语言学第四章

1、Chapter 4:SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sente

2、nces are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker a

3、re known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the oth

4、er.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are co

5、mmonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words

6、and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which change

7、s a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s_ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s_ is a structurally independent

8、unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subje

9、ct is grammatically called p_.19. A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o_ categories in the sense that new words a

10、re constantly added.22. A _ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between a

11、nd among natural languages.24. The theory of C_condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A sentence is considered _ when it does not co

12、nform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have _ p

13、roperties.27. A. recursive B. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Sy

14、ntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to mo

15、dify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is _.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number.A. largeB.

16、 smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What