Lecture One General Introduction to 报刊选读10年8月28日

1、Selected Articles from American and British Newspapers and Magazines,Sun Hongmei,Warming-up Questions,Can you name some of the newspapers you have ever read? What are the basic elements of a newspaper? How do you usually read English newspaper? If you come across some new words, what do you usually

2、do?,What is News?,New information of any kind, information previously unknown North, east, west, south 相传在报纸问世之前，英国人爱把每天发生的新鲜事都写在纸上，然后张贴在公共场所的专栏里，一般是有四个栏目，顶端分别表明N，E，W，S，后来逐渐形成News一词。（新民晚报 1995年1月10日）这种情况究竟是当初初创词偶然巧合的结果，还是为表达某种深邃的思想而有意设定的，目前尚不得而知。但我们却从中得知一个道理：真正的新闻确实是，也应该是，来自东南西北四方的天下事。 Information a

3、bout recent events or happenings, especially as reported by newspapers, periodicals, radio, or television., 时效性（timeliness)/（freshness)时新性 指新闻事件是新进发生的，是社会大众所不知道的，包含时间近、内容新两个含义。 Significance or impact（重要性） It must mean something to people. It can arouse peoples concern and have a certain kind of infl

4、uence on people 一般而言，新闻事实对国计民生的影响越大，新闻价值也随之递增。,News value determiners/determinants 构成新闻价值的要素,Prominence 显著性 指新闻中的人物、地点、事件越是著名，越是突出，就越具有新闻价值。 Names make news.（名人出新闻）这被认为是西方新闻界的一个常理。（看目录） Unusualness, bizarreness; oddity; novelty 新奇性/奇异性 When a dog bites a man that is not news, but when a man bites a

5、dog that is (big) news. (见课本12页） Bad news is good news.坏消息才算好消息。,Functions of News,On the surface at least, the objective of news is to inform the audience. Its the job of all the news media to tell people whats going on in their community - locally, nationally or globally.,Progaganda宣传 为自身利益而不惜歪曲事实

6、的一种说教 宣传部 the Publicity Department But the media are also businesses - and like all businesses they have to make money to keep going. Audiences today can get news and information from many different sources. This increased competition is putting pressure on media outlets to attract advertising dolla

7、rs to keep them running. This is especially true for privately owned media, but its also a concern for publicly owned media that need to attract audiences and ad revenues to survive.,Media outlets have to cater to their audiences, and they compete with one another to provide what they think their cu

8、stomers want. This can certainly mean honest and factual news reporting. But it can also mean shorter, more exciting stories; flashy, sexy, or shocking images; crime, death, disaster, tragedy; confrontation, violence, controversy; or anything else that might attract viewers or readers. When taken to

9、 extremes (as in the tabloid newspapers or television shows), news can become just another type of sensational entertainment. To influence,Brief Introduction to British and American Newspapers,A newspaper is a printed periodical whose purpose is to deliver news and other information in an up-to-date

10、, factual manner. Newspapers appear most commonly in daily editions, but may also be issued twice a day or weekly. While the content of a newspaper varies, it generally consists of a predetermined combination of news, opinions, and advertising.,The advertising content of a newspaper can be divided i

11、nto two parts, classified and display. Classified ads 分类广告 Display advertising 图片广告 Classified ads are small, text-only items obtained via telephone and set into the format by the classified advertising representative. Display ads are obtained by sales representatives employed by the newspaper who a

12、ctively solicit local businesses for this larger, more visually oriented ad space.,Public officials in ancient Rome posted news of the day in a public space, but it was not until the invention of the printing press in the late Middle Ages that mass-produced printed matter became possible. One hundre

13、d fifty years after the invention of printing from movable type by Johannes Gutenberg (古腾堡,德国活版印刷发明人) in 1447, the first regular newspaper, appeared in Germany in the early 17th century . 1609年，索恩在德国出版了艾维苏事务报，每周出版一次，这是世界上最早定期出版的报纸。不久，报纸便在欧洲流行起来，消息报道的来源一般都依赖于联系广泛的商人。,History,日报首次发行于1650年，是德国人蒂莫特里茨出版的

14、。虽然只发行了3个月左右，但却是世界上第一份日报。 报纸指以刊载新闻和新闻评论为主，通常散页印刷，不装订、没有封面的纸质出版物。有固定名称，面向公众，定期、连续发行。现在多数报纸每日出版一次或数次，也有每周出版几次或每周出版一次的。这种意义上的报纸只出现在现代社会，古代社会的“报纸”或不是纸质的，或不是印刷的，或非定期、连续发行，一定意义上也不是面向公众的。,现代报纸的直接起源是德国15世纪开始出现的印刷新闻纸（单张单条的新闻传单）。一般把1615年创刊的法兰克福新闻视为第一张“真正的”报纸，因为该报有固定名称、每周定期出版一次、每张纸上印有数条而不是单条新闻（但是该报是单面印刷）。 “报纸”

15、的英文一词（Newspaper）最早出现于1665年英国第一家报纸牛津公报上。1650年在德国莱比锡出现最早的日报新到新闻，但是日报成为报纸的主角，是在18世纪以后。日报的普及，标志着一个国家或地区的新闻业得以成熟，因为日报的连续出版，对信息的采集和发送、印刷技术、新闻人员的素质和管理人员的水平，都提出了较高的要求。,初期的报纸和杂志是混同的，有新闻，也有各种杂文和文学作品，简单地装订成册。对于这个时期的报纸和杂志，通常笼统地称“报刊”，英国、法国、中国早期的“报刊”概念，便是在这个意义上使用的。英国和法国从18世纪起，报纸与杂志开始明显地分离，中国在本土出现现代“报刊”后约二十年，报纸和杂志

16、的分野得到明确。,报纸可以作为商品，也可以作为政治斗争的宣传品。历史上，西方发达国家的报纸大多经历了三个发展时期：官报时期、党报时期和商业报纸时期。在官报时期，报纸对于封建王权来说.主要是政治斗争的宣传品，但对于特许经营报纸的出版商来说，它是一种通过出售而获利的商品。党报时期，相当多的报纸从属于各个政党或派别，为各自的利益作宣传，但也存在较大的有明显政治倾向的商业性报纸。 19世纪中叶，美国、英国等主要资本主义国家的多数报纸，每份报纸的价格便宜到只是本国货币的最小单位（美分、便士）。当报纸面向下层公众之时，它们开始最大限度地争取公众，以赢利为主要目的。于是，党报时期结束，进入了商业报纸时期。

17、为了最大限度地扩大发行量，报纸除了刊登新闻和强化新闻的平民化外，越来越多地增加了娱乐方面的内容。在与电子媒介的竞争中，报纸新闻的深度报道得到更大的重视。,The first English-language newspaper, the Weekly Newes, began publishing in England in 1622. Over the next few generations, small pamphlets and broadsheets were the primary source of printed information in both England and

18、the colonies of North America, although they were generally geared toward business matters. One of the first newspapers in the U.S. was Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick, which began appearing in Boston in 1690.,These early prototypes of the newspaper eventually developed into publicati

19、ons that appeared on a more regular basis in localized geographic areas. At the time of the American Revolution, 35 newspapers were published in the 13 colonies. Many of these papers and their successors over the next few generations were concerned with political issues of the day and were rather ex

20、pensive. This changed during the 1830s, however, when technology and publicity popularized penny papers. The New York Sun was one of the first of these to gain widespread readership.,外型特征： 总的来说，比我国的报纸要厚， 版数要多的多。 与我国报纸的第一个不同之处是版本（edition）的区别，即中国报纸， 不管发行覆盖地域面积多大，从南到北， 从东到西， 都是一个版本。如，中国青年报，在北京和上海分别印刷的都

21、是一个相同的版本。全国性报纸只有人民日报一家有不同的版本-华东版和华南版。而英美报纸的惯常做法是一般都出几个editions, 第一个版本截稿时间较早，印刷较早，发往最远处，以后的版本在内容上有所不同，主要是新闻消息的更新。这是编辑们在编完第一个版本后根据不断接受到的最新消息更新稿件内容和版面，当然也有部分内容的更换是根据版本目的读者对象而决定的。,传统分类： 3大类： 全国性日报及星期日报national daily paper; Sunday paper 地方日报及晚报local daily paper; local evening paper 地方周刊和双周刊local weekly p

22、aper; local biweekly paper 这三类报纸有明显地分工和区别。 英国人喜欢从内容性质上分类： 质量类（quality paper）-内容比较严肃的报纸；如泰晤士报、卫报(The Guardian)和独立报(The Independent) 通俗类（popular）-大众化的报纸， 每日镜报(Daily Mirror) 中间市场类：(mid-market papers)界乎两者之间的,Traditionally newspapers could be split into quality, serious-minded newspapers (usually referre

23、d to as broadsheets due to their large size) and tabloid, less serious newspapers. However, due to considerations of convenience of reading, particularly in cafs and on trains etc., The Independent and The Times have both recently switched to a compact-sized format, traditionally used by tabloids. T

24、he Guardian switched in September 2005 to a Berliner format, a few centimetres wider than a compact, and about 10 centimetres (4 inches) taller. Sunday serious-minded newspapers have tended to keep the broadsheet format due to considerations of size, as to maintain the same level of content in a tab

25、loid paper would result in a single section many would find too thick, heavy and cumbersome. Conveniently, fewer people read their Sunday newspaper on a crowded train.,Wall Street Journal USA Today New York Times Los Angles Times Washington Post New York Daily News Chicago Daily News Chicago Tribune

26、 Free Press San Francisco Chronicle Chicago Sun-Times Boston Globe Inquirer Star-Ledger Dalas Morning News,华尔街日报 今日美国报 纽约时报 洛杉矶时报 华盛顿邮报 纽约每日新闻 芝加哥每日新闻 芝加哥论坛报 自由新闻报 旧金山纪事报 芝加哥太阳时报 波士顿环球报 问讯报 明星纪事报 达拉斯晨报,Top 15 Daily Newspapers in the U.S. (circulation),Wall Street Journal -The Journal newspaper prima

27、rily covers U.S. and international business and financial news and issuesthe papers name comes from Wall Street, the street in New York City which is the heart of the financial district. It is a must for entrepreneurs for it mainly focuses on the development in economic field. Wall Street Journal is

28、 a U.S. daily national newspaper, the most influential American business-oriented paper and one of the most respected dailies in the world.,Beginning in the Great Depression, the Wall Street Journal began to feature more articles, reviews, and opinion on other subjects. Published in New York City an

29、d with regional editions printed across the country, it has one of the highest daily circulations of any U.S. newspaper. (It is a newspaper with a daily circulation of 2,000,000. It has so large a circulation as to make any other newspapers envious.) It is also published in Asian, European, and othe

30、r special editions.,USA Today - National U.S. daily general-interest newspaper, the first of its kind. It reached a circulation of one million within a year and surpassed two millions in the 1990s. Initially considered gimmicky and insubstantial, it gradually developed a reputation for higher qualit

31、y while increasing its circulation and advertising revenues at a time when few papers were experiencing growth. The features that originally set it apart - abundant colourful graphics, very brief stories, and a concentration on sports and celebrity have influenced other newspapers.,New York Times -T

32、he New York Morning daily newspaper with a reputation for accuracy. From its establishment in 1851 it has aimed to avoid sensationalism and to appeal to cultured, intellectual readers. Its prestige was notably enhanced by its coverage of the sinking of the Titanic and of the two world wars. In the 1

33、970s it became involved in controversy with its publication of the Pentagon Papers. 美国最有影响的三大报纸之一,拥有一批名记者,为美国第一大报,是获美国最高新闻奖-普利策奖(the Pulitzer Prize)最多的一家美国报纸.,Los Angeles Times - Morning daily newspaper. The newspaper prospered and became a power in conservative politics in California. It was long d

34、ominated by the Chandler family, beginning with Otiss son-in-law, Harry Chandler, in 1917. After Otis Chandler became publisher in 1960, its editorial policies changed; it developed from a conservative regional paper into a model of balanced and comprehensive journalism and was recognized as one of

35、the worlds great newspapers. 美国最有影响的三大报纸之一,是西部最大的报纸.因在20世纪50年代竭力支持尼克松竞选总统而引起美国政界人士的重视,随后一跃成为全国有影响的大报.,Washington Post -美国最有影响的三大报纸之一注重报道国会消息,号称“国会议员和政府官员早餐桌上少不了的一份报纸”。曾多次揭发内幕而几乎具有与纽约时报一样影响美国舆论力量的大报,如导致尼克松下台的水门事件就是它揭露的. Stable push( 美俚；内幕消息,来自有影响人士的消息 ) Sister Lotus,Financial Times The Daily Telegrap

36、h The Guardian Independent The Times Daily Express Daily Mail Daily Star Morning Star The Sun,金融时报 每日电讯报 卫报 独立报 泰晤士报 每日快报 每日邮报 每日明星报 晨星报 太阳报,Top 10 Daily Newspapers in Britain (quality and the chief means of producing “eye-catching” effects on the part of the editor is by making use of the full rang

37、e of graphic contrasts, and on the part of the writer is by making use of paragraphing, wording, phrasing, structuring of sentences.,The function of headlining,Features of Headline (4 aspects),Vocabulary Grammar Rhetorical features Typographic features,Short/ midget words save space, so they are ver

38、y common in newspaper headlines. Monosyllabic verbs and nouns are usually adopted to replace longer and more common expressions. Some of the short words in headlines are unusual in ordinary languages. (e.g. curb, meaning “restriction”) and some are used in special senses which they do not often have

39、 in ordinary language ( e.g. bid, meaning “attempt”试图、努力). Other words are chosen not because they are short, but because they sound dramatic (e.g. blaze, meaning “fire”). The following is a list of special “headline” words. （journalistic words),A: Vocabulary (newsworthy terms and expressions),Wages

40、 Accord Reached Agreement Man Aids Police To help; assistance TV Airs “Facts” on Arms Delivery To make known, broadcast China upset at UCIs decision to axe 2 events from 2008 Cancel; dismiss UCI-Union Cycliste Internationale=International Cycling Union American Backs British Peach Move To support Cl

41、ub Faces Shutdown for Barring Women Not to allow; exclude; prohibit; prevent,Paris Olympics failure is new blow for Chirac Setback, unexpected difficulty Updated: 2005-07-07 10:04 PARIS, July 6 (Reuters) - Pariss defeat by London in the race to host the 2012 Olympic Games was a bitter blow for Frenc

42、h President Jacques Chirac that was all the more painful because he lost out again to his rival Tony Blair. Government Plan to Boost Exports Promote; increase; support Bombs Claim 40 To kill Mayor orders fire probe investigation,1. 平时多留意“小词”、“生造词”和缩略词。 2. 准确理解词义，不可望文生义 3. 平时多留意“小词”、“生造词”和缩略词。 4. 准确理

43、解词义，不可望文生义,(words formed from the initial letters of a group of words), used to label scientific inventions or organizations，e.g. NATO -North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织 WTO - World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织; 世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization) rep -representative champ - champion hi-tech -

44、high technology intl - international,2. Acronyms and abbreviations are frequently used:,例如:Capitol Hill国会山(美国国会The US Congress ), Fleet Street舰队街(英国新闻界The British press Golden State黄金州(加利福尼亚州California), Hollywood好莱坞(美国电影业The American Filmdom), Pentagon五角大楼(美国国防部 the Department of Defense of US), Bu

45、ckingham Palace白金汉宫(英国皇室the British Royalty),3. The names of capitals, famous buildings and government leaders are usually used to represent governments and some relevant institutions in different countries.,Headlines are not always complete sentences; they often contain strings of three, four or mo

46、re nouns. And nouns are usually used as attribute, which are put ahead of the other nouns. More Earthquake Deaths Furniture Factory Pay Cut Riot 家具工厂削减工资的骚动 3 held over college horror crash,B: Grammar,1,2,In expressions like this, all the nouns except the last one act as adjectives. The easiest way

47、to understand of this kind is to read them backwards; you can begin with the last word. What riot? Pay cut riot. Where it happens? In a factory. What factory? Furniture factory. That is a riot about a cut in pay for the workers in a factory that makes furniture.,U.S.,China to sign business pact (The

48、 United States and China are to sign a business pact.) Boy kills friends himself (A boy killed his friends himself.) Cigarette Suspected for Fire (The) Cigarette (Was) Suspected for Fire 3 Killed and 9 Hurt by Bomb on Bus in an Israeli Port 3 (Were) Killed and 9 (Were) Hurt by (The )Bomb on Bus in a

49、n Israeli Port,2. omission: The most omitted are articles, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs and the verb to be”. Sometimes comma is used instead of “and” :,Married Women to Get Care Allowance Married Women (Are) to Get Care Allowance Government Silent on Espionage Scandal (The) Government

50、 (Keeps) Silent on Espionage Scandal HK fund managers anxious to repair image (Hong Kong fund managers are anxious to repair their image) Growth in US economy slowest for four years (The growth in US economy has been the slowest for four years) Scottish scientists urged to “sell” ideas (Scottish sci

51、entists are/are being urged to “sell” ideas),3. The verb forms are usually simplified, auxiliary verbs in passive voices are usually omitted; the infinitive is used to express future tense; the present tense (给读者造成一种直接感和同时感, 吸引读者) expresses the past event; the present participle is adopted to replac

52、e the present tense, etc. (现实感： immediacy) 3.1 标题中常用动词不定式to do表示将来. President Bush to visit China in February (President Bush is to visit China in February.)布什总统二月份访华. Husband to sue wife (Husband is to sue his wife) 丈夫将起诉妻子. Republicans (Are) to push farm housing,Selling reaches top (selling has re

53、ached top record) 销售量已达顶峰. The bomb kills two The bomb killed two people爆炸中两人丧生. 3.3 英文报纸的标题常用现在分词表示进行时态.当标题中用进行时表示正在进行或正在发生的事情,事态的时候,通常省去助动词be,直接用现在分词来表示. Flag rising over Macao (Flag is rising over Macao) 中国国旗在澳门上空升起. Rail Chaos getting worse (The rail chaos is getting worse)铁路运输更加混乱.,3.2 英文报纸的标题多

54、用一般现在时,给人以直接感,现实感,增强新闻的吸引力.,3.4标题中常用过去分词表示被动语态,英文报纸标题中使用被动语态时,被动语态的, 助动词be经常省略,只使用过去分词来表示. China一Thailand ties praised (China-Thailand ties is praised) 中泰合作受到称赞. 3 injured in bomb attack (3 people were injured in a bomb attack)爆炸中三人受伤.,quotation or parody: to quote or make a smart change of sayings,

55、 proverbs, allusions, idioms or the names of famous literary works. So sometimes it is difficult for foreigners to understand. On the one hand, we are not familiar A Farewell to Arms Hemingways work A Tale of Two Hearts a work of Dickens. Liberty is the True Mother of Invention Necessity is the moth

56、er of invention.,C. Rhetorical features (3 points),Alliteration or rhyme: Can he do a Deng? (textbook P12) 戈尔巴乔夫People are talking about Mikhail Gorbachev and doubt if he could have a successful reform in former Russia. Carlo Ponti in hot water again. (in difficulty) Pun： Microsoft opens a new windo

57、w (USNews World Report Feb26，2001)“window”是双关语，既有本意，又是指微软新品window XP。 译文：微软又开“新窗”，window XP进军市场 设问（Rhetoric Question）就是“用疑问句的方式增强语言表达效果的一种修辞方式。如： Is love for Labor lost? (Newsweek，Oct16，2000) 工党失宠了吗？英首相布莱尔支持率下降,夸张(hyperbole/ exaggeration)通过明显而过分的方法使语言生动，从而达到强调的目的。 下面这个标题，运用了夸张的手法来，达到幽默强调的目的。 A Vow t

58、o Zip His Lips (The New York Times，Jan14，2003) 誓将守口如瓶,为了使新闻能够引人入胜，标题就必 须特别注重语言的生动性和形象性。一般来 讲，比喻手法和习惯用法运用较多,形象语言的运用，例如: 1)Govt report rocks stock market 政府报告震撼股票市场 rock在此是暗喻，表示surprise; shock 2)Frontier feuding sparks attack 边界争端引起了攻击 spark在此同样是比喻，表示cause 2. 成语的运用 一般来讲，新闻标题中常常充满了成语，读者只有读完了整条新闻后，方能理解其

59、成语的含义，这样，标题就起到吸引读者的作用。例如: Carlo Ponti in hot water again,The content words, sometimes even the function words are capitalized in American newspapers and periodicals. But usually only the initial letters are capitalized in British newspapers and periodicals.,D. Typographic features,The end of headline,Features of Lead,The news lead generally answers one or two questions of the 5 Whs: What? Who? When? Where? Why? or Ho