48个英语国际音标表必备学习

1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的

2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot

3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作

4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical

5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改

6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。48个英语国际音标表48个国际音标表短元音I e A Q R J长元音i: B: R: u: :双元音eI aI RI IEe J J aJ 清辅音p t k f W s F h浊辅音b d g v T z V m n N l r j w双辅音tF

7、dV dr tr ts dz英语国际音标共48个，其中20个元音，20个辅音，3个鼻音，2个半元音，3个似拼音元音12个单元音长元音i: B: R: u: :短元音I e A Q R J8个双元音: eI aI RI IEe J J aJ辅音10对清辅音 p t k f W s F tr ts tF浊辅音b d g v T z V dr dz dV3个鼻音 m n N3个似拼音 h r l2个半元音 w j巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。关于语音的几个概念

8、: AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language（简称AHD）KK音标是一套用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。DJ是根据英国学者Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)中的标音而来. 英式读音根据的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 英语正音辞典。它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音

9、，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号 (IPAInternational Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素. 音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅

10、音. 开音节: 1) 辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e 如:kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2) 辅音+元音 如:he hi go no do be tree three hello 闭音节:1)辅音+元音+辅音 :sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head 2)元音+辅音 如: it is of in on up out ant A chicken is in the kitchen. / A horse is in the house. A mouse is in the cats mouth.

11、A sheep eats some beef and drinks some green tea1 元音:1) i: 字母组合:ee ea e iethree tree green sheep meet beef see seek eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean piece receive ceiling 2) 发音字母 i y esit ture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionarydefect d

12、ecide delicious 3) 发音字母 abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man 4) e 字母组合 ea e ahead bread pleasureelephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yesmany any 5) :字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse t

13、urtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heardterm her nerd servework worm work world 6) 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powderdoctor actor mayor author tractordelicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington cont

14、rol around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan chinamen listen famulus Saturday 7) B: 字母组合 ar acar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm 8) Q发音字母 u o ou oo up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourishblood flood9) R:字母组

15、合 al or au our arsmall wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumnfour mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter 10) R发音字母 o ahot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch 11) u: 字母组合 oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom

16、 goose toothshoe do twotrue truth blue full prude12)J字母组合 oo ou u olook good foot book wood should could put full bull pull pushwoman wolf 13) eI 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plainthey grey 14) aI 发音字母 i y bike fine find die nine light ni

17、ght high my try fly eye15) aJ 字母组合 ou ow house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouseflower down now cow how town16) J 发音字母 o ow oa home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flowboat coat goal17) RI 字母组合oy oiboy toy joy oil soil voice choice 18) IE字母组合 eer ear be

18、er deer ear near here fierce idea19) P 字母组合ear air erepear bear chair air fair there wherecare20) J字母组合our ower hour tour flower shower 2 容易混淆的元音 A e bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said i： eI real rail greet great mean main read raid e aIbet bite red write said side head hide aJ R:

19、house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn aJ Qfound fond down done gown gone town ton A Q fan fun tan tun san son tank tun 3辅音 1) pen pear play pig pour pull push 2) book big boot bike bread break 3) t tree two ten ton town twenty city 4) d door dull desk dose do dog dictiona

20、ry 5) k king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k) card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c) fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x) school schedule schema (字母组合ch) 6) g girl good goal goat grade long language 7) m man make moon morning move come comb 8) n pen ten nine fine night noon moon

21、 clean 9) N uncle bank English think thank junksing king morning evening 10) l long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal soul 11) r read red right run room write 12) f five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife cough laugh rough physic photo phone 13) v very evening even every v

22、oice vest of 14) s six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s) license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c) piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce) 15) z zoo zebra zero zap close nose hose suppose pause those whose 16) W think thank three thirty tooth mouth 17) T that this thos

23、e these though 18) F sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash nation attention station social special 19) V sure pleasure 20) h hot hop home house horse how who 21) w when what where window wind wood 22) j yes year yell you your yolk yellow 23) tFchild chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach 24) d

24、V age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July June junk 25) tr tree country try treat track trunk 26) dr dry dream drop drive drink 27) ts students boots boats goats nuts 28) dz goods woods moods hoods 4容易混淆的辅音 v w vest west vet wet vine wine very well s W sink think mass math mi

25、ss myth sort sought z T close cloth breeze breathe n N thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing 5字母、组合音节发音规律 1）a eI late private grade bake grape nation station page A active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept about above formative machine cinema B: fast last glass class past father

26、R wash what watch want 2）e i: appreciate extremely secret she me he e letter left message generate pebble I decide pretty previous result restore problem prosperous student confident 不发音active table late wife store lecture 3）i aI high price library ice-cream wife size line I fist chicken piano fianc

27、 city unit 4）o J lode host cold note okay old home u: lose do who whose prove Q love some other mother honey company today tomorrow together control collect R lost hot mock office soft honest 5）u ju:university refuse unique universe huge Jput push pull full bull Q but brush bucket duck bubble suppor

28、t suggest 6）c k country camp camera courage cable s city ceiling celebrate cell cease 7）g g girl grade glass glade bag flag dV village vegetable bridge gentleman gym N long song sing morning evening 8) l l 读音不同 listen learn language collect English gorilla world cold soil tall sell cool animal 9) n

29、n moon night noodle number N uncle hungry angry young 10) r rright read write grade progress R: card board door floor form north 11）y j yellow year yell young yolk I university country pretty happy aI dyke dying fly buy by my 12）ar B: farm card garden mark dollar R: warm quarrel quarter 13) ea i: ce

30、ase season breathe feature meat please e bread breast breath meadow weather eI great break aI idea realize 14) ear: learn earth earn heard IE hear near clear ear fear 15) er: deserve serve her person teacher driver anger singer IE serious experience mysterious fierce 16） ere IE here mere fere sere e

31、 there 17) ir : shirt girl skirt aI admire desire 18) oo u: room tool cool moon noon goof food J good foot stood wood wool cook wood book Q blood flood R: door floor 19) orR: short form corn born for : work world worm word worst tractor doctor actor sector senior senator 20) oor R: door floor u: moo

32、r poor boor 21) our J tour flour bourgeois lour hourR:pour court four mourn22) ouaJ house mouth mouse sound found Q enough trouble touch delicious gracious prosperous 23) ow J window meadow know show low aJ now town how down cow 24) se z s nose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house 25) th W thank

33、think thought cloth T clothes that this then than 26) sion Fn propulsion tension progression passion Vn protrusion provision conclusion television 27) tion Fn station nation translation Fn attention tFn question 英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little

34、knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find.

35、 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love neve

36、r changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22

37、、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、D

38、ont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not liv

39、e to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who he

40、lp themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a