化学与化工专业英语2-化学基础知识

1、化学基础知识,三.参考书,1.化学信息学教程，Gasteiger,J and Engel,T编著（德文） （梁逸曾，徐峻，姚建华等译）， 化工出版社，2005年 2.化学专业英语， 马永祥等编， 兰大出版社， 1997年 3.化学信息学， 邵学广和蔡文生编 科学出版社，2002年,Part 1 Physical Properties Part 2 Chemical Equations Part 3 Chemical Calculation Part 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic Chemicals Part 5 Nomenclature Of Organic Chem

2、icals,Part 1 Physical Properties 物 理 性 质,1）Colour 颜色 colourless red-brown violet-black purple-black pale yellow dark brown,2）state,solid liquid gas gaseous oily crystalline uncrystalline molten fused,3）smell,odourless pungent penetrating choking offensive sour sweet bitter,4）solubility,soluble insol

3、uble slightly soluble very soluble,5）observations,brisk effervescence precipitate milky aqueous solution,6）density,heavy light less dense denser greatly denser slightly denser about the same dense,7）hardness,hard soft ductile malleable,8）toxicity,toxic poisonous,9）melting point boiling point,High lo

4、w,10）conductivity,electronic conductivity thermal conductivity conductor semiconductor insulator,Exercise,试用英语描述氧气、氮气和金属铁的物理性质。,disproportionation neutralization; hydrolysis exothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reverse reaction spontaneous reaction nonspontan

5、eous reaction,1.反应名称：,化 学 方 程 式,Part 2 Chemical Equations,2、反应条件,heat ; burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst,3、 读 法,3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure

6、with the presence of a catalyst.,N2 + 3H2 2NH3,高温、高压,催化剂,1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,3.2,Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catal

7、yst.,Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,3.3,Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia.,At high temperature and pressure, reaction of nitrogen with hy

8、drogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place.,Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chloride,Zn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 ,3.4,Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium car

9、bonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated,3.1 化 学 术 语,atomic mass/weight ； molecular weight amount (of substance)； mole number of moles ； molar mass molar volume ； concentration molarity ； excess agent limiting agent ； reactant product ； yield,Part 3 Chemical Calculatio

10、n（化学计算 ）,3.2 数学术语：, 运算名称 addition substraction mulplication division 动词读法 add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by 介词读法 plus minus times over 运算结果 sum difference product quotient,0.001 o/zero point o o one 2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater than x2

11、 x squared x3 x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power 100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume) （） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braces,Exercise,试用英语描述下面化学反应？ H2和O2在点燃的条件下生成H2O。 CaCO3在加热条件下分解。 Cu在O2中氧化。,Chapter 4. Nomenclature of compounds,Section I.

12、 Inorganic compounds,一. NAME OF THE ELEMENTS,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIA Be Beryllium Mg Magnesium Ca Calcium Sr Strontium Ba Barium Ra Radium,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Ga

13、llium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,P-block Element (I),VIA VIIA 0 He Helium O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar Argon Se Selenium Br Bromine Kr Krypton Te Tellurium I Iodine Xe Xenon Po Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,P-block Eleme

14、nt (II),Common Transition Elememt,Ti: titanium Sc: scandium V: vanadium Cr: chromium Mn : manganese Fe : iron Co: cobalt Ni: nickel Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold Pd: Palladium Pt: platinum W: tungsten,二. Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single va

15、lence ions Cations name = Element for example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium,2.Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element(V) For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),三. Naming nonmetal

16、 ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride (chlorine) O2- Oxide (oxygen) Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride,2. Polyatomic oxyanions,(1). Acid radicals for normal salt Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for e

17、xample: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts,Anions name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phosphite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts,Anions name =

18、Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,(4). Acid radicals for persalts,Anions name = Per-central Elements root -ate for example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate,四. Naming compounds,1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + o

19、xide for example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetraoxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,2. Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3

20、 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide,Numeral prefix,English Latin 一 mono- uni- 二 di- bi- 三 tri- ter- 四 tetra- quadri- 五 penta- quinque- 六 hexa- sexi- 七 hepta- sept- 八 octa- 九 nona- 十 deca-,3. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxide for example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydrox

21、ide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,4. Salts,(1) CaC2 calcium carbide NaCl sodium chloride (2).Normal salt : Normal salt = Cation + anion for example HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite,(3)

22、. Acidic salts,Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate,(4).Basic salts,Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion for example: Cu2(OH)2CO

23、3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Bi(OH)2NO3 Bismuth(III) dihydroxynitrate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,(4).Mixed salts,Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anion for example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithiu

24、m carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate,5. Acids,(1). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite) Acid = Central elements root -ous + acid for example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,(2). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-i

25、de),Acid = Central elements root -ic + acid for example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid,(3)Hydrogen halogen acids Hydro- Central elements root-ic + acid For example: HCl: Hydrochloric acid HF: Hydrofluoric acid HBr: Hydrobromic ac

26、id HI: Hydroiodic acid 除了水和氨气使用俗称water(H2O)，ammonia(NH3)以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称。对于卤族和氧族氢化物另一种方法是按盐命名。 For example： HF Hydrogen fluoride HCl Hydrogen chloride HBr Hydrogen bromide HI Hydrogen iodide H2S Hydrogen sulfide H2Se Hydrogen selenide H2Te Hydrogen telluride,(4）Other nonmatel hydride name=elements

27、 root + ane (氮族还可加-ine) For example： PH3: Phosphine or phosphane AsH3: Arsine or arsane SbH3: Stibine or stibane BiH3: Bismuthane CH4: Methane SiH4: Silane B2H6: Diborane,6.含氧酸根的命名补充,五.Naming coordination complex,1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -o for example: CN- Cya

28、no NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32- Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,(2). Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand = Radical name for example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,2. Complex ions,(1)

29、. Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N) for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N) for example:

30、 Fe(CN)64- Hexacyanoferrate(II) BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III) AlF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III),3.Naming complex,Complex = Cation + anion for example: LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu

31、(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3 CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid

32、 HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfide CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate HClO4 perchloric acid KCN potassium cyanide NH4Cl ammonium chloride,NaClO sodium hypochlorite NaOH sodium hydroxi

33、de Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride

34、 K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,Section 5.,Nomenclature of organic compounds,一. Naming alkanes,1.1 Saturated unbranched hydrocarbons Alkane = Number prefix-ane for example: CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane CH3(C

35、H2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane,1119Alkane = Number prefix-decane for example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane,18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane N

36、onadecane 20-alkane Icosane 2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane,30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriaconta

37、ne 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane,4090Alkane = Number prefix-contane for example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane,100-199=(

38、10-99) number prefix-hectane for example: 100 Alkane Hectane 110 Alkane Decahectane 125 Alkane Pentacosahectane 143 Alkane Tritetracontahectane 133 Alkane Tritriacontahectane 168 Alkane Octahexacontahectane,1.2 Univalent radicals,Radical = Alk -yl for example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Pr

39、opyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl,1.3 Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon,(1) branched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkane for example:,(2) Other traditional name 加iso (异)， sec(仲)， tert(特)， neo(新)词头命名 For example: (CH3)2CHCH3 isobutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 isopentane (CH3)4C Neopentane,1.4 Univalent branched rad

40、icals,Radical = Alk -yl for example:,1.5 Polyside chain hydrocarbon,ButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropyl for example:,二. Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon,2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkene Alkene = Number prefix-ene for example: C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene,2.2 Poly-en

41、e,n-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene n=2 -adiene n=3 -atriene n=4 -atetraene for example: C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene,.,2.3 Alkyne,Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne) n=2 -adiyne n=3 -atriyne for example:,2.4 Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bonds,Alk

42、enyne = Number prefix-enyne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -ene-?-diyne for example:,烯炔命名的几点说明； 1.先烯优于炔，即n某烯m炔 2.双键定位号在最前面，三键定位号在ene与yne之间。 3.烯炔分子只有一个三键时ene与yne相接的ene词尾e应删除，即en-?-yne，当有多个三键时由于要加数字词头所以e不再删除！,2.5 Unsaturated univalent radicals,Alkene

43、radical=Alken-yl Alkyne radical=Alkyn-yl for example:,2.6 Multivalent radicals,Bivalent radical = univalent radical-idene (ene) Trivalent radical = univalent radical-idyne for example:,Benzylidene,.,当自由价不在同一碳上时 radical = univalent radical-ene,三. Cyclic hydrocarbons,3.1 Saturated monocyclic hydrocarb

44、ons Cyclic alkane = Cyclo- alkane for example:,Cyclic hydrocarbons with side chains 1.侧链碳原子数少于环内碳，侧链作取代基,反之环作取代基。 2.侧链上有不止一个环时，环作取代基。,3.2Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic alkene = Cyclo-alkene for example:,3.3 Univalent radicals of cyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic radical = Cyclo-R for example:,命

45、名桥环烃步骤： 1.确定环数，将环烃变为开链烃时需要断开的次数就是该环烃的环数！ 2.选择主环，主环应包含尽量多的碳原子且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。 3.选择主桥，主桥应包含尽量多的碳原子且尽可能把主环对称分开。 4.桥环烃编号，从桥头(1)开始绕主环最后到桥上。 5.名称开头用数字词头表明环数，然后在 中表明各个环上除桥头碳以外的碳原子数，把碳原子数最少的桥定为次桥并用上标表明其位置。 6.在 后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！,3.4 Bicyclic bridged hydrocarbons,For example:,3.5 Polycyclic systems,1.螺环烃编号，从螺原

46、子相邻的小环(1)开始绕小环经螺原子到大环。 3.名称开头用spiro后接 ，在方括弧中表明各个环上除螺碳以外的碳原子数，先写小环。 4.在 后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！ 5.当有多个螺原子时在spiro前加数字词头。编号从分子一端螺原子相邻的原子开始沿顺时针方向编完！,3.6 Spirohydrocarbons,For example:,14-Azadispiro5,1,5,2pentadecane,1,3.7 Substituted aromatic hydrocarbons,(1). Trivial name,.,(2). System name System name = n-

47、R-benzene n=2,3,4 or o (ortho), m(meta), p(para) for example:,(3)复杂取代芳烃 当苯环上有4个碳或更长链的不饱和侧链时，或多个苯环连接在同一链烃上时，链烃为母体苯环作取代基。,1-Phenyl-2-hexene,1,2-diphenyl-1-methylethane,3.8 Substituted aromatic radicals,(1)Trivial name,(2) Aryl(芳基）Arylene（亚芳基）system name 位置编码从自由价开始构词方法与链烃一样！,1,2-diphenylene,2,6-dimethy

48、lphenyl,四. Alcohols, aldehydes and ketones,4.1 Alcohols (1)System name: 一元醇 Alcohol = Alkan-ol 多元醇 Alcohol = ?-Alkane-n-ol 多元醇在名称前表标明羟基位置，在烃名称后直接加带数字词头的ol（不取e）!,For example：,（2）Old name,Alcohol = Radical + alcohol,（3）Trivial name,(4) 硫醇和硫酚 在化合物的名称后直接加词尾thiol就是硫醇或硫酚（不删除e）！ For example:,Propanethiol B

49、enzenethiol,4.2. Radicals,(1). RO- (R=C1C4) Radical = Alk-oxy for example: CH3O- Methoxy CH3CH2O- Ethoxy CH3CH2CH2CH2O- Butoxy CH3CH2CH2O- Propoxy,(2). RO- (RC4),Radical = Alkyl-oxy For example: (3). -O-X-O- Radical = X -dioxy for example: -OCH2O- Methylenedioxy -OCH2CH2O- Ethylenedioxy,4.3. Ether,(

50、1).Ether as main group Ether = R+R+ether for example: CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether (CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether,(2). -OR as substitutive group For example: CH3OCH2CH2OCH3 1,2-Dimethoxyethane (not 1,2-Dimethoxyethylene),1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene,Propoxyethene 1,2-Di

51、phenoxyethane,(3). Epoxy compounds 环氧化合物用词头epoxy+alkane命名，用数字标明碳氧键位置。,1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane,2-Methyl-1,3-epoxybutane,4.4. Aldehydes,(1). Acyclic aldehydes Aldehyde = Alkan-al for example:,(2). Aldehyde with cyclic group,Aldehyde = Cyclic alkane-carbaldehyde For example:,(3).部分醛基作取代基的多元醛的命名： 当侧链上

52、有不便以醛命名的醛基时可用formyl或Metnoyl, Formyl-R等取代基命名：,3- (Formylethyl)-1,2,6- hexanetricarbaldehyde,3-(4,7-Diformyl-1-naphthyl)propanal or 1- (Formylethyl)-4,7-naphthalenedicarbaldehyde,(4). Trivial name,formyl,4.5. Ketones,(1). System name Ketone = Alkan -one for example:,(2). Old name,Ketone = R + R+ keton

53、e for example:,(3).脂肪酮与环系相连时，一般将环系作取代基命名：,7-(Quinolyl)-1-propanone,1-Cyclohexyl-6-(1-cyclopentadienyl)-2,6-hexanedione,1,2-Di(4-pyridyl)ethanedione,(4).芳环上有开链单酰基的酮其它命名： 当芳香环是苯和萘时，酮的名称是把开链酰基的-yl换成 -ophenone, -onaphthone即可：,Acetophenone,1-Butyronaphthone,2-Butyrylpyridine,(5).Quinone醌的命名 醌的名称=芳烃词头加-oq

54、uinone，也可按1,4二酮命名:,1,4-cyclohexanedione,Benzoquinone or 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione,1,4-Naphthoquinone or 1,4-Naphthenedione,(6).Acetal缩醛的命名： 环状缩醛可按杂环命名，也可将-OCH2O-作为取代基命名为“亚甲二氧基”，开链缩醛直接将 OR作为烷氧基命名:,1-Methoxyethanol or acetaldehyde methyl acetal,1,1-Dimethoxycyclohexane or cyclohexanone dimethyl ace

55、tal,2,5-Dioxaspiro4.5decane,2,3-Methylenedioxynaphthalene,(7). Oxime 肟的命名： a.对应的醛酮名后加oxime. b.对应的醛酮亚烷基-azanol(羟氨)。,Benzaldehyde oxime or (benzylidene)azanol,Cyclopentanone oxime or (cyclopentylidene)azanol,Acetone oxime or (isopropylidene)azanol,c.当有更优先基团时=NOH作取代基命名为hydroxyimino-词头。 d.当羟氨氢被取代时=NOR命名

56、为-alkoxyazane,Benzylidenemethoxyazane,(2-Chloroethylidene)methoxyazane,3-Hydroxyiminobutyric acid,五. The nomenclature of carboxylic acids and its derivative,5.1 Carboxylic acids. 5.2 Radicals of carboxylic acid. 5.3 Carboxylic salts. 5.4 Esters. 5.5 Carbonyl halides 5.6 Anhydrides 5.7 Amides 5.8 Hydrazide and hydrazone,5.1 The carboxylic acid,(1). -(C)OOH (The main chain