环境工程专业英语复习总结

1、精品文档 汉译英&英译汉（Note Book）Unit1life expectancy(预期寿命) poverty-stricken(极其贫困，贫困不堪的)smog-laden air(充满烟雾的空气) 补：panic-stricken（极其恐慌的）global conditions(全球状况) haves and have-nots(富人和穷人) underprivileged（贫困的，社会地位低下的） savanna（热带草原，热带的稀树大草原） predator（捕食者，食肉动物） environmental disruptions（环境破坏）Unit5primary pollutant

2、 一次污染物 secondary pollutant 二次污染物air stagnation 空气停滞 nitrous oxide 氧化亚氮nitric oxide 一氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮soot 烟尘 dust 粉尘 smog 烟雾 ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂 pesticide 除虫剂Unit10treatment facilities: 处理设备，净化结构 municipality: 市政当局，自治市population equivalent: 人口当量 basement flooding: 地下室浸水per capital per day:

3、 每人每天 runoff: 排水，径流，溢出domestic sewage: 生活污水 the type of terrain: 地形种类Unit12land disposal 掩埋处置 fecal coliform 类大肠菌群 stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求 assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 现实出路 aquatic life 水生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的 endogenous phase 内源生长期Unit13flow monitorin

4、g 流量监测 equipment age and reliability 装备老化mechanistic facilities 机械设备 microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥 controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟 on-line automation 在线监测Unit14biological degradation 生物降解 equalization basin（pond） 均质池（塘）aeration basin（tank） 曝气池（槽） sludge flocs 污泥絮凝体s

5、ettling tank 沉降槽 dissolved oxygen 溶解氧biofilm 生物膜 suspended-growth 悬浮生长Unit21well-compacted landfill 夯实良好的填埋场 pulverized refuse 磨（研）碎的垃圾fluidized bed incineration 流化床焚烧 wet oxidation 湿式氧化anaerobic digestion 厌氧硝化/过程 nutrient source 营养源soil conditioners 土壤改良剂 mass-burning 大量燃烧municipal waste 城市垃圾Unit26

6、action 行为 biogeophysical environment 地球环境 surperficial analyses 肤浅（表面）分析 an identification of human concerns 个人的担忧 remedial action 补救行动，纠正措施relevant physical and biological factors 有关物质因素和生物因素 a spatial 无空间的 frame of reference 参照系（标准）Unit 1农药（pesticide） 化肥（chemical fertilizer） 有机废物（organic wastes） 微

7、生物（organism） 衰减（reduction） 阻滞的（retardant）稀释（dilute） 添加剂（additives） 合成塑料（synthetic plastic） 再生（regeneration/recovery）Unit 5正常浓度 normal concentration 严重污染的 heavily polluted决定因素 determing factors 光化学氧化物 photochemical oxide液体微滴 liquid droplet 放射性物质 radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidation 含硫的 sulf

8、uric（sulfur content）风化 weathering 汽车尾气 automobile exhaustUnit 7出口 outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 捕集效率 collection efficiency 机械洗涤 mechanical scrubbing（washing） 压力降 pressure drop 焚化炉 inciner furnace 气体离子 gas ions捕集板 collection board 炭黑 carbon-blackUnit 9肺囊 lung

9、pocket （lung-sac） 氟中毒 fluorosis 煤烟 soot 呼吸系统 respiratory system 过滤 filter 吸附 adsorb 浓度 concentration 硫化氢 hydrogen sulfide 硫化铅 lead sulfideUnit 13手动控制 operator control/ manual control 最优化 the most optimization微处理器 microprocessor 统计分析 statistical analysis质量衡算 mass balance 动力学 dynamics氧化还原 oxidation an

10、d reduction /redox 停留时间 residence time模拟 simulation 参数 parameter水解 hydrolysis 积分 integralUnit 25温度每升高10 every rise in temperature of 10内部调节机制 internal regulatory mechanisms一百万千瓦 one-million-kilowatt 热血动物 warm-blooded animals神经系统 nervous system 食物链 food chain非哺乳动物 non-mammalian 冷却系统 cooling system热力学

11、第二定律 the Second Law of ThermodynamicsUnit 26地理环境geographic environment 影响评价方法 methodologies for impact assessment替代方案的研究 study of alternatives有关环境质量的各组分相对值 the relative worth of various components of environmental quality环境质量标准criteria for environmental quality模型技术 modeling techniques基础数据 the data b

12、aseUnit71. The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter to move toward the periphery of the vessel and collect on the walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel.旋转运动产生的离心力使颗粒物移向锥体的外围然后沿外壁落入容器的底部（灰斗）。2. The basic filter collector or baghouse is capable of operat

13、ing in excess of 99% efficiency ,although satisfactory operation of the system is contingent upon the characteristics of the gas stream and the particulate matter being removed.尽管系统的良好的效率视所需处理的气流和颗粒物的性质而定，简单的过滤捕集器或布袋的除尘效果可达99%以上。3. The high energy scrubber ,or Venturi, imparts high velocity to the g

14、as stream by means of converging-diverging duct section ,and contacts the stream with injected water.高能除尘器或文丘里洗涤器通过收缩-扩大管截面使气流加速并与喷入的水雾接触。4. The gas is ionized by the high voltage discharge and the particulate matter is charged by the interaction of the gas ions.气体被高压放电进行电离，然后颗粒物在与气体离子的相互作用下带电。Unit9

15、1. Reduction in visibility results in a social cost due to slowdown of air traffic and the need for instrument-guided landing systems.能见度的降低导致了空中交通变缓和必须的导航系统需求，这些都增加了社会成本。2. These impacts are taken into consideration when sensitive components are designed ,and the required protective measures or des

16、ign modifications add to the cost of the item being produced.当设计中有敏感的组成时，应考虑这些影响，并且对该项目中所需保护措施或设计修改增加费用。Unit181.饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快的腐烂。 The most important characteristic of these wastes is that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather.2.除了在家庭产生饮食

17、废物外，在自助食堂，饭馆，医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发，零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的饮食废物 In addition to the amounts of food wastes generated at residences,considerable amounts are generated at cafeterias and restaurants, large institutional facilities such as hospitals and prisons,and facilities associated with the marketing of foods,incl

18、uding wholesale and retail stores and markets. 补充：一次污染物carbon monoxide(CO) carbon dioxid(CO2) sulfur dioxid(SO2) hydrogen sulfid(H2S)nitrogen oxides: nitric oxide (NO) nitrogen dioxide(NO2) nitrous oxide(N2O)ammonia(NH3)organic chemicals(methane(CH4) butane(C4H10) volatile organic compounds(VOCs)hyd

19、rogen fluoride (HF) hydrochloric acid(HCl)二次污染物 sulfur trioxide(SO3) sulfuric acid(H2SO4) sulphates(MSO4) nitric acid(HNO3) nitrates(MNO3) PAN(a group of peroxyacylnitrates)ozone(O3) aldehydes ketonePAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 多烷芳香烃类PAC polyaluminium chloride聚合氯化铝PAN peroxyacetyl nitrate过氧乙酰

20、硝酸酯PFC perfluorinated organic compound全氟化合物PFS polymeric ferric sulfate聚合硫酸铁PAS polymeric aluminum sulfate聚合硫酸铝HRT Hydraulic Retention Time水力停留时间SRT Sludge Retention Time污泥停留时间（污泥泥龄）TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需要量BOD biological oxygen demand 生化需氧量TOD total oxygen demand

21、 总需氧量DO dissolved oxygen溶解氧水生物 aquatic life 水污染疾病 waterborne diseases过氧酰基硝酸酯 peroxyacylnitrate （peroxide过氧化物 acyl酰基 nitrate硝酸盐）布袋过滤器fabric filter 沉淀池 settling pond卫生污水sanitary sewage 生活污水domestic sewage城市废水municipal wastewater 工业污水 industrial wastewater氯化物和硫酸盐chlorides and sulphates 初级处理 primary tre

22、atment二级处理 secondare treatment三级或高级处理 tertiary or advanced treatment反向渗透 reverse osmosis普通沉淀法 plain sedimentation单元操作 unit operations混凝/絮凝 coagulation/flocculation氯化（消毒）chlorination好氧呼吸 aerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸 anaerobic respirationUnit 11. Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrou

23、nds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste. 环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。2. System，according to websters dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the

24、 world or universe”. 依据韦伯斯特的字典，系统被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物；比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。3. Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or oth

25、er living organisms. 污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。Unit 51. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使它

26、们经常特别容易受频繁的空气流动和污积物的影响。2. By themselves , measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants , because threshold levels , synergy, and biological magnification are also determining factors.测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危险的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生物放大效应都是决定因素。Unit 71. Fabric filters usually

27、provide very high collection efficiencies, exceeding 99.5%, at pressure drops usually ranging from 4 to 6 inches of water. 布袋过滤器经常提供超过99.5%的很高的补集效率，压力降一般在46英寸水柱之间。2. The method of removal consists of passing the particle-laden gas through an electrostatic field produced by a high voltage electrode a

28、nd grounded collection surface.去除方法为使载满微粒的气体通过由一个高压电极和接地捕集板表面产生的静电区域。Unit 91. All of the examples identify local, observable, or measurable impacts, because it is very difficult to develop direct relationships between specific pollutants and effects for exposures over the longer term or at great dis

29、tances.这部分例子是局部的，可见的或可测量的。因为去研究分析那些被长期地、大面积地暴露的特殊污染物之间的关系是很困难的。2. The human respiratory system is quite efficient in filtering the larger particles out of the air we breathe.人类的呼吸系统善于将我们吸入空气中的较大颗粒物过滤出来。3. Some particles are particularly damaging because they adsorb gases which cause more intense irr

30、itation locally.某些颗粒的损坏尤其严重，因为它们可以吸附一些对局部造成更强烈刺激的气体。4. Damage to vegetation due to chronic exposure to atmospheric pollutants may be one of the more apparent precursor symptoms leading to identification of chronic air pollution.长期暴露于大气污染物中的植被所遭受的破坏也许是空气长期污染症状的一种较明显的前兆。5. Each pollutant affects the h

31、uman body differently, and records of effects have been assembled relating the intensity to the period of exposure for various pollutants.每种污染物对人体的影响不同，而且所收集的各种影响效果的记录都与暴露于各种污染物期间的强度有关。6. Fluorine affects plants at concentrations several orders of magnitude below that at which human health is affect

32、ed.氟对人体健康影响的浓度比它对植物影响的浓度低好几个数量级。Unit 101. The way we deal with the waste problem depends upon whether the contaminants are oxygen demanding, algae promoting, infectious, toxic, or simply unsightly. 我们处理污染问题是依据污染物是耗氧性的、营养型的、传染性的、有毒的，或是仅仅是感官污染。2. Tests for the few pathogens that might be present are d

33、ifficult and time consuming, and standard practice is to test for other more plentiful organisms that are always present in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. 对可能存在的病菌的检测不仅有难度并且很耗时，并且标准的实施是对其他许多存在于包括人类在内的热血动物肠道内的有机体进行的检测。 3. Differentiation between dissolved solids and undisso

34、lved, that is, suspended, solids are accomplished by evaporating filtered and unfiltered wastewater samples. 溶解性的固体和悬浮的非溶解性的固体的区分是通过把过滤的和非过滤的废水样品蒸发而实现的。 4. TOC is determined by measuring the amount of CO2 produced when the organic carbon in the sample is oxidized by a strong oxidizer and comparing i

35、t with the amount in a standard of known TOC. 总有机碳（TOC）是通过测量样品中的有机碳在一种强氧化剂的氧化作用下产生的二氧化碳的量，并与已知的总有机碳的标准对比而测得的。 5. The COD, or chemical oxygen demand, of the wastewater is the measured amount of oxygen needed to chemically oxidize the organics present.废水的化学需氧量（COD）是测量有机物质化学氧化时所需的氧量。6. The BOD, or bioc

36、hemical oxygen demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater. 生物化学需氧量（BOD）是测定废水中有机物质经驯化的(适应环境的)微生物生物降解时所需的氧量。 7. To measure the amount of biodegradable organics, we use an indirect method in which we measur

37、e the amount of oxygen used by a growing microbial population to convert (oxidize) organic matter to CO2 and H2O in a closed system. 为了测定可生物降解的有机物的量，我们采用一种间接的方法，即测定在一个封闭系统内利用成长中的微生物把有机物质转化（氧化）为二氧化碳和水时所需的氧量。 Unit 131. Coagulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too sma

38、ll for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized and clustered together for faster settling.混凝/絮凝法是一种化学物理过程，那些太小的用普通沉降法不能去除的颗粒具有在这个过程中失去稳定性能成团的特点，从而能较快地沉淀。Unit 141. The primary clarifier is used for removal fo grit, oily and fattlyl material and gross solid material, while the equali

39、zation basin is used to dampen wastewater flow bariations and to provide more uniform organic loading to the activated sludge system.预净化池用来处理沙砾、油和脂肪以及总固体物，而均质池则对废水流率的变化进行缓冲同时使活性污泥系统的有机负荷更加均匀。2. This is partly the result of the fact that recirculation of the biomass,which is an integral part of the p

40、rocess, allows microorganisms to adapt to changes in wastewater composition with a relatively short acclimation time and also allows a greater degree of control over the acclimated bacterial population.这部分是基于生物质循环这一结果，生物质循环是整个工艺的一部分，它可以使微生物在相对较短的驯化时间内适应废水组分的变化，并能在较大程度上控制驯化菌的数量。3. The end-products, i.e. , alcohols and acids, from those reactions will enter t