初中英语语法名词

1、名 词,泗溪中学 潘丽华,LEARNING GOALS,一 名词概述 二 名词的分类 三 名词的数 四 名词的格 五 名词的用法,LEARNING STRATEGY,Memorize Understand Exercise,一 名词概述,名词的概念：用来表示各种各样的人和事物名称的词就是名词 名词的范围包括：人称、具体事物、抽象事物、时间、地点、方向等,二 名词的分类,专有名词：姓名，国家，语言，月份，星期，节日，大学等 个体名词 可数名词 普通名词 (有单复数之分) 集体名词 物质名词：自然物质，食品 ，饮料等 不可数名词 （没有复数形式） 抽象名词：情感，学科，概念等,专有名词 表示特定的

2、人、地方、事物、机构等的名词的统称。 April, China, the Great Wall, the Great Hall of the People,普通名词：一类东西或者一个抽象概念名词 个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：dictionary, student, pencil, chair 集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family, police, class, group 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：bread, rice, air, paper, wood, wool 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work, peace, kno

3、wledge, homework, housework 。,三 名词的数,（一）可数名词的数 1 名词变复数的规则变化： 1）一般在词尾加-s 清辅音后读/s/ ，浊辅音后读/z/ desk - bed - dog - pencil-,desks,beds,dogs,pencils,2）以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es 读/iz/ watch- box brush- dish-,watches,boxes,brushes,dishes,3）以-y结尾的：辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i再加-es( study-studies)；元音字母加y结尾，直接加-s( 例：day- days)

4、 factory- dictionary lady-,factories,dictionaries,ladies,4）部分以f或fe结尾的词：把f或fe改为v，再加-es （半片树叶自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命忙） half- leaf- self- wife knife- wolf- shelf- thief- life -,halves,leaves,selves,wives,knives,wolves,shelves,thieves,lives,5) 以 o 结尾的可数名词，有生命的加-es;无生命的加-s. （英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿）+es （带上收音机，去动物园弹钢琴和照相）+

5、s hero- potato tomato zoo- piano radio- photo-,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,zoos,pianos,radios,photos,Sum up,（一）可数名词的数 1 名词变复数的规则变化： 1）一般在词尾加-s 清辅音后读/s/ ，浊辅音后读/z/ 2）以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的加-es 读/iz/ 3）以-y结尾的：辅音字母加y结尾，改y为i再加-es 元音字母加y结尾，直接加-s( day- days) 4）部分以f或fe结尾的词：把f、fe改为v，再加-es 5) 以 o 结尾的可数名词，有生命的加-es；

6、无生命的加-s。,2 名词变复数的不规则变化： 特殊名词 1）变内部元音 （oo-ee; a-e） foot - tooth- goose- man - woman- mouse- policeman- gentleman- 2）词尾加-en或ren child- ox- 3）单复同形 （鱼,鹿和绵羊） fish, deer, sheep 4）某国人 (中日不变英法变，其余-s加后面） Japanese Chinese Englishman- Frenchman- German- American-,feet,teeth,geese,men,women,policemen,gentlemen,

7、children,oxen,mice,Englishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Americans,名词变复数的不规则变化： 复合名词 1） 将主体名词变为复数 boy student - girl student 2) 两部分都变成复数 woman singer - man doctor- Sport修饰名词时，无论主体词时单数还是复数，sport通常用复数形式 运动会 运动鞋,boy students,girl students,women singers,men doctors,sports meeting,sports shoes,SUM UP,名词变复数的不规则变化：

8、 特殊名词 1）变内部元音 （oo-ee; a-e） 2）词尾加-en或ren 3）单复同形 4）某国人(口诀) 复合名词 1） 将主体名词变为复数 两部分都变成复数 Sport修饰名词时，无论主体词时单数还是复数，sport通常用复数形式,（三）、不可数名词及其量的表达,物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：bread, rice, air, paper, wood, wool 抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work, peace, knowledge, homework, housework 。,不可数名词量的表达法,用 much, a little, little,

9、 a lot of , lots of ,some, any，plenty of等表示。 There is much water in the river. 2. 用”单位词 +of”表示。 a piece of paper two pieces of paper a cup of coffee two cups of coffee a piece of news two pieces of news,3.一些可数名词也可加单位词表示量 A box of eggs two boxes of matches,Fish 作鱼讲时单复数同形可数；This is a fish 作鱼肉讲时，不可数; E

10、g: There is not much fish on the plate. 作各种鱼类讲时后面必须加-es构成复数 Eg: He raises a lot of fishes in the pool.,（四）有些不可数名词在一定的上下文也可以用作可数名词，但往往意思也发生变化,根据所给单词的正确形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair o

11、f . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,NOUN.,8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. Jim has som

12、e . (knife) 12. How much are these ? (vegetable),vegetables,tomatoes,people,women,knives,四、名词所有格 表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、 宾语或主语。其构成法如下： （1）表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书) （2）以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。 如：Teachers Day(教师节) （3）如果两个名词并列并且都加s则表示分别有；只有s一个则表示共有 例如： Johns and Marys

13、 rooms 约翰的房间和玛丽的房间 John and Marys room 约翰和玛丽的房间（两人共用一个房间）,（4）复数名词和短语， s加在最后一个词的词尾 例如：a month or twos leave （5）有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息), Chinas population(中国的人口). （6）无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。 如：a fine daughter of the Party

14、(党的好女儿).,名词所有格所修饰的词的省略 1） 在某些句子中，名词所有格所修饰的词，往往可以省略 Johns bike is better than Mikes. 2 ）表示店铺、住家、公共建筑时，名词所有格后可省略名词 the doctors Mr. Blacks 3 ）the+姓氏复数，表示“一家人” the Smiths史密斯一家; 4）年份前面加the后面加-s,表示年代， 例如20世纪80年代， the 1980s 双重所有格: a friend of my sisters=one of my sisters friend, a picture of Mr. Li(s),1. S

15、eptember 10th is Day. (teacher) 2. My school is twenty _ walk from here. (minute) 3. The girl under the tree is a friend of_. (Lucy),Teachers,minutes,Lucys,1.Several _ are talking under the tree with they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2.How far is your school from here？ Not very

16、 farIts about twenty walk. Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes 3. There are three in my family. A. people B. person C. child 4. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 5. This is bedroom. The twin sister like it very much. A. Ann and Jane B. Ann and Jane

17、s C.Anns and Janes,典型例题解析,C,C,A,A,B,NOUN.,五 名词的用法,1 作主语(句子所要说明的动作或状态的主体，人或事) The students are playing football now. 2 作表语（放在系动词后表示主语的身份或特征） She is an English teacher. 3 作宾语，包括及物动词和介词的宾语 （表示及物动词动作的对象）We are studying maths now. He often reads the newspaper before supper. 4 作定语，主要修饰它后面的名词 （限定或修饰名词、代词）

18、This is a grammar book. This is a bicycle factory.,注：名词作定语时，除了man, woman用复数形式外，其他都不用复数形式， 例如：a shoe shop, an apple tree,表示复数形式，two shoe shops, apple trees. 5 作状语，主要用来表示时间、距离、长度、重量、程度、方式或价格等。可以单独作状语，也可以是名词词组作状语 （修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示时间、地点、状态、程度等含义） The film lasted an hour. The box weighs 20 kilograms. I go

19、to school every day. 6 作同位语 We students must study hard.,指点迷津,Ten years _(is ,are) short time for me. A pair of shoes _(is, are) under the bed. The number of the students in our school _(is ,are) 2,000. The woman with two children _( is ,are ) coming here. Neither he nor I _(are, am ) an American.,i

20、s,is,is,is,am,NOUN.,指点迷津,6. Maths _(are, is ) hard to learn for the boy. 7. They are all _( woman, teachers ; women teachers). 8. The population of China _(are, is ) over 1,300,000,000. 9. There are many _(peoples,people )in the street in summer. 10. One of the students _(have, has) gone to Shanghai

21、.,is,is,women teachers,people,has,NOUN.,LEARNING GOALS,一 名词概述 二 名词的分类 三 名词的数 四 名词的格 五 名词的用法,典型例题解析,The Browns is going to visit China. ( ) The Browns are going to visit China. ( ) The young is dancing there. ( ) The young are dancing there. ( ) Physics are very difficult to learn. ( ) Physics is ver

22、y difficult to learn. ( ) We have five Germen in this meeting. ( ) We have five Germans in this meeting. ( ) This is one of the English-Chinese dictionary. ( ) This is one of the English-Chinese dictionaries. ( ),NOUN.,( ) 1. Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 2. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass ( ) 3.Bill runs fast. He won the _ 800-metre race yesterday. Aboys Bboys Cboy Dboys . ( ) 4. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C