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1、外文资料翻译 附件附件 1 1:外文资料翻译译文:外文资料翻译译文 无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用 1 1 引言引言 无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network ,WSN)就是由部署在监测区域内 大量的廉价微型传感器节点组成,通过无线通信方式形成的一个多跳的自组织的网 络系统。其目的是协作地感知、采集和处理网络覆盖区域中感知对象的信息,并发 送给观察者。 “传感器、感知对象和观察者”构成了网络的三个要素。这里说的传 感器,并不是传统意义上的单纯的对物理信号进行感知并转化为数字信号的传感 器, 它是将传感器模块、 数据处理模块和无线通
2、信模块集成在一块很小的物理单元, 即传感器节点上, 功能比传统的传感器增强了许多, 不仅能够对环境信息进行感知, 而且具有数据处理及无线通信的功能。借助传感器节点中内置的形式多样的传感器 件,可以测量所在环境中的热、红外、声纳、雷达和地震波信号等信号,从而探测 包括温度、湿度、噪声、光强度、压力、土壤成分、移动物体的大小、速度和方向 等等众多我们感兴趣的物质现象。无线传感器网络是一种全新的信息获取和信息处 理模式。由于我国水资源已处于相当紧缺的程度,加上全国 90%的废、污水未经处理 或处理未达标就直接排放的水污染,11%的河流水质低于农田供水标准。水是农业的 命脉,是生态环境的控制性要素,同
3、时又是战略性的经济资源,因此采用水泵抽取地 下水灌溉农田,实现水资源合理利用 ,发展节水供水,改善生态环境,是我国目前精 确农业的关键,因此采用节水和节能的灌水方法是当今世界供水技术发展的总趋 势。 2 2 无线传感器网络概述无线传感器网络概述 2.12.1 无线传感器网络的系统架构无线传感器网络的系统架构 无线传感器网络的系统架构如图 1 所示,通常包括传感器节点、汇聚节点和管 理节点。传感器节点密布于观测区域,以自组织的方式构成网络。传感器节点对所 采集信息进行处理后,以多跳中继方式将信息传输到汇聚节点。然后经由互联网或 移动通信网络等途径到达管理节点。终端用户可以通过管理节点对无线传感器
4、网络 进行管理和配置、发布监测任务或收集回传数据。 图 1 无线传感器网络的系统架构 2.22.2 无线传感器网络的特点无线传感器网络的特点 (1)自组织。由于网络所处物理环境及网络本身的不可预测因素,如:不能 预先精确设定节点的位置,也不能预先知道节点之间的相邻关系,部分节点由于能 量耗尽或其他原因而死亡,新的节点的加入等,使得网络的布设和展开能够无需依 赖于任何预设的网络设施,节点之间通过分层协议和分布式算法协调各自的行为, 节点开机后就可以快速自动地组成一个独立的网络多跳路由。 (2)多跳路由。网络中节点通信距离有限,节点只能与它的邻居直接通信,如 果与其射频覆盖范围之外的节点进行通信,
5、则需要通过中间节点进行路由。 (3)大面积的空间分布,节点密集,数量巨大。 (4)以数据为中心。在无线传感器网络中,人们通常只关心某个区域内某个 观测指标的数值,而不会去具体关心单个节点的观测数据。 (5)节点能力受限。传感器节点的能量、处理能力、存储能力和通信能力等 都十分有限。 电源能量受限。由于传感器节点的微型化,节点的电池能量有限,而且由于 物理限制难以给节点更换电池,所以传感器节点的电池能量限制是整个无线传感器 网络设计最关键的约束之一,它直接决定了网络的工作寿命。 计算和存储能力有限。廉价微型的传感器节点带来了处理器能力弱、存储器 容量小的特点,使得其不能进行复杂的计算,而传统 I
6、nternet 网络上成熟的协议 和算法相对无线传感器网络而言开销太大,难以使用,因此必须使用简单、有效的 协议及算法,如 ZigBee 协议。 通信能力有限。通常,无线通信的能耗E 与通信距离 d 的关系为:E=kdn。其 中 2n4。通常取 n 为 3。 2.32.3 无线传感器网络存在的不足无线传感器网络存在的不足 (1)能量受限。传感器节点通常由普通电池或锂电池供电,能量有限。在无 人值守的环境中,也是无线传感器网络应用的瓶颈之一。 (2)节点成本较高。目前市面上销售的传感器节点价格在千元以上,而无线 传感器网络所需要的节点众多,因此限制了无线传感器网络的推广使用。 (3)安全性差。由
7、于采用了无线信道、分布式控制等技术,网络更容易受到 被动窃听、主动入侵等攻击。 (4)协作能力。单个的传感器节点往往不能完成对目标的测量、跟踪和识别, 而需要多个传感器节点通过算法交换信息, 对所获得的数据进行加工、 汇总和过滤, 得到最终结果。 3 3 无线传感器网络当前在农业中的应用无线传感器网络当前在农业中的应用 针对我国水资源紧缺以及农田节水灌溉的需求 ,根据现有的农田灌溉装备条 件,应用领域作物、土壤、水源布点等情况,分析了目前实现精确农业亟待解决的关 键技术问题,提出一套采用无线传感器网络技术、适合大面积农田智能灌溉控制方 法。 3.13.1系统工作原理系统工作原理 研究单片机系统
8、通过多个传感器对湿度、温度、降雨量、酸碱度、水分蒸发量 (风速)和空气温度等多种信息的采集来实现对农田的精确自动灌溉控制 ,输出的信 号信息通过无线全双工数传收发模块传送给控制中心 (嵌入式系统)来确定是否启 动水泵为农田供水,同时将此供水与否信息由 GPRS 通信通过 Internet 传送到远方 控制中心实现远程监控,并通过计算机中的一些模型来处理信息,做出供水计划。 3.23.2无线传感器网络硬件设计无线传感器网络硬件设计 无线传感器网络模型是不同于传统无线网络的基础设施网 ,通过在监测区域内 随意布撒大量传感器节点 (简称节点),由各节点自行协调并迅速组建通信网络 ,在 能量利用率优先
9、考虑原则下进行工作任务划分以获取监视区域信息。网络的自组织 特性体现在当节点失效或新节点加入时网络能够自适应重新组建 ,以调整全局的探 测精度,充分发挥资源优势 ,即网络中的各节点除具备数据采集功能外兼有数据转 发实现多跳的路由功能。无线传感器网络每类节点的组成一般都由数据采集、数据 处理、数据传输和电源这四部分组成。其中每一个单片机系统的硬件设计和软件设 计都是一样。本设计的研究设计方案是只针对一个单片机系统的。被监测物理信号 的形式决定了传感器的类型。处理器通常选用嵌入式CPU,如 MOTOROLA 公司的 68HC16、C51 系列单片机等。数据传输单元可以选择由低功耗、短距离的无线通信
10、 模块组 成,但考虑防 盗与自然损坏 ,本系 统选择功耗较 大、传 输距离较远的 SA68D21DL,农民可以在办公室或家中安放主控制器。图2 描述了节点的组成,其中, 箭头的方向表示数据在节点中的流动方向。 图 2传感器网络框图 3.33.3主控系统主控系统 在该系统中,控制主机作为连接 Internet 网和无线传感器网络之间的协议转换 网关。其硬件采用致远电子公司 MiniARM 嵌入式工控模块。MiniISA 系列采集板卡 采用智能型板卡结构,即在板卡上内置 MCU。板载 MCU 对板卡上 I/O 端口进行控制, 实现 I/O 数据的缓存,从而降低板卡对于 MiniISA 接口主机的依
11、赖,节省主机处理数 据的时间,保证 MiniISA 系统更加高效的运行。此外板载 MCU 可以对采集的数据或 者输出数据进行进一步的处理。系统电路图如图 3 所示。 图 3主控系统结构图 3.43.4 远程控制系统主要设计远程控制系统主要设计 GPRS 通信系统、GPRS 与 Internet 网络接入系统、监控中心主机友好界面显示 控制系统。这一部分硬件部分可以应用现有的移动公司与电信等互联网资源 ,软件 考虑成本和专业功能可以自主开发,建议应用现有远程软件,如波尔远程控制软 件、湖南省远程监控设备有限公司的 RC-2000 可视化远程控制软件系统。 结结语语 本文综述了无线传感器网络的节点
12、构成、特点,以及当前在农业领域的应用 , 研究了基于嵌入式系统而设计出来的智能广域农田供水系统 ,当检测到农田缺水信 息时能够通过自动控制继电器来启动供水水泵,而且实现了远程 GPRS 通信,可以通 过PC 机来了解系统的运行状况并可对其控制,能够自动采集土壤信息来自行确定是 否启动水泵为农田供水,这正符合我国农村的基本国情。本系统操作简单,对系统改 造一下,可以设计成庭院自动供水系统、温室自动供水系统和花园自动供水系统等, 故本系统的可扩展性比较好,前景比较广阔。 无线传感器网络作为当今信息领域新的研究热点,涉及多学科交叉。随着传感 器成本的降低以及相关问题解决方案的不断优化,如能耗更加小和
13、数据融合算法、 节点定位算法的不断完善,以及更加优秀的无线射频模块,无线传感器网络将会在 农业领域有更广泛的应用。 附件附件 2 2:外文原文:外文原文 The realization of wireless sensor networks and applications inThe realization of wireless sensor networks and applications in agricultureagriculture 1 Introduction1 Introduction Wireless sensor networks (Wireless Sensor Ne
14、twork, WSN) are deployed in the monitoring area by the large number of low-cost micro sensor nodes, wireless communication through the formation of a multi-hop network self-organization. The aim is to perceive collaboration, collection and processing of network coverage in the perception of objects,
15、 and send observers. Sensors, sensing object and the observer, constitute the three elements of the network. Here that the sensor is not in the traditional sense of the simple perception of physical signals and the sensor into a digital signal, which is the sensor module, data processing module and
16、wireless communication module integrated in a small physical unit, that is , enhanced features than many traditional sensors can not only be aware of environmental information, but also data processing and wireless communication capabilities. With the built-in sensor nodes in a variety of sensors, w
17、here the environment can measure heat, infrared, sonar, radar and seismic signals and other signals to detect temperature, humidity, noise, light intensity, pressure, soil composition, moving object the size, speed and direction, and so many physical phenomena of interest to us. Wireless sensor netw
18、ork is a new mode of information acquisition and information processing. Because of the shortage of water resources are at a considerable degree, plus 90% of the waste, untreated sewage or handling standards for direct discharge of water pollution, water quality is lower than 11% of agricultural wat
19、er supply standards. Water is the lifeblood of agriculture, is the controlling element of the ecological environment, but it is also strategic economic resources, extraction of groundwater by pump irrigation of farmland, rational use of water resources, development of water supply, improve the ecolo
20、gical environment in China is currently accurate Agriculture key, so use of irrigation water and energy supply in todays world is the general trend of technological development. 2 Overview of wireless sensor networks2 Overview of wireless sensor networks 2.1 The system architecture of wireless senso
21、r networks2.1 The system architecture of wireless sensor networks Wireless sensor network system architecture shown in Figure 1, typically include sensor nodes, aggregation nodes and management nodes. Clouds in the observation area sensor nodes in order to constitute a network of self-organized mann
22、er. Sensor node processing the collected information, the way to multi-hop relay the information transmitted to the sink node. Then through the Internet or mobile communication network and other channels to reach management node. End-users through the management of wireless sensor network node manag
23、ement and configuration, release monitoring tasks or collect return data. 2.2 The characteristics of wireless sensor networks2.2 The characteristics of wireless sensor networks (1) self-organization. As the network and the network itself, the physical environment in which the unpredictability of fac
24、tors, such as: can not pre-set exact location of the node can not know in advance the relationship between the nodes adjacent to some nodes because of energy depletion or other causes of death, newnodes join and so on, make the network deployment and expansion without the need to rely on any of the
25、default network infrastructure, layered protocol between nodes and distributed algorithms by coordinating their behavior, a node can quickly start automatically after the formation of a separatemulti-hop routing network. (2) multi-hop routing.Limited communication distance of nodes in the network, t
26、he node can only communicate directly with its neighbors, if beyond the range of its RF communication nodes, you need to be routed through intermediate nodes. (3) the spatial distribution of a large area, node density, the number is huge. (4) data-center.In wireless sensor networks, people usually o
27、nly care about a region within a certain numerical observations, and not to the specific observations concerned a single node. (5) node capacity constraints.The energy of sensor nodes, processing power, storage capacity and communication ability and so is very limited. power energy restricted.As the
28、 miniaturization of sensor nodes, node battery power is limited, and because physical constraints make it difficult for nodes to replace the battery, so battery power limitations of sensor nodes is the wireless sensor network design one of the most critical constraints, which directly determines the
29、 networks worklife. computing and storage capacity is limited.Bring low-cost micro sensor nodes weak processor, memory capacity of small features, so it can not perform complex calculations, and the traditional Internet network protocols and algorithms on the relative maturity of wireless sensor net
30、works, too costly, difficult to use,must therefore be simple, effective protocols and algorithms, such as the ZigBee protocol. communication is limited.Typically, the energy consumption of wireless communication and communication distance d E the relation: E = kdn.Where 2 n 4.N is usually taken as 3
31、. 2.3 The shortcomings of wireless sensor networks2.3 The shortcomings of wireless sensor networks (1) energy is limited. Sensor nodes are usually powered by ordinary batteries or lithium batteries, the energy limited.In unattended environments, wireless sensor network applications is one of the bot
32、tlenecks. (2) node cost is higher. Currently on the market price in thousands of sensor nodes over the wireless sensor network nodes need many, limiting promote the use of wireless sensor networks. (3) The poor security. As a result of wireless channel, distributed control technology, the network mo
33、re vulnerable to passive eavesdropping, active intrusion and other attacks. (4) collaboration. Individual sensor nodes are often unable to complete the target of measurement, tracking and recognition, while the number of sensor nodes need to exchange information through the algorithm on data obtaine
34、d for processing, aggregation and filtering, the final result. 3 the current wireless sensor network applications in agriculture3 the current wireless sensor network applications in agriculture View of the water shortage and the demand for farmland irrigation, irrigation equipment under the existing
35、 conditions of application fields of crops, soil, water distribution, etc., for precise analysis of the current agricultural solved key technical problems, we propose a use ofwireless sensor network technology, suitable for large areas of agricultural land Intelligent Irrigation Control. 3.1 The sys
36、tem works3.1 The system works Of SCM system with multiple sensors on the humidity, temperature, rainfall, pH, water evaporation (wind speed) and air temperature, and other information collection to achieve the precise automatic irrigation control field, the output of the signal information through a
37、 wireless full-dup lex Public data transmission sent to the control center transceiver module (embedded systems) todetermine whether to activate the pump for the farm water supply, water supply or not, this same information sent by the GPRS communication through the Internet to remote control center
38、s, remote monitoring, and some models by computer to process information, make a water supply plan. 3.2 Hardware Design of Wireless Sensor Networks3.2 Hardware Design of Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless sensor network model is different from the traditional wireless network infrastructure, network,
39、 monitoring the region by a large number of sensor nodes randomly dispenser (the node), coordinated by the node and quickly set up their own communications network, under the principle of priority for energy efficiency division of work tasks for monitoring regional information .Self-organizing prope
40、rties of the network when the node failure is reflected in the new node is added or when the network is capable of adaptive re-established to adjust the overall detection accuracy, give full play to its advantages in resources, that is, each node in the network with data collected in addition both d
41、ata forwarding function smulti-hop routing. Wireless sensor networks composed of nodes in each category by the general data acquisition, data processing, data transmission and power the four parts. Each of microcontroller hardware and software design are the same. The design of the study design was
42、only for a single chip system. Be monitored in the form of physical signals determines the type of sensor .Embedded processors are often used CPU, such as the MOTOROLA companys 68HC16, C51 MCU and so on. Data transmission unit can be selected from low-power, short-range wireless communication module
43、s, but considering the anti-theft and natural damage, the system chooses the larger power, transmission distance of SA68D21DL, farmers can be placed in the office or home, the main controller. Figure 2 depicts the composition of the node, in which the direction of the arrow indicates that the data f
44、low direction in the node. 3.3 The main control system3.3 The main control system In this system, the control network and Internet hosts as the connection between the wireless sensor network protocol conversion gateway. The hardware used Zhiyuan Electronics Mini ARM embedded computer modules. MiniIS
45、A series acquisition board structure using smart card, that card on the built-in MCU.MCU on the board on-board I / O ports control, to achieve I / O data buffer, thereby reducing the interface to the host board for Mini ISA dependence, saving the host data processing time, to ensure MiniISA system m
46、ore efficient operation. MCU board can also collect data or output data for further processing. System schematic shown in Figure 3. 3.4 Design of the remote control system is mainly3.4 Design of the remote control system is mainly GPRS communication system, GPRS and Internet network access system, the monitoring center console-friendly interface display control system. This part of the hardware can be applied to existing mobile telecommunications companies and Internet resources, software and professional capabilities to consider the cost of independent development, the proposed applica
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