuretime.Itlooksasiftheactual(4)ofthe

short-termmemoryitselfmaynotchangetoomuch(5)age.

Ayoungmanandamaninhislatefiftiesmay(6)beable

torememberandrepeata(n)(7)ofeightnumbersrecited

tothem.Butwhat(8)changeisthatwhentheolderman

isaskedtorememberanything(9)betweenthetimeheis

firstgiventhenumberstomemoriseandthetimeheisasked

to(10)them,hewillbemuchlesslikelytorememberthe

(11)numbersthantheyoungman.Thisisbecausethe

scanningstageismoreeasily(12)byotheractivitiesin

(13)people.

In(14)_____livingoneexperiencesthisasafairlyminor

(15)-atelephonenumberforgottenwhileonelooks

(16)anareacode,orthefirstpartof(17)street

directionsconfusedwiththefastbecausethelast'turnlefts'

and，turnrights*haveinterfered(18)rememberingthe

firstdirections.Inmoreformallearning,however,the

(19)ofshort-termmemoryismorethanjustamildsocial

embarrassment.Itcanbeaseriousbartofurther(20)or

indeedtoanyprogressatall.

A.discovered

B.strengthened

C.displayed

D.disturbed

2、⑵

A.happen

B.exist

C.work

D.do

3、(3)

A.as

B.that

C.which

D.what

A.performance

B.capacity

C.action

D.activity

5、⑸

A.for

B.with

C.over

D.under

6、(6)

A.neither

B.none

C.either

L).both

7、(7)

A.average

B.percentage

C.amount

D.proportion

8、⑻

A.will

B.would

C.does

D.did

9、⑼

A.else

B.more

C.particular

D.special

10、(10)

A.decode

B.explain

C.produce

D.repeat

11、(11)

A.difficult

B.different

C.original

D.previous

12、(12)

A.finished

B.completed

C.disrupted

D.erupted

13、(13)

A.younger

B.older

C.most

D.common

14、(14)

A.daily

B.ordinary

C.normal

D.usual

15、(15)

A.offence

B.irritation

C.distress

D.disgrace

16、(16)

A.up

B.for

C.at

D.over

17、(17)

A.inconvenient

B.inadequate

C.conventional

D.complicated

18、(18)

A.by

B.with

C.for

D.over

19、(19)

A.collapse

B.absence

C.lack

D.decay

20、(20)

A.attainment

B.acquisition

C.learning

D.reaching

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

LastNovember,engineersinthehealthcaredivisionofGE

unveiledsomethingcalledthe"LightSpeedVCT〃，ascannerthat

cancreateastartlinglygoodthree-dimensionalimageofa

beatingheart.ThisspringStaples,anAmerican

office-suppliesretailer,willstockitsshelveswithagadget

calleda〃wordlock〃，apadlockthatuseswordsinsteadof

numbers.Theconnection?Ineachcase,thefirm'scustoir.ers

haveplayedabigpartindesigningtheproduct.

Howdoesinnovationhappen?Thefamiliarstoryinvolves

scientistinacademicinstitutesandRDlabs.Butlately,

corporatepracticehasbeguntochallengethisold,fashioned

notion.Opensourcesoftwaredevelopmentisalreadywell-known.

LesssoisthefactthatBell,anAmericanbicyclehelmetmaker,

hascollectedhundredsofideasfornewproductsfromits

customers,andisputtingseveralofthemintoproduction.Not

onlyisthecustomerking:nowheismarket-researchhead,RD

chiefandproduct-developmentmanager,too.

Thisisnotallnow.Researchershavedemonstratedthe

importanceofpastusercontributionstotheevolutionof

everythingfromsportingequipmenttoconstructionmaterials

andscientificinstruments.Buttheriseofonlinecommunities,

togetherwiththedevelopmentofpowerfulandeasy-to-use

designtools,seemstobeboostingthephenomenon,aswellas

bringingittotheattentionofawideraudience,saysEricVon

HippelofMIT."Userinnovationhasalwaysbeenaround,〃hesays.

“Thedifferenceisthatpeoplecannolongerdenythatitis

happening."

Harnessingcustomerinnovationrequiresdifferentmethods,

saysMr.VonHippel.Insteadoftakingthetemperatureofa

representativesampleofcustomers,firmsmustidentifythefew

specialcustomerswhoinnovate.GE'shealthcaredivisioncalls

them"luminaries”.Theytendtobewell-publisheddoctorsand

researchscientistsfromleadingmedicalinstitutions,saysGE,

whichbringsupto25luminariestogetheratregularmedical

advisoryboardsessionstodiscusstheevolutionofGE's

technology.GE'sproductsthenemergefromcollaborationwith

thesegroups.

Attheheartofmostthinkingaboutinnovationisthebelief

thatpeopleexpecttobepaidfortheircreativework:hence

theneedtoprotectandrewardthecreationofintellectual

property.Onereallyexcitingthingaboutuser-ledinnovation

isthatcustomersseemwillingtodonatetheircreativity

freely,saysMr.VonHippel.Thismaybebecauseitistheir

onlypracticaloption:patentsarecostlytogetandoften

provideonlyweakprotection.Somepeoplemayvaluethe

enhancedreputationandnetworkeffectsoffreelyrevealing

theirworkmorethananymoneytheycouldmakebypatentingit.

Eitherway,somefirmsarestartingtobelievethattherereally

issuchathingESafreelunch.

TheexamplesofGEandStaplesinthefirstparagraphareto

showthatbothcompanies

A.benefitfromcustomerinnovation.

B.challengeaccdemicinstitutesandRDlabs.

C.arepioneersinadoptingcustomerinnovation.

D.arepredominantinnewproductsresearch.

2、

Oneofthedrivingforcesbehindtherecentprevalenceof

Customerinnovationis

A.theevolutionofsportingequipment.

B.thedevelopmentofInternettechnology.

C.themotivationofmakingmoney.

D.poople，sadvocacyofinnovation.

3、

Theword〃luminaries”(Paragraph4)mostprobablyrefersto

peoplewho

A.areeminentinaspecificfield.

B.areknowntohaveinventednewproducts.

C.leadtheresearchteamsofthecorporations.

D.purchasethecompaniesnewproductsconsistently.

4、

Accordingtotheauthor,user-ledinnovation

A.shouldbepatentedandrewardedwithmoney.

B.iscostlessthankstoitscreator，sgoodness.

C.hascomeintotheviewofmorepeople.

D.couldn，tbeprotectedbypatentlaw.

5、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe

A.TheRiseoftheCreativeConsumer.

B.TheFutureofCustomerInnovation.

C.HowCompaniesPromoteInnovation.

D.WhyCustomerInnovationEmerges.

6、Naturalismistheviewthatthe〃natural"universe,the

universeofmatterandenergy,isallthattherereallyis.By

rulingoutaspiritualpartofthehumanpersonwhichmight

survivedeathanda(godwhomightresurrectthebody,

naturalismalsorulesoutsurvivalafterdeath.Inaddition,

naturalismdenieshumanfreedomonthegroundsthateveryevent

mustbeexplainablebydeterministicnaturallaws.Itdenies

anyabsolutevaluesbecauseitcanfindnogroundsforsuch

valuesinaworldmadeuponlyofmatterandenergy.Andfinally,

naturalismdeniesthattheuniversehasanymeaningorpurpose

becausethereisnoGodtogiveitameaningorpurpose,and

nothingelsewhichcangiveitameaningorpurpose.

Anyonewhoacceptsthefirstthreedenials,ofGod,spiritual

beings,andimmortality,mightbecalledanaturalistinthe

broadsense,andanyonewhoaddstothesethedenialoffreedom,

values,andpurposemightbelabeledanaturalistinthestrict

sense,orastrictnaturalist;Someopponentsofnaturalism

wouldarguethatnaturalistsinthebroadsenseareatleast

somewhatinconsistentandthatnaturalisminthebroadsense

leadslogicallytostrictnaturalism.ManyStrictnaturalists

wouldagreewiththis.

Thosewhorejectnaturalisminboththestrictandbroadsense

dosoforavarietyofreasons.Theymayhavepositivearguments

fortheexistenceofsomeofwhatnaturalistsdeny,ortheymay

havewhatseomtobedecisiverefutationsofsomeorallofthe

argumentsfornaturalism.But,inadditiontoparticular

argumentsagainstnaturalisttenetsortheirgroundsofbelief,

someopponentsofnaturalismbelievethatthereisageneral

argumentwhichholdsagainstanyform,ofnaturalism.These

opponentsholdthatnaturalismhasa〃fatalflaw"or,toput

itmorestrongly,thatnaturalismisself-destroying.If

naturalismistrue,thenhumanreasonmustbetheresultof

naturalforces.

Thesenaturalforcesarenot,onthenaturalisticview,

rationalthemselves,norcantheybetheresultofarational

cause.Sohumanreasonwouldbetheresultofnonrationalcauses.

This,itcanbeargued,givesusastrongreasontodistrust

humanreason,especiallyinitslesspracticalandmore

theoreticalexercises.Butthetheoryofnaturalismisitself

suchanexercisecftheoreticalreason.Ifnaturalismistrue,

wewouldhavestrongreasonstodistrusttheoreticalreasoning.

Ifwedistrusttheoreticalreasoning,wedistrustparticular

applicationsofit,suchasthetheoryofnaturalism.Thus,if

naturalismistrue,wehavestrongreasonstodistrust

naturalism.

Naturalismbelievesthat

A.humancandothingswiththeirfreewill.

B.deterministicnaturallawscanexplaineverything.

C.absolutevaluesShouldbebasedonamorereasonableground.

D.universeisdependentonsubjectiveexperience.

Manystrictnaturalists，attitudestowardsthecategorizing

ofnaturalistsmightbe

A.disapproving,

B.puzzled.

C.content.

D.appreciative.

8、

Whichofthefollowingconcerningthosewhorejectnaturalism

aretrue?

A.theyacceptsomeofthenaturalists'denials.

B.theirretortonnaturalismistoosharptobeconvincing.

C.alltheirargumentsagainstnaturalismarenotuniversal.

D.thereexistmortaldefectsintheirownarguments.

9、

Inthelastparagraph,theauthortriestojustifyhis

conclusionby

A.reducingtoabsurdity.

B.makingancomparison.

C.givinganexample.

D.explainingaphenomenon.

10、

Thegeneralargumentagainstnaturalismfocusesonits

A.inherentimpracticability.

B.wrongassumption.

C.innercontradiction.

D.illogicalreasoning.

11>Ifopen-sourcesoftwareissupposedtobefree,howdoes

anyonesellingitmakeanymoney?It'snotthatdifferentfrom

howothersoftwarecompaniesmakemoney.

You'dthinkthatasoftwarecompanywouldmakemostofitsmcney

from,well,sellingsoftware.Butyou，dbewrong.Foronething,

companiesdon，tsellsoftware,strictlyspeaking;theylicense

it.Theprofitmarginonasoftwarelicenseisnearly100

percent,whichiswhyMicrosoftgushesbillionsofdollars

everyquarter.

Butwhat'sthevalueofalicensetoacustomer?Alicense

doesn，tdeliverthecode,providetheutilitiestogetapiece

ofsoftwarerunning,oranswerthephonewhensomething

inevitablygoeswrong.Thevalueofsoftware,inshort,doesn，t

lieinthesoftwarealone.Thevalueisinmakingsurethesoft

waredoesitsjob.Justasatravelershouldlookattheoverall

priceofavacaticnpackageinsteadofobsessingovertheprice

oftheplaneticketorhotelroom,asmarttechbuyerwon，tfc-cus

onhowmuchthelicensecostsandignorethesupportcontract

orthemaintenanceagreement.

Open-sourceisnotthatdifferent.Ifyouwantthesoftwareto

work,youhavetopaytoensureitwillwork.Theopen-source

companieshaverefinedthesoftwaremodelbyselling

subscriptions.Theyrolltogethersupportandmaintenanceand

chargeanannualfee,whichisahealthymodel,thoughnotquite

aswonderfulasMicrosoft，smoney-rakingone.Tellingly,even

Microsoftiscastinganenviouseyeataspectsofthe

open-sourcebusinessmodel.Thecompanyhasbeentakinghalting

stepstowardasimilarsubscriptionschemeforitssoftware

sales.Microsoft，ssubscriptionprogram,knownasSoftware

Assurance,providesmaintenanceandsupporttogetherwitha

softwarelicense.ItletsyouupgradetoMicrosoft，snext

versionofthesoftwareforapredictablesum.Butitalso

containsanimplicitthreat:Ifyoudon'tswitchtoSoftware

Assurancenow,whoknowshowmuchMicrosoftwillchargeyouwhen

youdecidetoupgrade?

Chiefinformationofficershatethiskindof"assurance”,since

they，reoftenperfectlyhappyrunningolderversionsof

softwarethatareprovenandstable.Microsoft,ontheother

hand,rakesinthesoftware-licensingfeesonlywhencustomers

upgrade.SoftwareAssuranceisMicrosoft'sattempttogetthose

samelicensingfeesbutwrapthemtogetherwiththeserviceand

supportneededtokeepsystemsrunning.That,swhyMicrosoft

findstheopen-sourcemodelsothreatening:open-source

companieshavenovestedinterestingettingmorelicensing

feesanddon，thavetopadtheirservicecontractswiththat

extracost.Intheend,themaindifferencebetweenopen-source

andproprietarysoftwarecompaniesmaybethesizeofthecheck

youhavetowrite.

Theauthorusedtheexampleofatraveler(Para.3)toshowthat

A.thevalueofsoftwareshouldbeconsideredasawhole.

B.techbuyersshouldcarelittleaboutlicense.

C.alicensedoesn，tcomprisesupportandmaintenance.

D.customershavetopayalottogetalicense.

12、

Whichofthefollowingseemstobetheoverallattitudeof

Microsofttowardsubscriptionplan?

A.Eager.

B.Doubtful.

C.Confident.

D.Hesitant.

13、

AccordingtothepassageMicrosoft

0-----

,16

A.operatesabettersalessystem.

B.usesopen-sourcebusinessmodelasareference.

C.forcestechbuyerstoupgradethesoftware.

D.chargesanannualfeefortheserviceandsupport.

14、

Thatextracost(Para.5)probablyrefersto

A.software-licensingfees.

B.totalcostofasoftwareproduct.

C.paymentforservicecontracts.

D.thechargeforsubscription.

15、

WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMicrosoft?

A.Itdisgustsmanychiefinformationofficers.

B.Ithasdevelopeditsownopen-sourcesoftware.

C.Itsnewprogramrequiresitscustomerspayinadvance.

D.Itenviesopen-sourcecompaniesfortheirgreatprofits.

16>NiallFitzGeraldwouldhavelikedtoleaveUnileverin

ablazeofglorywhenheretiresattheendofSeptember.The

co-chiefexecutiveoftheAnglo-Dutchconsumer-goodsgroupwas

oneofthegodfathersofUnilever's"PathtoGrowth/zstrategy

offocusingonitsbrands,whichwaslaunchedliveyearsago.

Buttheplanfailedtodeliveronmanyofitspromises.On

0----

上17

September20th,Unileverwarnedthatitwouldnotreportits

promiseddouble-digitgrowthinprofitsthisyear.

Itisatoughtimeforproducersofbrandedconsumergoods.

Unileveranditscompetitorshavetocopewithpressureon

pricesandstiffcompetitionfromsupermarkets'ownbrands,

Colgate-Palmolivewarnedoflowerprofitsonthe?sameday,

Nestlerecentlydisappointedinvestorswithitslatestresults.

Evenso,Unileveradmitsthebulkofitstroublesare

self-inflicted.The"PathtoGrowth"strategyaimedtomakethe

firmmoreefficient.Unileversavedabout4billioneuro($4.9

billion)incostsoverthepastfiveyearsandreducedits

portfolioofbrandsfront1,600tosome450,butitstillfailed

tomeetitstargetsforprofitandsales,reportingasales

declineof0.7%forthesecondquarterofthisyear.

AndrewWoodatSanfordBernstein,aninvestment-researchfirm,

thinksthemainproblemisunder-investmentinadvertisingand

marketing,aninfatuationwithbrandsandunrealistic

performancetargets.Unilevercutitsadandmarketing

expenditureattheworstmoment,saysMr.Wood.Commoditised

productsareespeciallyvulnerabletotheonslaughtof

retailers'ownbrands.Inmargarine,forinstance,retailers'

ownbrandsnowcaptureasmuchasone-fifthofthemarket.

Unileveralsooverextendedsomesuccessfulbrands,for

instanceBertolii*soliveoilsandpastasauces.Accordingto

Mr.Wood,Unilevercansustainablygrowitsbusinessabout3%

ayear;itwasshootingfor5-6%.

Unilever'schieffinancialofficer(CFO)countersthat

consumerslookforaproductandthenbuyabrand,sohisfirm

needstofocusonbrands.Unileverintendstostepupits

marketingefforts,althoughadspendingissupposedtoreir.ain

atcurrentlevels.Atpresent,Unileverspends14.5%ofsales

onads.ButeventheCFOadmitsthecompanyhas"issuesof

competitiveness”.Aftersevenquartersofdisappointing

performance,itneedstoregaincredibilitywithinvestors.

Overthenextfewmonths,managementwillrethinkitsstrategy

forthenextfive-yearplan.PatrickCescau,aFrenchmanwho

willtakeoverfromMr.FitzGerald,isinheritingatricky

legacy.

Whichofthefollowingabout"PathtoGrowth"strategyistrue?

A.Itishardtocarryout.

B.Ithasaglorioushistory.

C.itunderlinesUnilever'sbrands.

D.Itbringshighgrowth.

Accordingtothepassage,NiallFitzGerald

A.isanincompetentleader.

B.wi11retirewithgreathonor.

C.willbecomePatrick'spredecessor.

D.isoneofUnilever'sfounders.

18、

IntheeyesofUnilever,itstroublesmainlyliein

A.fiercecompetition,

B.itsinefficiency.

C.thedepressingsales,

D.itsstrategy.

19、

WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatPatrickCescau

A.willabandonthefocusonbrands.

B.willfaceatoughsituation.

C.willacquainthimselfwithtrickytactics.

D.willholdon"PathtoGrowth"strategy.

20、

Unilever，sCFOthinksthatWood'scommentsare

A.notunrealistic.

B.generallyacceptable.

C.shortoflogic.

D.basicallyerroneous.

21>PartB(10points)

Tnthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A^

B、C、D、E、F、G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld'sfirstnon-surgical

bypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganew

techniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheart

disease.

(41).

Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplace,withmore

than28,000bypassoperationsintheUKannually,itis

traumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod.

Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambf

doctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-old

Germanpatient.

(42).

AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:Journalofthe

AmericanHeartAssociation,cardiologistsdevelopedaspecial

catheter(导管)whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteries,

threadedupthroughtheaorta(主动脉)tothetopofthediseased

artery,whichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood.

(43),

Athin,flexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandthe

needleandcatheterwerewithdrawn,leavingthewirebehind

andasmallangioplasty(血管成形术)balloon,whichwasusedto

widenthechannel.Finally,theveinwasblockedoffjustabove

thenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobererouted

downthevein.

(44).

Dr.StephenOesterle,wholedtheteam,said:"Thismilestone

marksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwitha

catheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortruly

minimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture.”

Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneral

HospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedical

SchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddon,cardiacnurseattheBritish

HeartFoundation,saiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbefore

theprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.，zNon-invasive

surgery,suchasthisnewmethod,couldhelpminimizetherisks,

bringinggreatbenefitstothepatient.

Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercise

hasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheart

disease.

(45),

X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftiny

newbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallseven

individuals,thetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedblood

flowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage.

A.Ineverycase,thetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblocked

arteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough.

B.Thediabeticpatient,whohasnotbeannamed,hadsuffered

severechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswas

severelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygen,but

hewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditicnal

bypasssurgery.

C.Then,guidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrom

insidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintothe

adjacentvein.

D.Thekeyholeprocedure,whichavoidstheextensiveinvasive

surgeryofaconventionalbypass,willofferhopetotensof

thousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.Coronaryheart

disease,wherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwith

fattydeposits,isresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountry

likeBritainformorethan160,000deathseachyear.

E.Aftertheprocedure,theveineffectivelybecameanartery,

carryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviousway,

andfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen.

F.ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagers,

aged6to19,whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnot

behelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicycle

machin

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Toavoidthevariousfoolishopinionstowhichmanisliable,

nosuperhumangeniusisrequired.Afewsimpleruleswillkeep

you,notfromallerror,butfromsillyerror.

Ifthematterisonethatcanbeserriedby