研究生英语综合教程(下)Unit 2

1、.,高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（下）INTEGRATEDCOURSE,.,2,SportsinSociety,Unit2,.,Content,StartingoutReadingFocusReadingMorePracticalTranslationFocusedWritingFinalProject,.,Task1TakethequizonPage32andlearnmoreaboutsports.,Startingout,.,1.InwhatyearwerewomenfirstallowedtocompeteintheOlympicGames?A.1800.B.1850.C.19

2、00.,StartingoutTask1,Key:C,.,2.Wherewasthe2006WorldCupheld?A.InGermany.B.InSouthAfrica.C.InFrance.,StartingoutTask1,Key:A,.,3.WhatarethethreemostpopularsportsintheUnitedStates?A.Football,baseball,andbasketball.B.Football,soccer,andbasketball.C.Football,hockey,andbasketball.,StartingoutTask1,Key:A,.,

3、4.WhatdoesAFCstandfor?,StartingoutTask1,Key:AmericanFootballConference,.,5.WhatisthechampionshipgameofprofessionalUSfootball?A.TheSuperBowl.B.TheBigBowl.C.TheGreatBowl.,StartingoutTask1,Key:A,.,6.Whatwasthefirstsportseventtobetelecastlive?A.The1972NBAfinals.B.The1936BerlinOlympics.C.The1962WorldCup.

4、,StartingoutTask1,Key:B,.,7.WhichsportisgovernedbyasetofrulesknownastheQueensberryrules?A.Boxing.B.Cricket.C.Shooting.,StartingoutTask1,Key:A,.,8.Whichofthefollowingisessentiallyanindoorsport?A.Cricket.B.Gymnastics.C.Golf.,StartingoutTask1,Key:B,.,9.Inwhichcountrywasgolffirstplayed?A.Scotland.B.Fran

5、ce.C.Thailand.,StartingoutTask1,Key:A,.,10.Fromwhatwoodarecricketbatsusuallymade?A.Maple.B.Willow.C.Pine.,StartingoutTask1,Key:B,.,11.Whichsportiscalled“thesportofkings”?A.Golf.B.Horseracing.C.Surfing.,StartingoutTask1,Key:B,.,12.WhenwasasafetycarfirstusedinFormula1?A.In1993.B.In1985.C.In1973.,Start

6、ingoutTask1,Key:C,.,Task2Lookatthesenewspaperheadlines.Discussinpairswhatyouwouldexpecttoreadinthestoriesthataccompanythem.(P33),StartingoutTask2,.,1.FootballerFacesSuspensionAfterAttackonSpectatorSample:,StartingoutTask2,EricCantona,theManchesterUnitedstriker,willprobablybesuspendedfortherestofthes

7、easonafterheattackedaspectatorduringthematchagainstCrystalPalaceatSelhurstParklastnight.TheincidenthappenedmomentsafterCantonahadbeensentoffforkickinganotherplayer,hissixthsend-offin16months.Ashewalkedoffthefield,aspectatorwasseenrunningdownagangwayfromsome20rowsback,apparentlytoshoutabuseatCantona,

8、whosuddenlyturned,jumpedoverthewallandkickedoutattheman,andthenpunchedhim.,.,2.OlympicChampionSwimmerApologizesforMarijuanaPipePhotoSample:TheOlympicswimmingstarMichaelPhelpsquicklyacknowledgedhispoorjudgmentafteraphotographshowinghiminhalingfromamarijuanapipewaspublishedSundayinanEnglishnewspaper.A

9、lthoughhisadmissionisunlikelytoaffecthisswimmingeligibility,itcouldaffectthemillionsofdollarshehadsecuredinendorsementdeals.InastatementreleasedSundaybyhismarketingagency,Octagon,Phelps,whowonarecordeightgoldmedalsattheBeijingOlympics,didnotchallengethelegitimacyofthephotographpublishedbythetabloidN

10、ewsoftheWorld.,StartingoutTask2,.,3.“OwnGoal”DefenderShotDeadOutsideRestaurantSample:,StartingoutTask2,AColombianfootballerwasshotdeadyesterdaybyangryfanswhoblamedhimfortheirsidesearlyexitfromtheWorldCup.AndresEscobar,adefenderwhoscoredanowngoalduringhissidesdefeatbytheUnitedStatesteam,wasconfronted

11、byagroupofmenasheleftarestaurantinMedellin,200kilometersfromBogota.Afteranargumentabouthispoorperformance,theyfired12bullets.OneofthegunmenisreportedtohavesaidtoEscobarbeforetheshooting,“Thankyoufortheowngoal.”,.,4.WimbledonPaysEqualPrizeMoneySample:,StartingoutTask2,TheWimbledonChampionshipswilloff

12、erwomenandmenequalprizemoneyatthisyearstournamentforthefirsttime.TheannouncementbytheAllEnglandClubbringsthetournamentintolinewithotherGrandSlams,followingcriticismfromofficialsandplayers.WimbledonjoinstheUnitedStatesandAustraliainpayingequalmoneytowomenandmenacrosstheboard,fromthechampionsdowntothe

13、first-roundlosersinallevents.TheFrenchOpenoffersthesamecheckonlytothechampions.,.,Task3Lookatthefollowingcartoonscarefully,anddiscussingroupsthemessageineachcartoon.(P33),StartingoutTask3,.,StartingoutTask3,Sample:Theuseofsportasasettingforadvertisingproductsiscommoninmanycountries.Feesfromcorporate

14、sponsorsareoftenusedtosupportamateurathletes,events,andtheadministrativestructuresofsportsorganizations.,.,StartingoutTask3,Sample:Likethegreedygolfer,mostpeopleassumethatthecashrewardsforprofessionalathletesareasourceofmotivation.However,oneofthedangersofcommercialsportsisthattheyfocustoomuchonexte

15、rnalrewardsratherthantheintrinsicsatisfactionofparticipation.,.,StartingoutTask3,Sample:Femaleathleteshavetraditionallybeenexcludedordiscouragedfromparticipatinginmanysports.Statisticsshowthatglobalcollegiateinstitutionsonlyspend24%oftheirathleticoperatingbudgets,16%oftheirrecruitingbudgetsand33%oft

16、heirscholarshipbudgetsonfemaleathletes.Moreover,lessthan1%ofallcoachesofmensteamsandlessthan46%ofallcoachesofwomensteamsarefemale.Eveniffemaleathleteswinatthegames,theymayreceivelessprizemoneyorscholarshipsandlessmediacoveragethanmaleathletes.,.,StartingoutTask3,Sample:Inheavycontactsports,violentbe

17、haviorandintimidationareoftenlearnedasstrategies.Althoughallplayersdonotfeelcomfortablewiththeamountofviolenceintheirsports,theyhavegenerallycometoacceptit.Eventhosewhodontlikeitmayreluctantlyuseitasawayofimprovingormaintainingtheirpositionsonteamsandtheirpopularitywithspectators.,.,BigSports,BigCos

18、tWorldsportingeventssuchastheOlympicsandWorldCuprequirebillionsofdollarsofinvestmentandyearsofplanning.Butdotheinvestmentspayoff,helpingthelocalornationaleconomy?Nowwatchthevideoandthenfinishtheblank-fillingexercise.,Startingout,Clickthepicture,.,WorldsportingeventssuchastheOlympicsandWorldCupattrac

19、thoardsof_,bringing_,jobs,moneyforbusinessesand_forlocalgovernment.Countriescompetehardtoholdsuchevents.Butanalystssaythatthesesportingeventsarenotusuallylikelytobea_tothehostcountry.FariborzGhadarofPennsylvaniaStateUniversitypointsoutthathostcitiesofasportingeventtendto_thebenefitwhile_boththecosts

20、ofactuallyrunningtheoperationandthecostsofbuildingthe_fortheevent.GeorgeMasonUniversitysTonySamarasaysthatitisnotoftenclearhowhostcitiescalculaterevenuesfrommajorsportingevents,becausebookkeepingcan_fromonecitytothenext.Ghadaralsonotesthatthecostof_isamajorissuethatcanoffsetfinancialgainsaneventmigh

21、tbring.,spectators,constructionprojects,taxrevenues,netbenefit,exaggerate,Startingout,underestimating,infrastructure,vary,security,.,CommercializationandChangesinSports,ReadingFocus,.,ReadingFocus,.,Aswellasbeingaformofrecreationfortheparticipants,muchsportisplayedinfrontofanaudience.Mostprofessiona

22、lsportisplayedina“theater”ofsomekind,beitastadium,arena,golfcourse,racetrack,ortheopenroad,withprovisionforthe(oftenpaying)public.Largetelevisionorradioaudiencesarealsocommonlyattracted,withrivalbroadcastersbiddinglargeamountsofmoneyforthe“rights”toshowcertainfixtures.ThefootballWorldCupattractsaglo

23、baltelevisionaudienceofhundredsofmillions;the2006Finalaloneattractedanestimatedworldwideaudienceofwellover700million.IntheUnitedStates,thechampionshipgameoftheNFL,theSuperBowl,hasbecomeoneofthemostwatchedtelevisionbroadcastsoftheyear.SuperBowlSundayisadefactonationalholidayinAmerica;theviewershipbei

24、ngsogreatthatin2007advertisingspacewasreportedasbeingsoldat$2.6millionfora30-secondslot.,BackgroundInformation,.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,(Para.1),(Para.2),(Paras.3-9),.,Introduction,Sportshavebecome_.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,commercialized,Threefactorsthatinfluencespectatorsattachmen

25、ttosports,Spectatorsareattractedby:A._B.Theriskorfinancialrewardsassociatedwithparticipatinginanevent.C._,Theuncertaintyofaneventsoutcome.,Theanticipateddisplayofexcellenceorheroicsbytheathletes.,.,Changesinsportsassociatedwithcommercialization,A.Changesintheformatandgoalsofsports.Sportshave_theirba

26、sicformatandgoals.e.g._B.Changesintheorientationsofpeopleinvolvedinsports.a.Withouttechnicalknowledgeaboutasport,spectatorsareimpressedmoreby_thanbyathleticskillsandstrategiesusedbyplayersandcoaches.e.g._,ThebasicstructureofeachOlympicsporthasremainedmuchthesameasitwasbefore.,dramaticexpression,Read

27、ingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,maintained,Thosewholacktechnicalknowledgeabouticeskatingaremoreentertainedbytripleandquadruplejumpsthanbysmoothandflawlessroutines.,.,b.Sportparticipantstendtoemphasize_overaestheticorientations.C.Changesinsportorganizations.Thecontrolofsportorganizationsshiftsfurtherandf

28、urtherawayfrom_.Theirdecisionsgenerallyreflectthecombinedeconomicinterestsofmanypeople,butathletesarecutoutof_,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,heroicorientations,theplayers,decision-makingprocessesevenwhendecisionsaffecttheirhealthandwell-being,.,Task2,Readthefollowingstatementsanddecidewhethertheya

29、retrueorfalseaccordingtothetext.Put“T”beforeatruestatementand“F”beforeafalseone.(P39),Key:2345678910,T,T,T,F,T,F,T,F,F,T,ReadingFocusDetailedInformation,.,CriticalThinking,ReadingFocus,.,Readthefollowingsentencesfromthetext.Interpretthesentencesanddiscusswithyourpartnerwhetheryouagreewiththeauthoror

30、not.Givespecificexamplestosupportyouropinions.,1.Commercializationhasnothadadramaticeffectontheformatsandgoalsofmostsports.,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,2.Astheneedtopleasenaveaudiencesbecomesgreater,sodoestheemphasisonheroicorientations.,.,Discussingroupsthefollowingquestions.,1.Arethereanyotherthi

31、ngsaffectedbycommercializationinthesamewayassports?Givespecificexamplestosupportyouropinions.,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,2.Manypeoplefeelthatathletesarepaidtoomuch.Howdoyoufeelaboutthisissue?,.,1.Funand“goodgames”arenowdefinedintermsofgatereceipts,concessionsrevenues,thesaleofmediarights,marketsha

32、res,ratingpoints,andadvertisingpotential.(Para.1)intermsof:asregards,expressedas在方面；以某说法来表达e.g.1)ItsamistaketothinkofFloridaonlyintermsofitstouristattractions.2)Idratherthinkofit_(从投资的角度).,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,intermsofaninvestment,.,concession:1)somethingthatyouallowsomeonetohaveinordertoendan

33、argumentoradisagreement妥协，让步e.g.Bothsidesmadevariousconcessions,butneitherwouldbackdownonthecrucialpoints.2)aspecialrightthataparticularpersonorgroupofpeopleisallowedtohave,forexamplebythegovernmentoranemployer,ortheactofgivingorallowingsomethingasaright（政府或雇主等许可的）特权；特许权e.g.theimport/exportconcessio

34、nsthathadbeengrantedtotheisland翻译：今天，乐趣和“好比赛”的定义取决于门票收入、特许权收入、媒体传播权的出售、市场份额、收视率以及广告潜力。,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,2.Weknowthatwheneveranysportisconvertedintocommercialentertainment,itssuccessdependsonspectatorappeal.(Para.2)convertedinto:1)change(something)fromoneformorusetoanother转变，转换e.g.Theyconv

35、ertedthesparebedroomintoanoffice.2)(persuadesomeoneto)changetoadifferentreligion(使某人)改变宗教信仰e.g.EuropeanmissionariesconvertedthousandstoChristianity.翻译：我们知道，每当任何一项体育运动被转化为商业性娱乐活动时，它的成功就依赖于观众的兴趣。,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,3.Tomakemoneyonasport,itsnecessarytoattractamassaudiencetobuyticketsorwatchthe

36、eventsontelevision.(Para.4)“mass”isusedhereasanadjective,meaning“involvingorintendedforaverylargenumberofpeople”.e.g.1)大众传媒_2)大规模杀伤性武器_3)大规模生产_4)大规模抗议活动_5)大众营销_,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,massmedia,weaponsofmassdestruction,massproduction,amassprotest,massmarketing,.,4.Similarly,thosewhoknowlittleabou

37、tthetechnicalaspectsoficeskatingaremoreentertainedbytripleandquadruplejumpsthanbyroutinescarefullychoreographedandpracticeduntiltheyaresmoothandflawless.(Para.5)Theprefix“tri-”in“triple”means“threetimes”andtheprefix“quadr-”in“quadruple”means“fourorfourtimes”.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,1.one:拉丁前缀uni-

38、:unique独一无二的uniform制服希腊前缀mono-：monologue独白2.two:拉丁前缀bi-：bilingual双语的bilateral双边希腊前缀di-：dioxide二氧化物disyllable双音节词3.three:拉丁前缀tri-：triangle三角形tricycle三轮车4.four:拉丁前缀quadr-：quadrangle四边形quadruple四倍希腊前缀tetra-：tetragon四边形tetrahedron四面体5.five:拉丁前缀quint-：quintuple五倍quintet五重奏希腊前缀pent-：pentagon五角大楼pentathlon

39、五项全能,.,routinen.1)theusualorderinwhichyoudothings,orthethingsyouregularlydo常规e.g.Officialsattheexchangesaidyesterdaythatitscurrentinvestigationwasamatterofroutine.交易所的官员昨日表明，目前的调查只是例行公事。2)asetofmovements,jokesetcthatformpartofaperformance舞蹈等表演的成套动作e.g.adanceroutine一套舞蹈动作routineadj.e.g.常规手术_定期保养_例行手续

40、_,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,routineoperation,routinemaintenance,routineprocedure,.,5.Theywanttoseeathletesoccasionallycollapseastheysurpassphysicallimits,notathleteswhoknowtheirlimitssowelltheycansuccessfullycompeteforyearswithoutgoingbeyondthem.(Para.5)Trytofigureoutdifferentmeaningsof“collapse”ine

41、achofthefollowingsentences.1)Minuteslaterthesecondtowercollapsed.2)Hecollapsedwithaheartattackwhilehewasdancing.3)Ithoughtthatwithoutmethewholeprojectwouldcollapse.4)Sharepricescollapsedafternewsofpoortradingfigures.交投数额不佳使股票价格暴跌。,(ofabuilding)falldown,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,(ofaperson)falldownbe

42、causeofillness,tiredness,etc.,(ofasystem,ideaororganization)fail,(ofprices,level,etc.)suddenlybecomemuchlower,.,6.Astheneedtopleasenaveaudiencesbecomesgreater,sodoestheemphasisonheroicorientations.(Para.7)Thissentencemeansthatastheneedtopleasenaveaudiencesgrows,increasinglymoreemphasisisplacedonhero

43、icorientationsofathletes.翻译：取悦无知观众的需求越强烈，就越会强调英雄主义取向。,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,7.Theseathletesusuallyevaluatethemselvesandotherathletesintermsofthesportethic,andtheylearntoseeheroicactionsassignsoftruecommitmentanddedicationtotheirsport.(Para.7)ethic:(n.)ageneralideaorbeliefthatinfluencespeoplesb

44、ehaviorandattitudes伦理，道德体系e.g.Peoplestillbelieveinthetraditionalworkethicandwearefortunatetheydo.ethical:(adj.)1)relatingtoprinciplesofwhatisrightandwrong有关道德的e.g.Theuseofanimalsinscientifictests_(提出了一些棘手的伦理道德问题).2)morallycorrect合乎道德的e.g.Itwouldnotbeethicalforme,asadoctor,totalktoyouaboutmypatients.

45、,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,raisesdifficultethicalquestions,.,Distinguishbetweenethicandethnic:ethicethicalethnic1)Only19percentoftherespondentsgavelawyershighmarksformaintaininghonestand_standards.2)Tome,somuchofitcomesbacktothework_andcommitment.3)Employerscannotdiscriminateonthebasisofracialor_bac

46、kground.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,ethical,ethic,ethnic,.,8.Theseconditionscomeunderthecontrolofgeneralmanagers,teamowners,corporatesponsors,advertisers,mediapersonnel,marketingandpublicitystaff,professionalmanagementstaff,accountants,andagents.(Para.8),ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,publicity:n.1)theatt

47、entionthatsomeoneorsomethinggetsfromnewspapers,televisionetc公众的注意e.g.Standardsineducationhavereceivedmuchpublicityoverthelastfewyears.2)thebusinessofmakingsurethatpeopleknowaboutanewproduct,filmetcorwhataparticularfamouspersonisdoing宣传，广告e.g.Thepublicityforthebookwaspoorandsaleswerelow.,该书宣传工作没有做好，所

48、以销量不大。,近几年来，教育标准得到了公众的大量关注。,.,Task1Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriateformofthewordgivenandexplainitsmeaning.(P.41),ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,attached,entertaining,entertainment,attachment,1.entertainA.Frankieisknownthroughoutthe_businessasanenergeticperformer.B.ChildrensTVprogramsnowadaysar

49、emuchmore_thantheyusedtobe.2.attachA.Regularbabysitterscanbecomedeeply_tothechildrentheytakecareof.B.WhenIwasdoinganEnglishcourseinBrighton,Iformedastrong_totheotherstudentsinmyclass.,.,3.historyA.Thefilmdoesnttrytobe_accurate,butitisbasedlooselyonrealeventsandpeople.B.Inhisbook,Churchilldescribesth

50、at_firstmeetingwithRoosevelt.4.innovateA.Whenitwasfirstintroduced,theelectriccarwasdescribedasoneofthe10most_productsoftheyear.B._ininformationtechnologyhavecompletelytransformedthewaystudentswork.5.flawA.Eachpartyrejectedtheothersapproach,sayingitwas_.B.IhadthoughtthathewasanativeChinesebecausehesp

51、okein_Chinese.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,Innovations,innovative,historically,flawed,historic,flawless,.,6.controversyA.Therehasbeenahuge_overwheretoputthecitysnewsportsstadiumandwhoshouldbuildit.B.Hewroteavery_book,butIthinkhehasregretteditsince.7.reviseA.Hegavehisworktohisfriendto_,becausehefo

52、undithardtoseehisownmistakes.B.Thebookwentthroughseveral_beforethepublishermentateA.The_ontheOlympicGameswasmuchbetterontheotherchannel.B.Afterretiring,hebecamearadio_oncricketandrugby,andalsowroteaboutbothsportsforSundaynewspapers.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,revisions,revise,controversy,comment

53、ary,controversial,commentator,.,9.restrictA.However,thecompanyhasahighly_policywhichmakessuchdevelopmentdifficult.B.Increasingly,campaignersaredemandingthatcountriesimpose_onadvertisingaimedatchildren.10.heroA.Hewasfamedfor_deedsduringthewar.B.Americaspresentneedisnot_,butcalmdiplomacy.,ReadingFocus

54、VocabularyinAction,heroics,heroic,restrictive,restrictions,.,Task2,Readthefollowingsentencesanddecidewhichoftheitalicizedwordsfitseachofthesentences.(P42),ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,1.Employerscannotdiscriminateonthebasisofracialorethnic/ethicbackground.2.Alltypesofinsurancearehandledbothforpers

55、onalandcooperate/corporatecustomers.3.Policebelievethestrategic/tragicdeathof21-year-oldLeeRussellmaybelinkedtodrugabuse.4.Mostlybecauseofhisdefenseandathletic/aestheticability,hisplayingtimehasincreasedthelasttwoweeks.5.Wehavelookedatsomeofthekeyprinciplesthatunderlie/underlinemicroeconomics.,.,6.A

56、stack/stakeofcopieswaspiledupattheentrancetotheArtsLab.7.Thecriticalfactorsindeterminingthegrowthinthepresentstudyareallexternal;noneareextrinsic/intrinsictothescienceitself.8.Panhasbeenstrugglingfinancially:lastyearalone,advertisingrevenue/avenuefellby20%.9.Iwasconstantlyengraved/engrossedbytheproblemsoftime,space,quality,andothercategoriesofreason.10.Theaward/rewardceremonywillbeheldattheNationalFilmTheatertonight.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,.,Task3,Fi