发展经济学第4章

1、第4章 人力资本与经济发展,Human capital,Human capital refers to the productive capacities of human beings as income producing agents in the economy. Capital is a stock which has value as a source of current and future flows of output and income. Human capital is the stock of skills and productive knowledge embo

2、died in people. The yield or return on human capital investments lies in enhancing a persons skills and earning power, and in increasing the efficiency of economic decision making both within and without the market economy. Sherwin Rosen The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,Human capital economi

3、c growth,THEODORE W. SCHULTZ,Human capital：Background,Human capital： research topics,Schooling experience and earnings; basic theory; ability bias Signaling; returns to schooling econometrics Returns to experience and on-the-job training Education production: school inputs, school quality, student a

4、nd teacher incentives Human capital policy; higher education Evaluation of government training programs Externalities and peer effects（同群效应）,The Central Roles of Education and Health,Health and education are important objectives of development Recall Sens capabilities to function approach, and the c

5、ore values of economic development Recall the roles of health and education along with income in the HDI Health and education are also important components of growth and development Education: absorb modern technology Health: prerequisite for increase in productivity,Education and Health as Joint In

6、vestments for Development,Greater health capital may improve the returns to investments in education Greater education capital may improve the returns to investments in health 健康和教育的相互促进,Improving Health and Education: Why Increasing Incomes Is Not Sufficient,Increases in income often do not lead to

7、 substantial increases in investment in childrens education and health Better educated mothers tend to have healthier children Significant market failures in education and health require policy action,Investing in Health and Education: The Human Capital Approach,Initial investments in health or educ

8、ation lead to a stream of higher future income The present discounted value of this stream of future income is compared to the costs of the investment Private returns to education are high, and may be higher than social returns,Age-earnings Profiles by Level of Education,Financial Trade-Offs in the

9、Decision to Continue in School,Rates of Return to Investment in Education by Level of Education, Country, Type, and Region,The Gender Gap: Women and Education,Young females receive less education than young males in nearly every LDC Closing the educational gender gap is important, because： The rate

10、of return on womens education is higher than that of men in developing countries It increases productivity and lowers fertility Educated mothers have a multiplier impact on many generations It can break the vicious cycle of poverty （贫困的恶性循环）and inadequate schooling for women,Trends in gender parity

11、in enrollment and literacy rates, 1990 and 2005,Male and Female Education Rates, 2004,The Gender Gap: Women and Education,Consequences of gender bias in health and education Economic incentives and their cultural setting “Missing Women” mystery in Asia Increase in family income does not always lead

12、to better health and education,Educational Systems and Development,The Political Economy of educational supply and demand: the relationship between employment opportunities and educational demands Social versus private benefits and costs,Private versus Social Benefits and Costs of Education: An Illu

13、stration,Educational Systems and Development,Distribution of education Lorenz curves for the distribution of education Education Inequality and Poverty,Lorenz Curves for Education in India and South Korea, 1990,Gini Coefficients for Education in 85 Countries, 1990,Health Systems and Development,Meas

14、urement and distribution,Life Expectancy in Various World Regions,Under-5 Mortality Rates in Various World Regions,Proportion of Children under 5 Who Are Underweight, 1990 and 2005,Proportion of Under-Five Children Who Are Underweight, by Household Wealth, around 2008,Deaths of Children under Age 5,

15、Childrens Likelihood to Die in Selected Countries,Health Systems and Development,Disease burden HIV/AIDS Malaria (疟疾) Parasitic Worms（寄生虫） and Other “Neglected Tropical Diseases”,Regional HIV and AIDS Statistics, 2006,The Major Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ranked by Prevalence,蛔虫病、鞭虫病、十二指肠虫、血吸虫、丝虫病、沙眼、盘尾丝虫病、利什曼病(尤指黑热病)、 麻疯病、麦地那龙线虫、锥虫病、,Health Systems and Development,Health and Productivity Is there a connection? Health Systems Policy Great variability in the performance of health systems at each income level,Adult Stature by Birth Cohort,Wages, Education, a