四级基础写作-五.ppt

1、四级基础写作之段落结构,四级写作的题型应用文：书信，告示，简历论说文：观点对立型，解决问题型，现象阐述型,文章的一般结构：标题引言部分：引言铺垫+全文中心主题拓展部分：段落主题+支持扩展结论部分：过渡总结+引申建议,引言部分（Introduction):MotorcyclesandCityTrafficItisgenerallyacknowledgedthatthemotorcycleplaysanimportantpartinpeopleslives.However,thereisanongoingheateddiscussionastowhetheritisablessingoracurs

2、e.,引言部分作用：1）阐明并限定主题2）提供相关背景信息3）引出中心思想4）吸引读者注意,开头段方法：背景介绍,开头段方法一背景介绍（一般一句话即可）WasteoncampusItpaystobehonestHarmfulnessoffakecommoditiesTwo-dayweekendHowtosucceedinajobinterview?Isfailureabadthing?,DisposableproductsDisposableproductsaregainingincreasingpopularityinChina.Nowtheypracticallybecomepartofo

3、urlife:Wehavedisposalchopsticks,disposalcups,disposalclothesIndeedweareinathrowawaysociety.,替换：Becomemoreandmorepopular=gainincreasingpopularity,背景介绍的常用句型,WiththedevelopmentofmodernsocietyRecentlythephenomenonofhasarousedconsiderableconcern.Recentlytheissueofhasbeenbroughtintofocus.Recentyearshavewi

4、tnessedasubstantialincrease/decreaseinNowadaysoneofthepressingproblemsconfrontingoursocietyis,Thesedayshasbecomeacommonoccurrenceinourdailylife.,Thesedays,oftenhitstheheadlinesofnewspaper.Itiswidelyacceptedthathasgainedincreasingpopularity.,方法二：场景描写小故事，小对话，独白Canmoneybuyeverything?“IfonlyIcouldbeamil

5、lionaire!”LasttimewhenIwentoutshoppingIoverheardacryutteredbyalittleboywhenfacedwiththousandsoftoysondisplay.,场景描述题的常用句型,ThecaseisnotuniqueThisisacommonsight.Therearefewplaceswhereyoucannotexpecttofindsuchstories.Likeinthestory,manypeoplehavethesameexperience.,方法三引用数据e.g.StudentUseofComputerAccordin

6、gtothebarchart,thereweregreatchangesinthetimestudentsspendoncomputersinthepasttenyears.Thetimeincreaseddramaticallyfrom2hoursin1990to4in1995andthento18in2000.,方法四大意总结法ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewith

7、themandtheythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.,ThereisnoconcensusofopinionsamongpeopleastowhetherornotweshouldWhenitcomesto,peoplesviewsvaryfromonetoanother.Whenaskedabout,adivergenceofopinionsarises.,Currently,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionontheissueofSomeholdthatwhileothersfirmlybelievethatPeoplew

8、hoareagainststh.holdthat;others,however,arguethat,方法五：引用名言Asthewell-knownproverbgoes,“practicemakesperfect.”,FrancisBacononcesaid,knowledgeispower,butinthereallife,thereisanotherseeminglymorepracticalversionofthisdistinguishedargument,“moneyispower”,Asthewell-knownproverbgoes,.SuchistheremarkmadebyT

9、hisviewhasbeenconfirmedtimeandagainbyanincreasingnumberofpeople.Andthesameattitudeissharedbymanypeople.,主题段落的写法,段落的结构主题句（topicsentence)扩展句（development)小结（conclusion),主题句的写法,Atopicsentencestatesthetopicandacontrollingideaconcerningthattopic.Topic:fakecommodities,honesty,disposableplasticbags,recreati

10、onalactivitiesControllingidea(限定词）e.g.Hobbiesareimportantformanyreasons.,Reasons,causes,factors,elementThemainreasonswhysuchaphenomenontakesplaceareasfollowsThecauses/factorsofThereasonsforthephenomenon,whicharequiteobvious,canbelistedasfollows.,ThreereasonsareresponsibleforSeveralfactorscanaccountf

11、orthisidea/phenomenonhasmanyadvantages/disadvantages/benefits/negativeeffects/favorableaspectsThewayto/Theprocedureof,拓展句的写法分析原因万能理由：如：developmentofeconomyadvanceoftechnologyimprovementofpeopleslivingstandardchangeofideas/notions,WasteoncampusChangesinpeoplesdietItpaystobehonestStudentuseofcomputerC

12、anmoneybuyhappiness,beresponsibleforbethereasonforresultfromcontributetoleadtocauseasaresultbeduetobeaconsequenceofbearesultof,2.列举影响比如：假冒伪劣产品的危害不诚信的社会影响娱乐活动的负面影响一次性塑料袋的影响污染的害处数码产品的影响,常用句型和短语willexertanundesirableinfluenceonThenegativeeffectsofareobvious.areharmfulontwolevels.Isbeneficialinmorethano

13、neways.,TheimmediateresultitproducesisThepositiveeffects,whicharegenerallyacknowledged,arepresentedbelow.Itmaygiverisetoahostofproblems.leavesomeseriousconsequences.,3.例证说明例证必须与主题紧密相关例证必须能够充分证明主题例证安排有逻辑性故事，亲身经历，合理想象，大众常识,故事/亲身经历：合理想象：假如大众常识：学习电脑可以丰富学生们的学习内容。,StudentUseofComputer,For,Forinstance,Fore

14、xample,_Onecaseinpointis_Anothercaseinpointis_Anotherconvincingexampleis_Toillustratemypoint,Icanthinkofnobetterthan_,4.分类分析FrancisBacononcesaid,“somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.,文学类，自然类，哲学类大气污染，水污染，土壤污染音乐电影,段落中的衔接过渡词1）表示层次First,firstofall,aboveall,inthefir

15、stplace,foronething,tobeginwith,FirstandforemostSecond,third,besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,next,also,whatismore,equallyimportant,whatisworseFinally,eventually,mostimportantofall,worstofall,表示作者态度Generallyspeaking,inasense,tosomeextent,obviously,asforme,indeed,Inmyview,asamatteroffact,ofcou

16、rse,surely,AsfarasIamconcernedUnfortunately,anyway,especially,actuallyNodoubt,undoubtedly,needlesstosay,表示因果关系的连词Because,BecauseofAs,since,for,owingto,dueto,thanksto,Onaccountof,Asaresultof,Forthisreason,thus,so,hence,therefore,accordingly,表示举例关系的连词Forexample,forinstanceTakeasanexampleThatis,asanill

17、ustrationSuchasNamely,Inthiscase,表示让步关系Although,eventhough,nevertheless,However,admittedly,still,itistrue.butAfterallInspiteof,表示对比关系的：Similarly,thesameasIncommon,InthesamewayOnthecontraryWhereas,whileInstead,Incontrast,RatherthanConversely,结尾段,概括全文呼应主题结构完整,方法一：主旨总结e.g.RecreationalactivitiesTosumup,

18、recreationalactivitiescandoalotmoregoodthanbadtostudentsaslongastheycanmakebestuseoftheirtimeandraisetheefficiencyoftheirstudy.,Toconclude/onthewholeItiswisetosupportthatInshort,giventhefactorsIhavejustoutlined,itissafetodrawtheconclusionthatItisnotdifficulttogettheconclusionthatIfwetakeacarefulcons

19、ideration,wecandrawtheconclusionthat,方法二建议措施比如：2008.12disposableplasticbagse.g.Strictermeasuresshouldbetakentopreventdisposableplasticbagsfromwidelyusing.Peopleshouldbefurthereducatedtoincreasetheirawarenessofconservation.Lawsmustbeexecutedtobantheuseofplasticbags.Moreimportantly,newtechnologymustbeusedtoproducemorerecycleproducts.；,TomakeourcitiesgreenerInordertomakeourcitiesgreenersothateveryonecanleadabetterlife,weshouldtakestepsimmediately.Governmentshouldissuestrictlawsandregulationsregardingplantingandprotectingtrees.,StudentUseofComputersStudentswhoareindulgedincompute