大学英语专业英语写作ppt课件.ppt

1、TEM4Composition,1,高校英语专业四级考试大纲将写作分成两个部分：SectionA:Composition测试目的：检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。测试要求：根据所给的题目及具体要求，写一篇200字左右的短文。测试时间：35分钟测试短文类别：说明文、议论文或记叙文。评阅标准：内容切题完整，条理清楚，意思明确，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。,2,CompositionMarkingCriteria,15points:文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，行文通顺流畅，论证严密，论据充分，基本上无语言错误。14-12points:文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，语言比较通顺、连贯、只

2、有极少量语法错误。11-9points:文章内容基本切题，尚能表达中心思想，但说理不够清楚，文字连贯不够好，有少量语法错误。8-6points:基本切题，思想表达不够清楚，连贯性差，语言错误多。5-3points:文章条理不清，语言缺乏连贯，句子错误很多，或语言虽通顺流畅，但完全偏题。注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。,3,1.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数2.只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）长度计分标准:170150词:扣1分130150词:扣2分110130词:扣3分90110词:扣4分90词以下:至

3、多给5分,4,经原国家教委批准，四、六级考试已从1997年6月份起采用“作文最低”制计算成绩，其中足见国家对提高大学英语写作能力的重视程度。按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报导成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。,5,英语专业四级考试委员会要求阅卷人员评分时综合考虑以下四个问题:1.作文是否体现主题思想;即是要求作文文章切题,全文统一,无不相关细节内容.2.组织结构是否合理;主要体现在全文条理清楚,组织连贯和谐,善于使用衔接语以增强文章的逻辑性.3.语言文字是否有

4、重大错误;4.卷面布局是否整洁.,6,2006年TEM-4作文试题及样卷评分,7,Topic,RecentlyaBeijinginformationcompanydidasurveyofstudentlifeamongmorethan700studentsinBeijing,Guangzhou,Xian,Chengdu,Shanghai,Wuhan,NanjingandShengyang.Theresultshaveshownthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingto

5、morrowsmoneytodayisbetter.Whatdoyouthink?,8,Instructions,Writeacompositionofabout200words.Youaretowriteinthreeparts.Inthefirstpart,statespecificallywhatyouropinionis.Inthesecondpart,supportyouropinionwithappropriatedetails.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionorasummary.Youshould

6、supplyanappropriatetitleforyourcomposition.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.,9,Sample1,TheGoodHabitNowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeoplethinkthatitisbetterthatusingtomorrowsmoneytodaythansavingmoney,whileinmyopinion,I

7、thinkitsright.Forthefirst,ourcontrairhastodevelop.Soitcallsustousemoremoneytoletthenationdevelop.Andthen,thatmaymakeourlifemorecomfortable.Forexample,Iheardastory.Therearetwoman.AusetomorrowsmoneytobuyanewhouseashehastopaymoneytothebankeverymonthswhileBstartkeepingmoney.Twentyyearslater,Bfinallykeep

8、ingenoughmoneytobuyanewhouse,butAhasbeenlivedinitfortwentyyearsandpayenoughmoneytothebank.Attheend,ifwehavetheabililetopaythelist,whywedontusetomorrowsmoneytoletourlifemorewonderful?So,thatswhatIthink.,10,5-6分。结构基本符合，但语言过于简单，语法错误多，内容模糊不清，题目不正确，字数少于170。举例不可信。举例应该真实可信，比如亲身经历、朋友体验或者名人轶事等。文章结尾太简单。,11,Sa

9、mple3：SavingMoneyisaGoodHabit,Ithinksavingmoneyisagoodhabit.Becausesavingmoneycanmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings.Savingmoneycanmakeyoubecomearichman.Ifsomethinghappenoneday,youmustusesomemoneytosolvetheproblem,butnobodycanlendtoyouthemoney.Yoursavingmoneycanhelpsolvetheproblem.Nowdays,s

10、omestudentsusetheirparentsmoneytobuyalotofunnessarythings.Suchas,Somestudentschangetheirmobilphoneeverymonth.Itsnotagoodhabit.Althoughtheirparentshavealotofmoney,theycantusemoneyinthatway.Itswasteofmoney.Ifyousavemoneyasahabit.Youcanthinkcarefullybeforeyoubuyeverything.“Thisthingisnecessaryforme?Can

11、Ibuythecheaperone?”Allthosequestionscanbeaskedbyyourself.Ifyouwanttobuyaveryusefulthing,butyoudonthaveenoughmoney,youcansavemoneyforit.Aftersometime,youcanbuyitforyour-self.Savingmoneyisagoodhabit.Itmakeyoubecomerich.Itmakeyoulearnhowtouselessmoneytobuymorethings.,12,本卷得分8-9分。文章基本切题，结构基本正确。但语言简单，重复动

12、词，语法错误多。开始段没有引入主题，而是直接提出作者观点，太突然。而且有许多非完整句。文章没有深度，思考肤浅。,13,Sample2:Savingmoneyisagoodhabit,Theotherday,Iheardaconversationbetweenaboyandagirl.“Whyareyoualwayslackofmoney?AsfarIknow,yourparentsgiveyouamplemoneyforyourdailylife”.saidthegirl.“Yes,Ialwaysusetomorrowsmoneytoday”.Saidtheboy.“Itsabadhabit,

13、andyoushouldyourmoney!”thegirlshouted.Thisisaverycommonphenomenonamongtheuniversitystudents.Owingtotheirargument,certainly,Iaminfavorofthegirlsview.Whatpossiblycontributestothepreferencecanbelistedasfollow.Inthefirstplace,moneyisveryimportantforus.Weusemoneybuyfood,buyclothesandsoon.But,moneyisveryp

14、recious,becauseitsveryhardtomakemoney.Somoneyshouldbeusedwhenitsnecessary.Inthesecondplace,therearesomanypoorchildrenwhoquitschoolforlackofmoneyinpoorreligion.Soitsverysignificanttosaveourmoneytohelpthosepoorchildren.Andtheyarelookforwardtoyourhelp!Thelastbuttheleastimportantisthatifyoualwaysusetomo

15、rrowsmoneytoday,youwillformabadhabit.Butyourmoneyislimited.Soyoumayrobothersofmoney.Inshort,Iholdafirmbeliefthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitandweshouldkeepitforever.Itsthehightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosavemoney!,14,9-10分。文章切题，结构正确，有内容，有句式变化。但语法错误多，随意，粗心漏词。说理缺乏逻辑。比如很多小孩失学不是我们需要节约用钱的理由，再比如钱不够用就会去抢别人的钱吗？文

16、章的入题不错，但故事交代很马虎，语言也很平凡，且不够简练。文章结尾主题被简单重复，思想没有升华。,15,Sample4:SavingMoneyorUsingTomorrowsMoney,AsurveybyaBeijinginformationcompanywhichistorevealhowstudentsthinkofthewaytodealwithmoneydidrecently,withtheresultthat67percentofstudentsthinkthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitwhiletherestbelievethatusingmoneyoftom

17、orrowtodayisbetter.AsfarasIamconcerned,itdepends.,16,Firstofall,savingmoneyisagoodhabitoftraditionalconcept,whichmakespeoplefeelsecure.However,usingtomorrowsmoneytodayissuggestedandcouragedaccordingtosocietysneeds.Economicscandeveloprapidlybythegreatamountofmoneyusedbypeople.Thatistosay,peoplesconsu

18、mptionurgetheeconomicstodevelop.Secondly,differentpeoplehavedifferentlifegoals.Somepeopleprefertoworkhardwhentheyareyoungandthenenjoythehappyandrichlifewhentheyareold.Otherswouldliketoenjoylifeeveryminuteanddonotthinkaboutthelifeaftertheyretirefromtheircompany.Theybelieve“timeismoney”,astheproverbgo

19、es.Therefore,itgoeswithoutsayingthatnotenjoyingtodayslifeisagreatpityforthem.Moneycanbeearnedafteritsspent,whiletimepastwillnotcomeback.,17,Allinall,savingmoneyorusingtomorrowsmoneytodaydependsonpeoplesperception.Thepassitiveofsavingmoneydoesnotoutweighthatofusingtomorrowsmoneytoday.Inaword,peopleco

20、ulddealwithmoney,accordingtotheirthoughts.,18,11-12分。文章切题，结构正确，内容充实，观点有代表性，语言通畅。但长句有一点语法错误。单词和拼写有个别失误。,19,Sample5,Thereisnoconcensusamongthepeopleontheissueofthechoicebetweensavingmoneyandusingtomorrowsmoneytoday.Theattitudestowardthisproblemvaryfrompersontoperson.Andinmyhumbleopinion,itisessentialf

21、orustosavemoremoneytodayinsteadofusingtomorrowsmoney.Therearemanyreasonsthatmayaccountformypoint,andthefollowingarethemostconspicuousaspects.,20,Tostartwith,weChinesepeopleboastagoodtraditionofbeingeconomical.ThetraditionalChinesecultureregardswasteasapoormoralstandard.Asauniversitystudent,weneedtok

22、eeponcarryingforwardournationsfinemoralstandard,i.e.saving.Andsavingmoneyisconducivenotonlytothecultivationofagoodmoral,butalsotoreleasetheheavyburdenresultingfromsomeaccidentsinthefuture.Inotherwords,savingtodaysmoneycouldmeetoururgentneedofitinthefuture.Lastbutnotleast,thefiercecompetitionwellface

23、afterwegraduateisfullofuncertainties.Oncewecouldnotfindajobwhichoffershighsalaries,itwillbeimpossibleforustoreturnthemoneytothecreditors.Toputitintoanutshell,Iamagreatbelieverthatsavingmoneyisagoodhabitbecauseitreallyexertspositiveimpactsonboththepresentandthefuture.,21,本卷得分12分。语言通畅，词汇丰富，观点明确，条理清楚，结

24、构正确。但有少量语法错误和拼写错误。没写题目（如果有题目可给13分）。,22,CharacteristicsofaGoodComposition,23,(RobertKaplan),TheclassicorganizationalpatternthatreadersofEnglishexpectisastraightlineofdevelopmentwhichincludes:introductions,mainideas,topicsentences,supportingdetails,conclusions,etc.,Thisorganizationalpatterncanbestated

25、simply:Tellyouraudiencewhatyouaregoingtotellthem;thentellthem;thentellthemwhatyoutoldthem.,24,1.Acompositionmusthaveunity.,Allthefactsandalltheideasinanessayshouldcontributetothepresentationofitsthesisorcentralthought.Irrelevantthings,howeverinterestingtheyare,shouldbeexcluded.,2.Eachparagraphshould

26、haveonecentralthought.,Allparagraphsmustbearrangedinsomekindoforder,sothatoneparagraphleadsnaturallytoanothertoformanorganicwhole.,3.Proportionisasimportanttoanessayasitistoapainting.,Theessentialpartofanessayisthebodyorthemiddlepart.Itwillbejustrighttogivethispartaboutseven-or-eight-tenthsofthetota

27、lspace.,SomePrinciplesofOrganization,25,OrganizationofanEssay,Isthereaclearlystatedpurpose/objective?Arethereeffectivetransitions?Aretheintroductionandconclusionfocusedonthemainpointoftheessay?Asareader,canyoueasilyfollowthewritersflowofideas?Iseachparagraphfocusedonasingleidea?Atanypointintheessay,

28、doyoufeellostorconfused?Doanyoftheideas/paragraphsseemoutoforder,tooearlyortoolatetobeaseffectiveastheycould?,26,StepsinWritingaComposition,27,.Prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas.Writingthefirstdraft:gettingyourideasonpaper.Revisethefirstdraft:Strengthenyourcomposition.Makingthefinalcopy,28,

29、.Prewriting:choosingatopicandexploringideas,Itisimportanttonotethatwritingisaprocess,nota“product.”Thismeansthatapieceofwriting,whetheritisacompositionforyourEnglishclassoralabreportforyourchemistryclass,isnevercomplete;thatis,itisalwayspossibletoreviewandrevise,andreviewandreviseagain.1.Choosingand

30、NarrowingaTopicIfyouaregivenaspecificwritingassignment(suchasanessayquestiononanexamination),whatyoucanwriteaboutislimited.Ontheotherhand,whenyouaregivenafreechoiceoftopicsandcanwriteaboutsomethingyouareinterestedin,youmustnarrowthetopictoaparticularaspectofthatgeneralsubject.,29,1:ChoosingandNarrow

31、ingaTopic,GeneraltopicEnvironmentPollutionSpecifictopicOceanPollutionVeryspecifictopicEffectsonSeaLife,30,2.BrainstormingAfteryouhavechosenatopicandnarrowedittoaspecificfocus,thenextprewritingstepistogenerateideas.Thisisdonebyaprocesscalledbrainstorming.Althoughthesebrainstormingactivitiesmayseemunn

32、ecessaryatfirst,afterdoingthemafewtimes,youwillrealizetheirusefulness.Brainstormingforideascangetyoutostartwritingmorequicklyandsaveyoutimeinthelaterstagesofthewritingprocess.Listingisabrainstormingtechniqueinwhichyouthinkaboutyourtopicandquicklymakealistofwhateverwordsorphrasescomeintoyourmind.,31,

33、II.Prewriting,Writedownthegeneraltopicatthetopofyourpaper.Thenmakealistofeveryideathatcomesintoyourmindaboutthattopic.Keeptheideasflowing.Usewords,phrases,orsentences.Rewritethelist,groupsimilarideastogetherandcrossouritemsthatdontbelongorthatareduplications.,Listing,32,II.Prewriting,communicationpr

34、oblems,homelesspeopleshockingsight,poorverbalskills,familiesdontspendtimetogether,childrendisrespectful,classroomenvironment,newlanguage,unclearexpressions,Americanfamilylife,publictransportationisnotgood,33,lackvocabulary,usefirstnameswithteachers,showaffectioninpublic,collegeprofessorswearjeans,Am

35、ericanstalktoofast,studentsaskquestions,theyarefriendly,noformaldresscode,useslangandidioms,professorsrole,everyoneeatsfastfood,studentscanchallengeprofessors,34,Nowrewriteyourlistandgroupsimilarideastogether.,35,Nowcirclethemainideaandcrossoutirrelevantitems.,36,3.Thinkingofaproperthemeanddecidingo

36、nourpurpose,Alloutlinesshouldbeginwithathesisstatementofsummarizingsentence.Thisthesissentencepresentsthecentralideaofthepaper.Itmustalwaysbeacomplete,grammaticalsentence,specificandbrief,whichexpressesthepointofviewyouaretakingtowardsthesubject.Thethesisofacompositionisitsmainpointoritscentralidea.

37、Afterthat,youshouldlookatthelistoffactsagain,eliminatethoseunnecessaryorunimportantones,rearrangetheminalogicalorder,andwriteanoutline.,37,4.Makeanoutline,Oncethethesisisformulated,certainfactsonthelistwillbecomemoreimportantthanothers,whileafewmayseemirrelevant.Afterthosesuitableitemsarepickedout,a

38、noutlinemaybeprepared.SupposethetopicassignedisTheSchoolLibrary.,38,Topic:TheSchoolLibraryThesis:Thelibraryplaysaveryimportantpartinastudentslife.Outline:I.Astudenthastoborrowbooks,fromthelibrary.A.Heneedsreferencebooksforhiselectivecourses.B.Hemaywanttoreadnovels,storiesandplays.II.Hereadsnewspaper

39、sandmagazinesinthelibrary.A.ManynewmagazinesareondisplayintheFirstReading-Room.B.Therearenewspapersfromallprovinces.C.Backnumbersmaybeborrowedatthecounter.III.Heneedsthelibraryallthemoreinhisjuniorandsenioryears.A.Thelibraryprovideshimwithbooksforhisresearch.B.Hewouldnotbeabletowritehisgraduationpap

40、erwithoutusingthelibraryConclusion:studentsshouldmakegooduseoftheirschoollibrary.,39,TypesofOutlines,Thesis(controllingidea)I.IntroductionII.Mainidea:A.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea:1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail:a.Fact1b.Fact2III.Mainidea:A.Sub-ideaB.Sub-idea:1.Supportingdetail2.Supportingdetail3.Suppor

41、tingdetailC.Sub-ideaIV.Conclusion,40,TwoCommonlyUsedTypesofOutlines,thetopicoutlinethesentenceoutline,41,ATopicOutline,Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.I.Introduction:thefoundationofforeigntradeII.ThenecessityofvisibletradeA.LackofcertaincommoditiesB.Insufficiencyofpart

42、icularitemsC.ComparativeadvantageincertainitemsD.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommodities.E.TheimportanceofafavorablebalanceoftradeIII.Thenecessityofinvisibletrade-exchangeofservicesbetweennationsA.TransportationB.InsuranceC.TourismD.TechnologyIV.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeandtheimpo

43、rtanceofthebalanceofpayments,42,ASentenceOutline,Thesis:Foreigntradeisbeneficialtoandindispensableforallnations.I.Introduction:theutilizationofdifferenteconomicresourcesandthedevelopmentofdifferentskillsformthefoundationofforeigntrade.II.Tradeincommodities(visibletrade)isnecessarybetweennations.A.No

44、nationhasallthecommoditiesitneeds.B.Anationmaynothaveenoughofcertaincommodities.C.Anationmaysellcertaincommoditiesataprofit.D.Latestinnovationsanddifferentstylesofcommoditiesmaymakeforeigntradenecessary.E.Allnationsstrivetomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradesoastobeassuredofthemeanstobuynecessarygoods.

45、,43,III.Exchangeofservicesbetweennations(invisibletrade)ispartofforeigntrade.A.Nationsvieinprovidingtransportationforforeigntrade.B.Prudentexporterspurchaseinsurancefortheircargoes.C.Tourismbringsanationhugeprofits.D.Technologyisalsoexportedandimported.IV.Conclusion:thepurposeofforeigntradeistoearnm

46、oneyfornecessaryimportsanditisimportanttokeepthebalanceofpayments.,44,RulesforWritingOutlines,Avoidsinglesubdivisions.Ifthereisamajorpointmarked“I”,theremustbeatleastanothermarkedII;ifthereisanA,theremustbeaB,andsoon.Avoidmixingtypes.Atopicoutlineiswritteninnounphrases,andasentenceoutlineinsentences

47、.Donotmixthesetwotypes.Useparallelstructuresfortheheadingsofthesamerank.Makesuresubheadsoflikerankareofequalimportantandarerelatedtotheheadingandarrangedinlogicalorder.Makesurethethesisisacompletedeclarativesentenceintheaffirmative;donotuseaquestion,aphraseoradependentclause.,45,.Writingthefirstdraf

48、t:gettingyourideasonpaper,Itisnecessarytowriteafirstdraftinwhichthereshouldbeenoughspacebetweenlinesforfuturecorrectionsandimprovements.Whilewritingthedraft,youneednotbeafraidofdepartingfromtheoutlineatoneplaceoranother.Youdbetterstoptoreviseyouroutlineorworkoutanewoneifyoufindyouroriginaloutlineent

49、irelyimpracticable.,46,.Revisethefirstdraft:Strengthenyourcomposition,I.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawholeII.Organization:LookatthearrangementofthematerialIII.Sentences:IV.Diction:V.Capitalizationandpunctuation,47,Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole,A.Whatisthetopicoftheessay/composit

50、ion?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment(e.g.modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition)?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Isthelogicreasonable?Aretheregapsinthelogic?,48,Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial,

51、A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessaysmainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionof

52、whatthepaperintendstosay?,49,Sentences,A.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?F.Arethereanygrammaticalmistakes

53、inthefollowingrespects?,50,Diction,A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.Aretherecollocations,whichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyareta

54、kenfromChinese(e.g.abigrain)?,51,.Makingthefinalcopy,Afterthedraftiscarefullyrevised,acleanfinalcopyhastobemade.Theverylaststepinwritingacomposition,astepthatshouldneverbeforgotten,istocheckthefinalcopy.Indoingsoyouarelikelytofindthatyouhavemadecarelessmistakesingrammarandspelling,andyoumayalsowanttochangeawordhereandthere.,52,Exercises:,Chineseyoungpeopleofthe20thcentury,53,Exercises:,1)happyandlucky2)eagertolearn3)fullofideasandaspiration4)havingexploringminds5)havingastrongdesireforpromotingdemocracyandcleaningupcorruption6)readytogivefullsupporttotheopenpolicyandall-round