Types of Semantic Change(英语词义的变化方式)

1、Lexicology,Types of Semantic Change (词义的变化方式),1：Generalization(词义的扩展) 又称：extension,Meaning: The word “generalization” is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning . “picture” 原义词:only a painted . 扩展后的意义 :a drawing ,a photograph and so on. “thing” 原义词:a political or judicial assem

2、bly . (治会议或审判大会) 扩展后的意义: as a ting an eventually this meaning of “matter”.,原义 扩展后的意义 1:bribery 给乞丐的残羹剩饭 行贿；受贿 2:economy 家庭料理 经济 3:influence 古代星占学家用来指一种从 影响 强大物质星际降入人间 4:holidays 专指圣诞节、复活节等节日 任何假日 5:sanctuary 圣所、圣殿 避难所、庇护所,2:Specialization(词义的缩小),Meaning: “Specialization”is also a term of Latin origi

3、n referring of meaning. “deer” 原义:animal 缩小后的意义 :deer “artillery” 原义:munitions of war 缩小后的意义: mounted guns (军需品) (安装枪),原义 缩小后的意义 1:hangar 棚 飞机棚、飞机库 2: garage 安全地方 汽车间 3:stink 任何一种气味 臭气 4: poison 饮料 毒药 5:hospital 供游者休息娱乐的场所 医院,Elevation of meaning,Definition :Elevation refers to the process by which

4、words rise from humble beginning to position of importance,Change : from negative to positive from derogatory to appreciative from neutral to appreciative from unimportant to important,Elevation of meaning,Change : from positive to negative from appreciative to pejorative from neutral to negative fr

5、om important to unimportant,Degeneration of meaning,Definition :It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense,Degeneration of meaning,The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa. The specific meaning The abst

6、ract meaning,E.g. “Threat” means “army” at first. Later extended to threat.,The abstract meaning The specific meaning,E.g. “Proposition” means “suggested” or “offer”. But this word can also be used to refer to people. It means “Difficult to deal with”.,Common words from proper names. A lot of common

7、 nouns are evolved from proper nouns.,E.g. “Don Juan” is a Spanish aristocracy. Now we called the person “a Don Juan”, it means “a philanderer”.,This process is also called “antonomasia”.,The place proper nouns (It from the features of local naming),E.g. “copper” from the Cyprus“. Because the area i

8、s famous for its copper production.,The names of proper nouns,E.g. “shrapnel” was invented by a British general shrapnel.,It usually comes from the name of the inventor.,2.Someone for the first or find an event to fame, after into a common noun.,E.g. “sandwich” was derived from a count. In order to

9、save the time of gambling, he used a piece of meat to eat bread clip.,3.A famous figure in the novel, as a result of the obvious characteristics of the person referred to the general.,E.g. We use Tartuffe to say “hypocritical people”. It is from the playwright molieres comedy character the same name

10、.,The title of proper nouns or movie name,E.g. “radical chic” is the title of Tom Wolfes works. Now we also used to refer to associate with radical fashion,Transference of meaning,The process by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called transference of meaning,obje

11、ctive meaning,(1)Subjective meaning.,1,e . g “Shame kept him silent” “shameful treatment ”,(3) Objective meaning,(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.,e . g Knowledge, theory ,feeling A profound professor,2,Objective meaning,Subjective meaning,e .g “feeling sorrows” “sorrows that are deep