岩石地球化学-郭进辉

1、中国科学院研究生院 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 岩石地球化学 郭敬辉 82998541（新办公楼541） jhguo,理解地球内部的方法,地质,地球物理技术,物理化学实验模拟,地球化学,提纲 第一章 绪论 现代全球构造体系中的岩石成因问题 第二章 岩石地球化学研究方法的理论基础,第三章 地壳和上地幔的主要构成岩类及其地球化学 上地幔的岩石学组成、结构及地球化学特征，地幔的不均一性和地幔端元； 不同构造环境的地壳结构，下地壳的岩石学组成及地球化学特征； 上地壳主要岩类的地球化学特征。,第四章 大洋地壳的形成演化与地球化学过程 洋中脊、蛇绿岩、大洋地壳的生长机制与地幔对流； 洋岛、大洋高原的岩

2、石地球化学特征与地幔柱构造； 岛弧及活动大陆边缘主要岩石组合的地球化学特征，俯冲消减带的岩浆发生机制与地球化学特征的联系。,第五章 大陆地壳的形成演化与地球化学过程 大陆岩石圈地幔的基本组成特征，拆沉作用与富集地幔的形成机制； 埃达克岩，科马提岩、片麻岩的成因与太古宙大陆生长机制； 大陆碰撞造山带，同碰撞与碰撞后岩浆活动：类型、地球化学及成因机制； 大陆裂谷带的岩浆活动类型及地球化学特征 大火成岩省的岩石地球化学特征,第六章 新全球构造与地球系统中的圈层相互作用 第七章 研究实例1: 太古宙大陆地壳生长机制 第八章 研究实例2: 花岗岩类成因与大地构造 第九章 研究实例3: 中国东部中新生代岩

3、石圈加厚、减薄与转型,对岩石地球化学的思考框架,要面对哪些特定的科学问题? 主要采用哪些方法、理论和技术？ 成功解决了哪些科学问题？ 哪些理论、方法、成果可以作为学科发展的标志？,1、上地幔的性质和相关过程,第三章 地壳和上地幔的主要构成岩类及其地球化学,地球的圈层结构,地球各主要圈层的体积和质量,地壳的厚度是地幔的0.59；体积是地幔的0.9；质量是0.6。 因此，地幔的微小变化会导致地壳的巨大变化,地幔的形成,地球早期的核幔分离,地幔橄榄岩包体 太行山南部鹤壁,地幔橄榄岩包体 河北张家口大麻坪,上地幔的化学和标准矿物组成 - 地幔包体资料,二辉橄榄岩,不同深度地幔的矿物组成和密度,上地幔,

4、下地幔,过渡带,上地幔矿物相关系,亏损地幔的贡献大洋地壳的形成,拉斑玄武岩,富集地幔的贡献大洋岛的形成,碱性玄武岩,地幔柱构造 Plume Tectonics,2、不同构造环境的地壳结构， 下地壳的岩石学组成及地球化学特征,第三章 地壳和上地幔的主要构成岩类及其地球化学,大陆地壳一般结构,地壳结构的类型： 1 速度结构、2 岩石学结构、 3 成分结构、4 流变学结构,上部地壳，Upper crust 中部地壳，Middle crust 上部下地壳，Upper lower crust 最下地壳，lowermost continental crust,大陆地壳的9种结构（Vp速度）类型,中国不同构

5、造单元地壳的结构(Vp速度),中国东部地壳的平均速度结构（Vp）,大别山造山带地壳速度结构（王椿镛等，1997）,世界著名造山带地壳断面对比图,大陆地壳的岩石学结构,实例：,上部地壳：沉积岩，火山岩 中部地壳：变质沉积岩，混合岩，花岗岩 上部下地壳：中性麻粒岩，斜长角闪岩 最下地壳：基性麻粒岩，辉长岩，辉石岩,要区分形成、赋存的不同条件,Sawyer EW, 1998,JP,Zegers Thorpe et al. (1982) In R. S. Thorpe (ed.), (1982). Andesites. Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. Joh

6、n Wiley and Harmon et al. (1984) J. Geol. Soc. London, 141, 803-822. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Schematic diagram to illustrate how a shallow dip of the subducting slab can pinch out the asthenosphere from the overlying mantle wedge. Winter (20

7、01) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,AFM and K2O vs. SiO2 diagrams (including Hi-K, Med.-K and Low-K types of Gill, 1981; see Figs. 16-4 and 16-6) for volcanics from the (a) northern, (b) central and (c) southern volcanic zones of the Andes. Open circles in the NV

8、Z and SVZ are alkaline rocks. Data from Thorpe et al. (1982,1984), Geist (personal communication), Deruelle (1982), Davidson (personal communication), Hickey et al. (1986), Lpez-Escobar et al. (1981), Hrmann and Pichler (1982). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Pren

9、tice Hall.,主元素和岩浆系列,Chondrite-normalized REE diagram for selected Andean volcanics. NVZ (6 samples, average SiO2 = 60.7, K2O = 0.66, data from Thorpe et al. 1984; Geist, pers. comm.). CVZ (10 samples, ave. SiO2 = 54.8, K2O = 2.77, data from Deruelle, 1982; Davidson, pers. comm.; Thorpe et al., 1984)

10、. SVZ (49 samples, average SiO2 = 52.1, K2O = 1.07, data from Hickey et al. 1986; Deruelle, 1982; Lpez-Escobar et al. 1981). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,微量元素REE,MORB-normalized spider diagram (Pearce, 1983) for selected Andean volcanics. NVZ (6

11、samples, average SiO2 = 60.7, K2O = 0.66, data from Thorpe et al. 1984; Geist, pers. comm.). CVZ (10 samples, ave. SiO2 = 54.8, K2O = 2.77, data from Deruelle, 1982; Davidson, pers. comm.; Thorpe et al., 1984). SVZ (49 samples, average SiO2 = 52.1, K2O = 1.07, data from Hickey et al. 1986; Deruelle,

12、 1982; Lpez-Escobar et al. 1981). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,微量元素不相容元素,Sr vs. Nd isotopic ratios for the three zones of the Andes. Data from James et al. (1976), Hawkesworth et al. (1979), James (1982), Harmon et al. (1984), Frey et al. (1984),

13、 Thorpe et al. (1984), Hickey et al. (1986), Hildreth and Moorbath (1988), Geist (pers. comm), Davidson (pers. comm.), Wrner et al. (1988), Walker et al. (1991), deSilva (1991), Kay et al. (1991), Davidson and deSilva (1992). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prenti

14、ce Hall.,Sr-Nd同位素,208Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb and 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb for Andean volcanics plotted over the OIB fields from Figures 14-7 and 14-8. Data from James et al. (1976), Hawkesworth et al. (1979), James (1982), Harmon et al. (1984), Frey et al. (1984), Thorpe et al. (1984), Hickey et

15、 al. (1986), Hildreth and Moorbath (1988), Geist (pers. comm), Davidson (pers. comm.), Wrner et al. (1988), Walker et al. (1991), deSilva (1991), Kay et al. (1991), Davidson and deSilva (1992). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,Pb同位素,87Sr/86Sr, D7/4,

16、D8/4, and d18O vs. Latitude for the Andean volcanics. D7/4 and D8/4 are indices of 207Pb and 208Pb enrichment over the NHRL values of Figure 17-7 (see Rollinson, 1993, p. 240). Shaded areas are estimates for mantle and MORB isotopic ranges from Chapter 10. Data from James et al. (1976), Hawkesworth

17、et al. (1979), James (1982), Harmon et al. (1984), Frey et al. (1984), Thorpe et al. (1984), Hickey et al. (1986), Hildreth and Moorbath (1988), Geist (pers. comm), Davidson (pers. comm.), Wrner et al. (1988), Walker et al. (1991), deSilva (1991), Kay et al. (1991), Davidson and deSilva (1992). Wint

18、er (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,同位素,Relative frequency of rock types in the Andes vs. SW Pacific Island arcs. Data from 397 Andean and 1484 SW Pacific analyses in Ewart (1982) In R. S. Thorpe (ed.), Andesites. Wiley. New York, pp. 25-95. Winter (2001) A

19、n Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,岩石类型的比例岛弧vs.大陆边缘,Schematic cross sections of a volcanic arc showing an initial state (a) followed by trench migration toward the continent (b), resulting in a destructive boundary and subduction erosion of the overlying crust. Alter

20、natively, trench migration away from the continent (c) results in extension and a constructive boundary. In this case the extension in (c) is accomplished by “roll-back” of the subducting plate. An alternative method involves a jump of the subduction zone away from the continent, leaving a segment o

21、f oceanic crust (original dashed) on the left of the new trench. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,俯冲带的变化,Time-averaged rates of extrusion of mafic (basalt and basaltic andesite), andesitic, and silicic (dacite and rhyolite) volcanics (Priest, 1990, J

22、. Geophys. Res., 95, 19583-19599) and Juan de Fuca-North American plate convergence rates (Verplanck and Duncan, 1987 Tectonics, 6, 197-209) for the past 35 Ma. The volcanics are poorly exposed and sampled, so the timing should be considered tentative. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Me

23、tamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,火山物质平均溢出量与时间的关系,Major plutons of the North American Cordillera, a principal segment of a continuous Mesozoic-Tertiary belt from the Aleutians to Antarctica. After Anderson (1990, preface to The Nature and Origin of Cordilleran Magmatism. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir, 1

24、74. The Sr 0.706 line in N. America is after Kistler (1990), Miller and Barton (1990) and Armstrong (1988). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,活动大陆边缘岩浆活动侵入岩,北美,Major plutons of the South American Cordillera, a principal segment of a continuous Mesozoic

25、-Tertiary belt from the Aleutians to Antarctica. After USGS.,南美,Schematic cross section of the Coastal batholith of Peru. The shallow flat-topped and steep-sided “bell-jar”-shaped plutons are stoped into place. Successive pulses may be nested at a single locality. The heavy line is the present erosi

26、on surface. From Myers (1975) Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 86, 1209-1220.,秘鲁海岸岩基侵入构造示意图,Harker-type and AFM variation diagrams for the Coastal batholith of Peru. Data span several suites from W. S. Pitcher, M. P. Atherton, E. J. Cobbing, and R. D. Beckensale (eds.), Magmatism at a Plate Edge. The Peruvia

27、n Andes. Blackie. Glasgow. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,秘鲁海岸岩基主元素,Chondrite-normalized REE abundances for the Linga and Tiybaya super-units of the Coastal batholith of Peru and associated volcanics. From Atherton et al. (1979) In M. P. Atherton a

28、nd J. Tarney (eds.), Origin of Granite Batholiths: Geochemical Evidence. Shiva. Kent. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,秘鲁海岸岩基 REE,Initial 87Sr/86Sr ranges for three principal segments of the Coastal batholith of Peru (after Beckinsale et al., 1985) i

29、n W. S Pitcher, M. P. Atherton, E. J. Cobbing, and R. D. Beckensale (eds.), Magmatism at a Plate Edge. The Peruvian Andes. Blackie. Glasgow, pp. 177-202. . b. 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb data for the plutons (after Mukasa and Tilton, 1984) in R. S. Harmon and B. A. Barreiro (eds.), Andean Magmatism:

30、 Chemical and Isotopic Constraints. Shiva. Nantwich, pp. 235-238. ORL = Ocean Regression Line for depleted mantle sources (similar to oceanic crust). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,秘鲁海岸岩基 同位素,Schematic diagram illustrating (a) the formation of a ga

31、bbroic crustal underplate at an continental arc and (b) the remelting of the underplate to generate tonalitic plutons. After Cobbing and Pitcher (1983) in J. A. Roddick (ed.), Circum-Pacific Plutonic Terranes. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir, 159. pp. 277-291.,秘鲁海岸岩基 岩浆演化模式,Schematic cross section of an act

32、ive continental margin subduction zone, showing the dehydration of the subducting slab, hydration and melting of a heterogeneous mantle wedge (including enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle), crustal underplating of mantle-derived melts where MASH processes may occur, as well as crystallizat

33、ion of the underplates. Remelting of the underplate to produce tonalitic magmas and a possible zone of crustal anatexis is also shown. As magmas pass through the continental crust they may differentiate further and/or assimilate continental crust. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamor

34、phic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,活动大陆边缘演化的综合模式,1、大陆岩石圈地幔的基本组成特征 拆沉作用与富集地幔的形成,第五章 大陆地壳的形成演化与地球化学过程,华北中生代岩石圈地幔的不均一性与时空演化,鲁中,太行山,鄂尔多斯,华北北缘,鲁西胶东,华北大陆古生代 / 中生代岩石圈的性质 岩石圈已发生大规模的减薄 岩石圈性质也发生重大变化 岩石圈减薄主要发生在中生代 岩石圈减薄机理尚存在争议,古生代岩石圈 新生代岩石圈 厚(200 Km)、古老(2.5 Ga) 薄(80 Km) 、年轻(200 Ma) 地温梯度低(Al)的暗色、斑状、镁铁质超镁铁质次火山岩。一般含黑

35、云母金云母和/或角闪岩斑晶，富碱、挥发份、Sr、Ba和Ti。煌斑岩通常表现为浅成的岩墙、岩席或小岩株。 金伯利岩(Kimberlite)一组复杂的，富挥发份（主要是CO2）的，富K的超镁铁岩。具有基质（细粒）斑晶结构，斑晶主要是橄榄石，此外还可以有钛铁矿、石榴石、透辉石、金云母、顽火辉石等。捕虏晶和捕虏体也很普遍。 碳酸盐岩(Carbonatite)主要由碳酸盐组成的火成岩，通常的矿物是方解石、铁白云石/白云石，此外还有单斜辉石、碱性角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石和磁铁矿。,Variations in alkali ratios (wt. %) for oceanic (a) and continen

36、tal (b) alkaline series. The heavy dashed lines distinguish the alkaline magma subdivisions from Figure 8-14 and the shaded area represents the range for the more common oceanic intraplate series. After McBirney (1993). Igneous Petrology (2nd ed.), Jones and Bartlett. Boston. Winter (2001) An Introd

37、uction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,大洋碱性岩,大陆碱性岩,主元素,典型实例东非裂谷,Map of the East African Rift system (after Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the East African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Settings,

38、 the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,东非裂谷碱性岩主元素组成,143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr for East African Rift lavas (shaded) and xenoliths (unfilled dashed areas). The “cross-hair” intersects at Bu

39、lk Earth (after Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the East African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Settings, the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous an

40、d Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,东非裂谷碱性岩Sr-Nd同位素组成,略富集的地幔同位素略富集,08Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb (a) and 207Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb (b) diagrams for some lavas (shaded) and mantle xenoliths from the East African Rift (after Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the East

41、African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Settings, the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,东非裂谷碱性岩 Pb同位素组成,Chondrite-normalized REE variation

42、 diagram for examples of the four magmatic series of the East African Rift (after Kampunzu and Mohr, 1991), Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the East African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Settings, the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-Verla

43、g, Berlin, pp. 85-136. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,东非裂谷碱性岩稀土元素组成,LILE富集,Ta vs. Tb for rocks of the Red Sea, Afar, and the Ethiopian Plateau. Rocks from a particular area show nearly constant ratios of the two excluded elements, consistent with f

44、ractional crystallization of magmas with distinct Ta/Tb ratios produced either by variable degrees of partial melting of a single source, or varied sources (after Treuil and Varet, 1973; Ferrara and Treuil, 1974).,东非裂谷碱性岩微量元素组成,Phase diagram for the system SiO2-NaAlSiO4-KAlSiO4-H2O at 1 atm. pressur

45、e. Insert shows a T-X section from the silica-undersaturated thermal minimum (Mu) to the silica-oversaturated thermal minimum (Ms). that crosses the lowest point (M) on the binary Ab-Or thermal barrier that separates the undersaturated and oversaturated zones. After Schairer and Bowen (1935) Trans.

46、Amer. Geophys. Union, 16th Ann. Meeting, and Schairer (1950), J. Geol., 58, 512-517. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,大陆碱性岩浆岩相图,Part of the Ne-Ks-SiO2-H2O system at 1 atm, 0.1 GPa, and 0.2 GPa, illustrating the reduction in the leucite field with inc

47、reasing PH2O. At 0.2 GPa the Lc-liquid field crosses the Ab-Or join, and the system goes from peritectic to eutectic behavior. Also shown are contours for analyses of 122 undersaturated volcanics. After Gittins, (1979), The feldspathoidal alkaline rocks. In H. S. Yoder Jr. (ed.), The Evolution of Ig

48、neous Rocks Fiftieth Anniversary Perspectives. Princeton University Press. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,大陆碱性岩浆岩相图,Hypothetical cross sections (same vertical and horizontal scales) showing a proposed model for the progressive development of the Ea

49、st African Rift System. a. Pre-rift stage, in which an asthenospheric mantle diapir rises (forcefully or passively) into the lithosphere. Decompression melting (cross-hatch-green indicate areas undergoing partial melting) produces variably alkaline melts. Some partial melting of the metasomatized su

50、b-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) may also occur. Reversed decollements (D1) provide room for the diapir. b. Rift stage: development of continental rifting, eruption of alkaline magmas (red) mostly from a deep asthenospheric source. Rise of hot asthenosphere induces some crustal anatexis. Rif

51、t valleys accumulate volcanics and volcaniclastic material. c. Afar stage, in which asthenospheric ascent reaches crustal levels. This is transitional to the development of oceanic crust. Successively higher reversed decollements (D2 and D3) accommodate space for the rising diapir. After Kampunzu an

52、d Mohr (1991), Magmatic evolution and petrogenesis in the East African Rift system. In A. B. Kampunzu and R. T. Lubala (eds.), Magmatism in Extensional Settings, the Phanerozoic African Plate. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 85-136 and P. Mohr (personal communication). Winter (2001) An Introduction to

53、Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,东非裂谷发育演化模式,大陆碱性岩浆岩碳酸盐岩,许多少见的矿物,African carbonatite occurrences and approximate ages in Ma. OL = Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite volcano. After Woolley (1989) The spatial and temporal distribution of carbonatites. In K. Bell (ed.), Carbonatites: Gene

54、sis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 15-37. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,大陆碱性岩浆岩碳酸盐岩,在非洲大陆的分布,大陆碱性岩浆岩 碳酸盐岩,主元素和微量元素,Initial 143Nd/144Nd vs. 87Sr/86Sr diagrams for young carbonatites (dark shaded), and the East African Carbonatite Line (EAC

55、L), plus the HIMU and EMI mantle reservoirs. From Bell and Blenkinsop (1987, Geology, 15, 99-102), (1989, in K. Bell (ed.), Carbonatites: Genesis and Evolution. Unwin Hyman, London, pp. 278-300 ). Also included are the data for Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatites and alkali silicate rocks (from Bell a

56、nd Dawson, 1995, in Bell, K. and J. Keller (eds.), (1995). Carbonatite Volcanism: Oldoinyo Lengai and the Petrogenesis of Natrocarbonatites. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, pp. 100-112 ). MORB values and the Mantle Array are from Figure 10-15. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrol

57、ogy. Prentice Hall.,大陆碱性岩浆岩 碳酸盐岩,Sr、Nd同位素,Silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility in the system Na2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-CO2 (modified by Freestone and Hamilton, 1980, to incorporate K2O, MgO, FeO, and TiO2). The system is projected from CO2 for CO2-saturated conditions. The dark shaded liquids enclose t

58、he miscibility gap of Kjarsgaard and Hamilton (1988, 1989) at 0.5 GPa, that extends to the alkali-free side (A-A). The lighter shaded liquids enclose the smaller gap (B) of Lee and Wyllie (1994) at 2.5 GPa. C-C is the revised gap of Kjarsgaard and Hamilton. Dashed tie-lines connect some of the conju

59、gate silicate-carbonate liquid pairs found to coexist in the system. After Lee and Wyllie (1996) International Geology Review, 36, 797-819. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.,大陆碱性岩浆岩碳酸盐岩,与硅酸盐的液相不混熔,Schematic cross section of an asthenospheric mantle plume beneath a continental rift environment, and the genesis of nephelinite-carbonatites and kimberlite-carbonatites. Numbers correspond to Figure 19-13. After Wyllie (1989, Origin of carbonatites: Evi