英语语言学精品考研10套试题

1、Model Test 1I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%)1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called _ linguistics. A. particularB. generalC. or

2、dinaryD. generative 2. ( ) _ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.A. Phones B. SoundsC. PhonemesD. Speech sounds 3. ( ) The two clauses in a _ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simple B. complete C. complex D. coordinate 4. ( ) What is act

3、ually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a _ system of grammatical knowledge.A. phrase B. sentenceC. ruleD. symbol 5. ( ) “I like this shirt very much.” has _ arguments. A. one B. twoC. three D. four 6. ( ) If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communi

4、cation, it becomes _.A. a sentence B. an actC. a unit D. an utterance7. ( ) _ involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.A. Apocope B. EpenthesisC. MetathesisD. Assimilation 8. ( ) The goal of _ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of s

5、peech communities and indifferent social situations. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics 9. ( ) For_, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible.A. WatsonB. PlatoC. A

6、ristotleD. Bloomfield 10. ( ) The meaning of a word or phrase depends largely on the communicative_. A. content B. contextC. responseD. answer I. 1-5 BADCB 6-10 DCBDBII. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a

7、clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% 10=10%) 11. Language is a system consisting of two s_ of structures, or two levels. 12. English is an i_ language. 13. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called p_. 14. Words a

8、nd phrases are organized according to the syntactic c_. 15. P_ structure rules allow us to better understand how words and phrases form sentences, and so on. 16. P_ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 17. Most of the violations

9、of the four maxims give rise to c_ implicatures. 18. Many languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of f_. 19. The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h_, one on the right and one on the left. 20. When we listen,

10、 the word is heard and comprehended via W_ area. II. 11. sets 12. intonation 13. prefixes14. categories 15. Phrase16. Pragmatics 17. conversational 18. formality 19. hemispheres 20. Wernickes . Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for fal

11、se in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%10=20%) 21. ( ) In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation.22. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly

12、 descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.23. ( ) Distinctive features are the same to any language. 24. ( ) One of the clauses in a coordinate sentence is subordinate to the other. 25. ( ) In English and many other languages, the subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precede

13、s the verb. 26. ( ) Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. 27. ( ) The most vigorous and on going change in the historical development of a language is the change in its vocabulary. 28. ( ) A creole language is originally a pidgin that has become est

14、ablished as a native language in some speech community. 29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the souls discourse with itself. 30 .( ) SLA stands for second language acquisition. . 21-25 TFFFF 26-30 TTTFT IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.

15、 (3%10=30%)31. design features 32. free morpheme 33. synonymy 34. predication 35. slang 36. Move 37. semantic shift38. speech community39. cerebral cortex40. overt thought31. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communicatio

16、n. For example, arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement and cultural transmission.32. Free morphemes are morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. For example, help, table, able, etc.33. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity o

17、f meaning. The relations between lorry and truck, room and chamber are examples of synonymy. 34. Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It is the basic unit in the semantic analysis of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate. For example, the predication

18、 of the sentence “Tom smokes.” can be said to consist of the argument “TOM” and the predicate “SMOKE” and the predication can be written as TOM (SMOKE). 35. Slang is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral co

19、inages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness. The central characteristic of a slang comes from the motive for its use: a desire for novelty, for vivid emphasis, for membership in a particular group or class of people whose “community argot” may be incomprehensi

20、ble to an outsider, or for being up with the times or a little ahead. For example, grassa criminal slang for informer, brokehaving no money, chicksyoung women. 36. Move refers to the general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. is a Greek symbol used here

21、to represent any constituent, and what Move says is “move any constituent to any place”. Obviously, this rule is simply too powerful and it will generate ungrammatical sentences. To solve this problem grammar should include some conditions to restrain the movement power of Move rule and to stimulate

22、 that only “certain constituents” can move to only “certain positions”.37. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning. For example, the word “silly” meant “happy” in Old English, and “naive” in Middle English,

23、 but “foolish” in Modern English. “Fond” used to mean “foolish”, but in Modern English it means “like very much”.38. In sociolinguistic studies, the social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community. A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community

24、and share the same language or a particular variety of language. An example of the speech community is the American Black Community. 39. Cerebral cortex, the outside surface of the brain, is the most important part of the brain. The cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages

25、 from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions. Many of the cognitive abilities that distinguish humans from other mammals, such as sophisticated reasoning, linguistic skills, and musical ability, are believed to reside in the cortex. 40. Language and thought may be viewed as inde

26、pendent circles overlapping in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speech as “overt thought”.V. Answer

27、the following questions. (10%2=20%) 41. Why is productivity unique to language? 42. How is Saussures distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinstion between competence and performance? 41. The productivity of language is the property which enables its users to construct and und

28、erstand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including the novel utterances that they have never said nor heard before. This feature is unique to human language because most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their

29、users can send and receive. For example, a gibbon call system lacks productivity, for gibbons draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible; and bee dancing is used only to indicate nectar sources, which is the only kind of message that can

30、 be sent through the dancing.42. According to Fde Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his langua

31、ge, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. From these definitions we find that both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out the language system for ser

32、ious study.Model Test 2I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%10=20%)1. ( ) A _ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining t

33、he highest position.A. back B. centralC. front D. middle2. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is _. A.i:B.:C.:D.u: 3. ( ) An embedded clause functions as a _ unit in its matrix clause.A. structuralB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. linear 4. ( ) Phrase structure rules have _ properties.A. recursiveB. grammat

34、icalC. double D. many5. ( ) Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different _ dialects. A. personal B. regionalC. socialD. professional6. ( ) _ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. Pragmatics B. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism 7. ( )

35、 Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent _. A. regular but not systematicB. irregular and systematicC. regular and systematicD. irregular but systematic 8. ( ) To date, about _ language families have been documented in historical linguistic literature.A. thirtyB. forty

36、C. fifty D. sixty 9. ( ) Language disorder resulting from a damage to _ area in the brain reveals word- finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Wernickes B. BrocasC. Gages D. Genies10. ( ) The development of linguistic skills involves the acquisition of _ rules rather than the mere memoriza

37、tion of words and sentences. A. morphologicalB. grammaticalC. linguistic D. syntactic I. 1-5 CCBAB 6-10 ACABB II. Directions: Fill in the blanks in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and yo

38、u are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% 10=10%) 11. IPA stands for International Phonetic A_. 12. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called s_ features. 13. Semantically, the meaning of a c_ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning

39、s of its components. 14. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the l_, generate sentences at the level of D structure. 15. In semantic analysis, p_ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. 16. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different r_ in different situations. 17. C

40、_ is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. 18. P_ studies language in relation to the mind. 19. Research has shown that different aspects of language processing appear to be more characteristic of the l_ hemisphere than the other. 20. The development of a first or native la

41、nguage is called first language a _. II. 11. Alphabet12. suprasegmental 13. compound 14. lexicon 15. prediction 16. references 17. Compounding 18. Psycholinguistcs 19. left 20. acquisition . Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false

42、in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%10=20%) 21. ( ) The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech. 22. ( ) Both phonology and phonetics are studie

43、s of speech sounds. 23. ( ) The root of a word is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 24. ( ) Some languages have ways of referring to some entity, some languages dont. 25. ( ) Reference is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. 26. ( ) A locutionary act is the act of co

44、nveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. 27. ( ) Historical linguistics studies language change. 28. ( ) SAE stands for Standard American English. 29. ( ) The language system provides all specifics of ones world view. 30. ( ) A large proportion of grammatical errors in sec

45、ond language acquisition can be explained by mother tongue interference. . 21-25 TTFFF 26-30 TT TFF IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%10=30%)31. narrow transcription 32. simple sentence 33. hyponymy 34. compounding 35. euphemism 36. morpheme

46、37. reference 38. context39. creole 40. subvocal speech31. Narrow transcription is one of the two ways to transcribe speech sound with letter-symbols together with the diacritics which can help to make finer distinctions of speech sounds than the letters alone make possible. For example, it. Narrow

47、transcription is required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. 32. A simple sentence consists of a simple clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. For example, We study linguistics.33. Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between

48、 a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word, such as the relation between animal and tiger, lion, wolf, leopard.34. Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit. For example, moonwalk, pickpocket, weather beaten, diving board. 35. A euphemism is a w

49、ord or expression that is thought to be mild, indirect, or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression. For example, pass awaydie, in the family waypregnant, advanced in ageold. 36. The smallest meaningful components at the lowest level o

50、f a word are called morphemes, such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach” “-er”, “dark”, and “-en” in “manly”, “teacher” and “darken”. The meaning morphemes convey may be of two kinds: lexical meaning such as “man”, “-ly”, “teach”, “-er” and grammatical meaning such as “-es”, “-ed”, and “-ing” in “teaches” “ pla

51、yed” and “raining”. 37. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “The dog is barking.” We must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation

52、; the word “dog” refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “dog” in this particular situation.38. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language since it contributes so much to the interpretation of an utterance. Generally spea

53、king, it consists of the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 39. A creole is o

54、riginally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a creole. For example, Melanesian Pidgin

55、 is now an official, standard language, a creole in New Guinea. 40. Language and thought may be viewed as independent circles overlapping in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without the other. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech”, and speech as “overt thought”.V. Answer the following questions. (10%2=20%) 41. What are th